Kel 3 Manova & Hottelingst
October 5, 2022 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
Short Description
Download Kel 3 Manova & Hottelingst...
Description
IKJOXK NKJ AO^^GFBJD‒P ^
FKUO]KJ
WJ^WL IGIGJWAB ^WDKP IK^K LWFBKA Ptktbstbl Iuftbvkrbktg
Nosgj Ugjdkipu3 Uroh. Nr. Mkimkjd Pudgjd, PG, Kl., I.K., I.I Kjb Tbfucgjd Purykjb, P.G., I.K`td. Hbj., Ua.N.
Ofga3
Hkaik Ks‒akr
=55>=;1>7=5;
Hbrnk Jur Hkuzbk
=55>=;1>7=54 =55>=;1>7=54
WJBXG]PB^KP JGDG]B IKFKJD HKLWF^KP GLOJOIB CW]WPKJ P= KLWJ^KJPB Jovgimgr =5=5
WCB IKJOXK (Iuftbvkrbkt (Iuftbvkrbktgg Kjkfysbs Oh Xkrbkj`g)
Wcb IKJOXK knkfka ucb stktbstblk ykjd igjdulur vkrbkmgf mgmks (bjngpgjngj) ykjd igibfblb slkfk lktgdorbl tgraknkp = ktku fgmba vkrbkmgf tgrblkt (ngpgjngj) ykjd mgrtucukj ujtul igjujcullkj lgfoipol rgspojngj ykjd igimgrblkj pgrmgnkkj pknk mgmgrkpk vkrbkmgf ngpgjngj ngpgjngj.. Wcb IKJOXK bjb nkpkt nbsgmut cudk iuftbvkrbkt KJOXK. Iuftbvkrbkt KJOXK igibfblb lgpkjckjdkj
ykljb Iuftbvkrbktg
Kjkfysbs
Oh
Xkrbkj`g,, Xkrbkj`g
ykjd
mgrkrtb
mgjtul iuftbvkrbkt nkrb kjkfysbs oh vkrbkj`g vkrbkj`g (KJOXK). Iuftbvkrbkt pknk kjkfbsbsjyk tgrnkpkt fgmba nkrb sktu vkrbkmgf bjngpgjngj ykjd nbulur sg`krk sbiuftkj
ktku
mgrskikkj.
IKJOXK
igrupklkj
lgmkfblkj
nkrb kjkfbsbs
nbslrbibjkj. Kfkskjjyk knkfka kjkfbsbs nbslrbibjkj igjdulur vkrbkmgf ngpgjngj ykjd mgrslkfk lktgdorbl nkj vkrbkmgf bjngpgjngj ykjd mgrslkfk lukjtbtktbh, sgnkjdlkj IKJOXK igjdulur vkrbkmgf ngpgjngj mgrslkfk lukjtbtktbh nkj vkrbkmgf bjngpgjngj ykjd mgrslkfk lktgdorbl mkbl ornbjkf ikupuj joibjkf. IKJOXK puj mgrmgnk ngjdkj ucb KJOXK, sgmkm KJOXK akjyk igfbmktlkj sktu vkrbkmgf ngpgjngj (ucb ujbvkrbkt). Ksuisb IKJOXK, kjtkrk fkbj (Ubtu`a & Ptgvgj, =5;7)3
Xkrbkj ktku lovkrbkj sbhktjyk skik (bngjtbl/aoiodgj).
Nktk vkrbkmgf bjngpgjngj mgrnbstrbmusb jorikf (nbfbakt igfkfub lofiodrov
sibrjov (=5-;555 skipgf) ktku sakpbro wbfl (skipgf : 75)).
Bjngpgjngjsb pgjdkiktkj (skfbjd mgmks sktu skik fkbj).
Ugjdkimbfkj skipgf k`kl, nktk akrus nbkimbf skipgfjyk sg`krk k`kl nkrb
popufksb ykjd nbibjktb nkj nbulur nbulur pknk bjtgrvkf (Kjny Hbgfn, =5;=). =5;=).
Ptgvgjs (=552) igjdktklkj mkawk ucb Mox skjdkt rgjtkj/ sgjsbtbh tgraknkp
lgtbnkljorikfkj lgtbnkljorikfkj
Hudsb Wcb IKJOXK
R 9 Igtrbl
Q 9 joj igtrbl
Wcb IKJOXK igibfblb pgrkj nkfki pgjgfbtbkj glspgrbigjtkf nkj cudk joj-glspgrbigjtkf. Ibskfjyk pknk pgjgfbtbkj joj-gxpgrbigjtkf knkfka pgjgfbtbkj survgb ykjd igfbputb cgjbs lgfkibj, pgimgfb/joj-pgimgfb, stktus nkj fkbjjyk. Akf tgrsgmut nkpkt nbucb nkj nbfbakt nkfki kjkfbsbs sblkp, lgpukskj, tbjdlkt pgimgfbkj nkj fkbjjyk (pgribskfkj). Mgjtul Abpotgsbs Wcb IKJOXK
...........
WCB AO^GFFBJD‒P ^=
Pkfka sktu ucb stktbstbl iuftbvkrbkt ykjd sgrbjd nbdujklkj knkfka Wcb
Aotgffbjd‒s ^=. Wcb Aotgffbjd‒s ^= (Aotgffbjd, ;20;) mgrhujdsb ujtul igfbakt pgrmgnkkj kjtkrk nuk lgfoipol pgr`omkkj ktku fgmba, ykjd iksbjd-iksbjd lgfoipol tgrnbrb nkrb nuk vkrbktg ktku fgmba, nkj klkj nbfklulkj kjkfbsbs stktbstbl pknk vkrbktg tgrsgmut sg`krk sg`kr k sgrgjtkl. Uknk IKJOXK, tgrnkpkt mgmgrkpk stktbst stktbstbl bl ykjd nkpkt nbdujklkj ujtul pgjdkimbfkj lgputuskj tgraknkp abpotgsbs, kjtkrk
fkbj Ubffkb‒s ^rk`g, Tbfls‒s Fkimnk, Aotgffbjd‒s ^rk`g, nkj ]oy‒s Fkrdgst ]oot. Wjtul pgjdkimbfkj lgputuskj tgraknkp abpotgsbs pknk IKJOXK, Hbgfn (=552) igjykrkjlkj ujtul igjddujklkj jbfkb stktbstbl nkrb Ubffkb‒s ^rk`g.
Wcb Aotgffbjd‒s ^= ktku stktbstbl ^= pknk nuk skipgf mgmks knkfka skfka sktu tgljbl kjkfbsbs stktbstbl loipkrksbojkf iuftbvkrbkt ykjd nbdujklkj ujtul igimkjnbjdlkj nuk lgfoipol skipgf ykjd nbtgfbtb. Wcb Aotgffbjd‒s ^= igrupklkj stktbstbl iuftbvkrbkt ykjd igjcknb pgjdgimkjdkj ucb ^ nuk skipgf mgmks (Ugrmgnkkj igkj nuk lgfoipol ykjd mgrsbhkt bjngpgjngj). Ugrmgnkkjjyk tgrfgtkl pknk cuifka vkrbkmgf ngpgjngj. Uknk Wcb ^ nuk skipgf mgmks akjyk igibfblb sktu vkrbkmgf ngpgjngj, sgnkjdlkj sgnkjdlkj ucb Aotgffbjd‒s ^= igibfblb fgmba nkrb sktu vkrbkmgf ngpgjngj=. Wcb ^= Aotgffbjd nbdujklkj ujtul igjbfkb sbdjbhblkjsb stktbstbl nkrb pgrmgnkkj pknk rktk-rktk nuk vkrbkmgf ktku fgmba kjtkrk nuk lgfoipol. Bjb knkfka lksus lausus ikjovk ykjd nbdujklkj ngjdkj nuk lgfoipol ktku tbjdlkt vkrbkmgf pgrfklukj. Lgnuk skipgf ykjd klkj nbucb akrus igigjuab ksuisb, ykbtu3
Pkipgf mgrslkfk nktk ibjbikf bjtgrvkf
Pkipgf mgrnbstrbmusb jorikf
Pkipgf igipujykb lovkrbkj nktk ykjd aoiodgj
Wjtul igjdgtkaub nbstrbmusb skipgf, nbdujklkj ucb Lofiodorov Pibrjov Nuk Pkipgf (^wo-Pkipfg Lofiodoroh Pibrjov ^gst).
POKF NKJ UGIMKAKPKJ
Puktu Ugruskakkj tgljofodb agjnkl igimukt @P], jkiuj ikjkcgr pgruskakkj sgnkjd nbaknkpb lgmbjdujdkj ujtul igibfba cgjbs @P] ikjk ykjd fgmba mgrpgjdkrua tgraknkp jbfkb skaki nkj prohbt. Ikjkcgr igfklulkj pgrabtujdkj ujtul igfbakt pgrmgnkkj nkj pgjdkrua mgrnkskrlkj cgjbs @P] nb mgmgrkpk pgruskakkj ykjd sgrupk. Knkpuj cgjbs @P] btu kjtkrk fkbj @P] Ugjnbnblkj, Posbkf, nkj Fbjdlujdkj. Wjtul btu, ikjkcgr tgrsgmut klkj igfklulkj pgjgfbtbkj. Mgrblut akf-akf ykjd klkj nbtgfbtb.
Igjgfbtb kpklka lgtbdk cgjbs @P] tgrsgmut igibfblb lgikipukj ykjd skik nkfki igipgjdkruab jbfkb skaki nkj prohbt pgruskakkj sg`krk sbiuftkj ( sbiuftkjgousfy) sbiuftkjgousfy) (igipgjdkruab sg`krk rktk-rktk).
Pgkjnkbjyk tgrnkpkt cgjbs @P] ykjd igibfblb lgikipukj mgrmgnk nkfki akf igipgjdkruab jbfkb skaki nkj prohbt sg`krk sbiuftkj ( sbiuftkjgousfy ( sbiuftkjgousfy), ), klkj nbsgfbnblb fgmba nkfki sgmkdkb mgrblut. Kpklka pgjgrkpkj nkrb lgtbdk cgjbs @P] tgrsgmut mgrpgjdkrua tgraknkp jbfkb skaki (sg`krk rktk-rktk).
Cblk tgrnkpkt pgjdkrua pknk pgjddujkkj cgjbs @P] tgraknkp jbfkb
skaki, cgjbs @P] ikjklka ykjd igimukt jbfkb rktk-rktk skaki tbjddb. Iklk klkj nbfklulkj akf sgmkdkb mgrblut.
Igimkjnbjdlkj
jbfkb
rktk-rktk
skaki
kjtkrk3
cgjbs
@P]
Ugjnbnblkj ngjdkj sosbkf, pgjnbnblkj ngjdkj fbjdlujdkj, nkj so`bkf ngjdkj fbjdlujdkj. Kpklka pgjgrkpkj nkrb lgtbdk cgjbs @P] tgrsgmut mgrpgjdkrua tgraknkp jbfkb prohbt (sg`krk rktk-rktk).
Cblk tgrnkpkt pgjdkrua pknk pgjddujkkj cgjbs @P] tgraknkp jbfkb
prohbt, cgjbs @P] ikjklka ykjd igimukt jbfkb rktk-rktk skaki tbjddb. Iklk klkj nbfklulkj akf sgmkdkb mgrblut.
Igimkjnbjdlkj jbfkb rktk-rktk prohbt kjtkrk3 cgjbs @P] Ugjnbnblkj
ngjdkj sosbkf, pgjnbnblkj ngjdkj fbjdlujdkj, nkj so`bkf ngjdkj fbjdlujdkj.
]uiuskj Ikskfka
‖Kpk tgrnkpkt pgjdkrua pgibfbakj cgjbs @P] tgraknkp jbfkb skaki nkj prohbt ? ’ Abpotgsbs Ugjgfbtbkj
A5 9 Cgjbs @P] tbnkl mgrpgjdkrua tgraknkp jbfkb skaki nkj prohbt A; 9 Cgjbs @P] igibfblb pgjdkrua tgraknkp jbfkb skaki nkj prohbt Lgtgrkjdkj3 Xkrbkmgf Ngpgjngj 9 Jbfkb skaki nkj prohbt Xkrbkmgf Bjngpgjngj 9 Cgjbs @P]
Mgrblut nktk ykjd tgfka nbluipuflkj (nkfki ibfykrkj rupbka). @P] UGJNBNBLKJ Jo.
; = 0 > 7 8 4 1 2 ;5 ;; ;=
Ugruskakkj
U^. Pgckatgrk U^. Ikliur U^. Kmknb U^. Iufykskrb U^. Iglkrskrb U^. Mgrnblkrb U^. Pgfkikt U^. Pgjtosk U^. @btrk U^. Pgtbkmunb U^. Ckyk U^. Pulkikcu ]ktk ‐ ]ktk ]ktk
@P] Jbfkb Pkaki 85 8; 8= 80 8> 87 85 8; 8= 80 8> 87 8=.7
Urohbt 8; 8; 8= 80 8> 87 85 8; 8= 80 8> 87 8=.71000000
@P] POPBKF Jo.
Ugruskakkj
@P]
; = 0 > 7 8 4 1
U^. Iglkrskrb U^. Ignblk U^. Ignbkckyk U^. Ugrnkjk U^. Ckyk Kmknb U^. Pglkrskrb U^. Pgjnkjd Mbru U^. Ugfkjdb
Jbfkb Pkaki 85 8; 8= 80 8> 87 85 8;
2
U^. Pgnkp Ikfki
8=
Urohbt 8; 8; 8= 80 8> 87 85 8;
8=
;5 ;; ;=
U^. Ikcu Ckyk U^. Ckyk Pgjtosk U^. Pgfkrks ]ktk ‐ ]ktk ]ktk
80 8> 87 8=.7100000
80 8> 87 8>.>;888884
@P] FBJDLWJDKJ Jo.
; = 0 > 7 8 4 1 2 ;5 ;; ;=
@P]
Ugruskakkj
Jbfkb Pkaki 85 8; 8= 80 8> 87 85 8; 8= 80 8> 87 8=.7
U^. Mgfkrksk U^. Mgfhoon U^. Ignbk Pkrkjk U^. Ugrnkikbkj U^. Pgtorkj Fkj`kr U^. Pgfkykr U^. Pgjnkjd Ikykjd U^. Ugfktb Mbru U^. Pgjnu Mbru U^. Ikcu ]ksk U^. Ckyk Pgfkfu U^. Pgikrkl Ckyk ]ktk ‐ ]ktk ]ktk
Nktk nbumka tgrfgmba nkaufu pknk horikt PUPP, ykljb sgmkdkb mgrblut3 @P]
Jbfkb Pkaki
Urohbt
;
85
8;
;
8;
8;
;
8=
8=
;
80
80
; ;
8> 87
8> 87
;
85
85
;
8; 8= 80 8> 87 85 8; 8=
8; 8= 80 8> 87 8; 8; 8=
80
80
; ; ; ; = = = =
Urohbt 84 81 82 45 4; 4= 84 81 82 45 4; 4= 82.7
= = = = = = = = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8> 87 85 8; 8= 80 8> 87 85 8; 8= 80 8> 87 85 8; 8=
8> 87 85 8; 8= 80 8> 87 84 81 82 45 4; 4= 84 81 82
0 0 0
80 8> 87
45 4; 4=
Lgtgrkjdkj 3 ; 9 Cgjbs @P] Ugjnbnblkj
= 9 Cgjbs @P] Posbkf
0 9 Cgjbs @P] Fbjdlujdkj
Ugjygfgskbkj Nkfki PUPP
Ugrikskfkakj tgrsgmut klkj nbsgfgskblkj ngjdkj pgjnglktkj IKJOXK. Mgmgrkpk ksuisb ykjd nblgjklkj pknk pgjddujkkj IKJOXK knkfka ksuisb jorikfbtks
iuftbvkrbkt
nkj
lgskikkj
iktrbls-iktrbls
lovkrbkj
popufksb.
Ugjducbkj ksuisb jorikfbtks iuftbvkrbkt nbnglktb ngjdkj pgjducbkj jorikfbtks ujbvkrbkt ujtul iksbjd-iksbjd vkrbkmgf tkl mgmks nkfki sgtbkp lgfoipollgfoipol/lktgdorb-lktgdorb.
Pgfkjcutjyk pbfba Kjkfyzg 9: Dgjgrkf Fbjgkr Iongf 9: Iuftbvkrbktg Iuftbvkrbktg,, sgabjddk iuj`uf lotkl nbkfod Iuftbvkrbktg nbkfod Iuftbvkrbktg.. Iksullkj vkrbkmgf jbfkb skaki nkj prohbt lg
nkfki Ngpgjngjt Xkrbkmfgs, Xkrbkmfgs, nkj Cgjbs @P] pknk Hbxgn Hk`tor(s). Hk`tor(s). Lgiunbkj pbfba Uost Ao`, Ao`, sgabjddk iuj`uf lotkl nbkfod Iuftbvkrbktg3 Uost Ao` Iuftbpfg @oipkrbsoj hor Omsgrvgn Igkjs. Igkjs . Iksullkj vkrbkmgf @P] pknk lotkl Uost lotkl Uost Ao` ^gsts hor . Lgiunbkj pbfba Mojhgrrojb pknk Gqukf Xkrbkj`gs Kssuign nkj pbfba @ojtbjug.. Pgfkjcutjyk pbfba Optbojs @ojtbjug Optbojs,, sgabjddk iuj`uf lotkl nbkfod Iuftbvkrbktg3 Optbojs.. Iksullkj vkrbkmgf (OXG]KFF) nkj Cgjbs @P] pknk lotkl Nbspfky Optbojs Igkjs hor . Lgiunbkj kltbhlkj @oipkrg igkj ghhg`t nkj pbfba Mojhgrrojb Mojhgrrojb.. Uknk Nbspfky,, pbfba Ngs`rbptbvg stktbstb`s nkj Aoiodgjgbty tgsts. Nbspfky tgsts. Pgfkjcutjyk pbfba @ojtbjug nkj OL.
Mgrblut aksbf mgrnkskrlkj PUPP. Mgtwggj-Pumcg`ts Hk`tors Xkfug Fkmgf Cgjbs @P]
J
;
Ugjnbnblkj
;=
=
Posbkf
;=
0
Fbjdlujdkj
;=
Bjtgrprgtksb 3 Cgjbs @P] nb fkimkjdlkj ; ykljb mgrcgjbs Ugjnbnblkj, = ykljb
sosbkf nkj 0 ykljb fbjdlujdkj. J igrupklkj skipgf ykjd nbdujklkj, pknk lksus bjb skipgf pgr cgjbs mgrcuifka ;=.
Ngs`rbptbvg Ptktbstb`s
Jbfkb Pkaki
Urohbt
Cgjbs @P]
Igkj
Ptn. Ngvbktboj
J
Ugjnbnblkj
8=.7555
;.41044
;=
Posbkf
8=.7100
;.848>2
;=
Fbjdlujdkj
8=.7555
;.41044
;=
^otkf
8=.7=41
;.8217;
08
Ugjnbnblkj
8=.7100
;.848 ;.848>2 >2
;=
Posbkf
8>.>;84
;.2=187
;=
Fbjdlujdkj
82.7555
;.41044
;=
^otkf
87.7555
0.>>0>=
08
Bjtgrprgtksb 3 ]ktk-rktk jbfkb skaki mgrnkskrlkj @P] Ugjnbnblkj knkfka 8=.7, @P] Posbkf sgmgskr 8=.7100 nkj @P] fbjdlujdkj ykljb 8=.7 (nkfki ibfykrkj
rupbka). Pgnkjdlkj prohbt mgrnkskrlkj @P] pgjnbnblkj sgmgskr 8=.7100, @P] Posbkf sgmgskr 8>.>;84 nkj @P] Fbjdlujdkj sgmkjykl 82.7 (nkfki ibfykrkj rupbka). Uknk tkmgf tgrsgmut tgrfbakt tbnkl tgrfkfu igjujculkj pgrgmgnkkj ykjd mgdbtu igj`ofol lg`ukfb pknk sbsb prohbt tgpktjyk @P] sosbkf nkj fbjdlujdkj. fbjdlujdkj.
Mox's ^gst oh Gqukfbty oh @ovkrbkj`g Iktrb`gsk Mox's I
1.0=;
H
=.755
nh;
0
nh=
1.4;=G>
Pbd.
.571
^gsts tag juff aypotagsbs takt tag omsgrvgn `ovkrbkj`g iktrb`gs oh tag ngpgjngjt vkrbkmfgs krg gqukf k`ross droups. k. Ngsbdj3 Bjtgr`gpt + @P]
Bjtgrprgtksb 3 Uknk Mox‒s ^gst tgrtgrk mkawk sbdjbhblkjjyk 5.571 ykjd mgrkrtb :
5.57 sgabjddk pknk nktk bjb vkrbkjjyk mgrsbhkt aoiodgj ktku bngjtbl (skik). Nktk pknk lksus bjb gqukf, sgabjddk nkpkt nbfkjcutlkj nbfkjcutlkj ujtul nbtgfbtb. Iuftbvkrbktg ^gsts` Ghhg`t Bjtgr`gpt
@P]
Xkfug
H
Aypotagsbs nh
Grror nh
Pbd.
Ubffkb's ^rk`g
.222
=.0;>G>k
=.555
0=.555
.555
Tbfls' Fkimnk
.55;
=.0;>G>k
=.555
0=.555
.555
Aotgffbjd's ^rk`g
;.>>8G0
=.0;>G>k
=.555
0=.555
.555
]oy's Fkrdgst ]oot
;.>>8G0
=.0;>G>k
=.555
0=.555
.555
Ubffkb's ^rk`g
.218
;8.5>0
>.555
88.555
.555
Tbfls' Fkimnk
.5;7
;.;84G=k
>.555
8>.555
.555
Aotgffbjd's ^rk`g
84.425
7=7.04>
>.555
8=.555
.555
]oy's Fkrdgst ]oot
84.425
;.;;2G0m
=.555
00.555
.555
k. Gxk`t stktbstb` m. ^ag stktbstb` bs kj uppgr moujn oj H takt ybgfns k fowgr moujn oj tag sbdjbhb`kj`g fgvgf. `. Ngsbdj3 Bjtgr`gpt + @P]
Bjtgrprgtksb 3 Uknk lofoi sbdjbhblkjsb tgpktjyk nb mkdbkj @P], lofoi pbffkb‒s
trk`g, wbfls‒ fkimnk, aottgfbjd‒s trk`g nkj n kj roy‒s Fkrdgst root igjujculkj nbmkwka
jbfkb sbd : 5.57, sgabjddk igjujculkj mkawk @P] igibfblb lgikipukj ykjd mgrmgnk nkfki igipgjdkruab jbfkb prohbt nkj jbfkb ksgt sg`krk sbiuftkj.
Fgvgjg's ^gst oh Gqukfbty oh Grror Xkrbkj`gs k H
nh;
nh=
Pbd.
Jbfkb Pkaki
.5>5
=
00
.28;
Urohbt
.;54
=
00
.122
^gsts tag juff aypotagsbs takt tag grror vkrbkj`g oh tag ngpgjngjt vkrbkmfg bs gqukf k`ross droups. k. Ngsbdj3 Bjtgr`gpt + @P]
Bjtgrprgtksb 3 Jbfkb skaki nkj prohbt igibfblb jbfkb : sbd 5.57, iklk ksuisb
lgskikkj vkrbkjs popufksb jbfkb skaki nkj prohbt mgrnkskrlkj pknk cgjbs @P] tgfka tgrpgjuab (aoiodgj). ^gsts oh Mgtwggj-Pumcg`ts Ghhg`ts Ngpgjngjt Pour`g
Xkrbkmfg
@orrg`tgn Iongf
Jbfkb Pkaki
@P]
Grror
^otkf
@orrg`tgn ^otkf
Pqukrgs
nh
Igkj Pqukrg
H
Pbd.
.578k
=
.5=1
.552
.22;
051.;84m
=
;7>.510
>4.727
.555
Jbfkb Pkaki
;>5475.5=1
;
;>5475.5=1
>.850G>
.555
Urohbt
;7>>>2.555
;
;7>>>2.555
>.44;G>
.555
.578
=
.5=1
.552
.22;
Urohbt
051.;84
=
;7>.510
>4.727
.555
Jbfkb Pkaki
;55.2;4
00
0.571
Urohbt
;58.100
00
0.=04
Jbfkb Pkaki
;>517;.555
08
Urohbt
;7>18>.555
08
Jbfkb Pkaki
;55.24=
07
Urohbt
>;7.555
07
Urohbt Bjtgr`gpt
^ypg BBB Pui oh
Jbfkb Pkaki
k. ] Pqukrgn 9 ,55; (Kncustgn ] Pqukrgn P qukrgn 9 -,585) m. ] Pqukrgn 9 ,4>0 (Kncustgn ] Pqukrgn 9 ,4=4)
Bjtgrprgtksb 3 Uknk lofoi @P], jbfkb skaki igibfblb jbfkb sbd 5.22; : sbd (5.57)
sgabjddk sg`krk sbiuftkj ktku mgrskikkj, @P] tbnkl igibfblb pgrmgnkkj ykjd sbdjbhblkj tgraknkp vkrbkmgf jbfkb skaki. Pgnkjdlkj prohbt igibfblb jbfkb 5.555 6 sbd (5.57), sgabjddk igibfblb krtb mkawk sg`krk sbiuftkj @P] igibfblb pgrmgnkkkj ykjd sbdjbhblkj tgraknkp prohbt.
Ukbrwbsg @oipkrbsojs 27% @ojhbngj`g Bjtgrvkf hor Ngpgjngjt Xkrbkmfg
(B) Cgjbs @P]
(C) Cgjbs @P]
Jbfkb Pkaki
Ugjnbnblkj
Posbkf
Posbkf
Fbjdlujdkj
Urohbt
Nbhhgrgj`gk
Igkj Nbhhgrgj`g
Ugjnbnblkj
Posbkf
Fbjdlujdkj
(B-C)
Ptn. Grror
Pbd.k
Fowgr Moujn
Wppgr Moujn
-.510
.4;>
;.555
-;.11>
;.4;4
Fbjdlujdkj
;.5>5G-;>
.4;>
;.555
-;.15;
;.15;
Ugjnbnblkj
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Mksgn oj gstbiktgn ikrdbjkf igkjs k. Kncustigjt hor iuftbpfg `oipkrbsojs3 Mojhgrrojb. *. ^ag igkj nbhhgrgj`g bs sbdjbhb`kjt kt tag ,57 fgvgf. fgvgf .
Bjtgrprgtksb 3 Uknk lofoi bjb fgmba igjglkjlkj pknk = pgrmkjnbjdkj
pgjddujkkj cgjbs @P] tgraknkp jbfkb skaki nkj prohbt. Uknk jbfkb skaki sk aki tgrnkpkt cgjbs @P] Ugjnbnblkj ykjd nbmkjnbjdlkj ngjdkj @P] sosbkf, iklk aksbffjyk ; ktku : 5.57. sgabjddk pgrmkjnbjdkj bjb tbnkl igjujculkj pgrmgnkkj ykjd sbdjbhblkj tgraknkp jbfkb skaki. Mgdbtu pufk jbfkb fkbjjyk, lg`ukfb pknk lofoi
prohbt ykjd igjcgfkslkj igjdgjkb pgrmkjnbjdkj pgjnbnblkj ngjdkj fbjdlujdkj, sosbkf ngjdkj fbjdlujdkj, fbjdlujdkj ngjdkj pgjnbnblkj nkj fbjdlujdkj ngjdkj sosbkf, iklk aksbfjyk 6 sbd (5.57). sgabjddk aksbfjyk pgrmgnkkj btu igjujculkj aksbf ykjd sbdjbhblkj tgraknkp jbfkb prohbt pruskakkj.
LGPBIUWFKJ
Nktk pgjgfbtbkj bjb sunka igjujculkj nktk ykjd sgsukb ngjdkj ksuisb Ikjovk, ykljb mgrnbstrbmusb jorikf, lovkrbkj sbhktjyk skik (bngjtbl/aoiodgj) sgsukb ngjdkj tkmgf Mox‒s ^gst nkj Fkvgjg‒s ^gst. Ugjducbkj nktk nbfklulkj ngjdkj igjddujklkj pgjdkturkj mojhgrrojb sgmkm igjddujklkj skipgf ykjd sgnblbt (rgjnka). Aksbf ykjd nbnkpktlkj knkfka tgrnkpkt pgjdkrua cgjbs @P] tgraknkp jbfkb skaki nkj prohbt ngjdkj jbfkb ykjd mgrmgnk mgnk. Mgrnkskrlkj pkpkrkj pknk tkmgf Ukbrwbsg @oipkrbsojs, iklk nbsbipuflkj mkawk cgjbs @P] fbjdlujdkj igimgrblkj pgjdkrua ykjd sbdjbhblkj sg`krk stktbstbl tgraknkp prohbt pgruskakkj (sg`krk rktk-rktk). ^gtkpb @P] fbjdlujdkj tbnkl igibfblb pgjdkrua ykjd sbdjbhblkj pknk jbfkb skaki. Pgmkm rktk-rktk jbfkb skaki fkbjjyk igjujculkj aksbf ykjd skik. ^kmgf ngs`rbptbvg stktbstb` igjujculkj mkawk rktk-rktk P@] fbjdlujdkj tgraknkp jbfkb skaki sgmgskr 8=.7 (nkfki ibfykrkj rupbka), mgskrkj jbfkb tgrsgmut tbnkl ckua mgnk ngjdkj jbfkb skaki fkbjjyk ngjdkj pgjddujkkj @P] ykjd mgrmgnk-mgnk. Pgnkjdlkj rktk-rktk @P] fbjdlujdkj tgraknkp prohbt igibfblb jbfkb ykjd pkfbjd tbjddb nkrb fkbjjyk ykljb 82.7 (nkfki ibfykrkj rupbka) nkj igjujculkj pgrmgnkkj ykjd igj`ofol. Ofga
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pgruskakkj
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igjddujklkj @P] fbjdlujdkj ngjdkj akrkpkj prohbtjyk nkpkt igjbjdlkt sgpgrtb pgruskakkj fkbjjyk ykjd igjddujklkj @P] ykjd sgrupk. Ikjkcgr tbnkl mgrakrkp mkjykl pknk lgjkblkj jbfkb skaki sgmkm pgjddujkkj @P] fbjdlujdkj tbnkl igibfblb pgjdkrua ykjd sbdjbhblkj ktku sgsukb ngjdkj rktk rktk pgjddujkkj @P] fkbjjyk.
Nkhtkr Uustklk
Tbffgis D, Ubsoj D, ]oussgguw UC, Xkj Kgfst P. K ]omust Aotgffbjd ^gst. Bj3 Igtrblk. =55=. nob3;5.;554/s55;1>5=55;2= Igtrblk. Prbvkstkvk NL, Iunaoflkr DP. ^rbiign ^̀ =3 K =3 K ]omust Kjkfod Oh Aotgffbjd ‒‒ s ^=. C Ptkt Ufkj Bjhgrgj`g. Bjhgrgj`g. =55;. nob3;5.;5;8/P5041-0471(55)55=02-; nob3;5.;5;8/P5041-0471(55)55=02-; Akbr, C.H Cr., ].G. Kjngrsoj, M.C. Mkmbj, nkj T.@. Mfk`l. =5;5. =5;5. Iuftbvkrbktg Iuftbvkrbktg Nktk Kjkfysbs, 4 ta Gnbtboj Gnbtboj.. Ugkrsoj Urgjtb`g Akff. Mkrmkrk D. ^kmk`ajb`l Fbjnk P. Hbngff. =5;>. Wsbjd Iuftbvkrbktg Ptktbstb`s, 8 ta Gnbtboj. Ugkrsoj Jgw Bjtgrjktbojkf Gnbtboj. Ubtu`a, Lggjkj K., Ptgvgjs, Ckigs U. =5;7. Kppfbgn Iuftbvkrbktg Ptktbstb`s Hor ^ag Po`bkf P`bgj`gs (Kjkfysgs Tbta PKP Kjn Kjn BMI‑P PUPP), 8 ta Gnbtboj Gnbtboj.. ]outfkndg ^kyfor & Hrkj`bs Droup3 Jgw Rorl. ta
Hbgfn, Kjny. =5;=. Nbs`ovgrbjd =5;=. Nbs`ovgrbjd Ptktbstb`s Wsbjd BMI PUPP Ptktbstb`s, Ptktbstb`s , > Gnbtboj. PKDG Uumfb`ktbojs Bj`3 @kfbhorjbk.
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