English Grammar and Composition-Parts of Speech

ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND COMPOSITION By Nadeem. Y. Mufti PARTS OF SPEECH 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Noun Pronoun Verb Adjective Adverb Preposition Conjunction Interjection

Noun A noun is a word used for giving a name to some person, place or thing. Example: Rizwan, Karachi, Car, Wisdom, Honesty Table, cotton , etc. The Kinds of Noun 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Proper Noun- Faizan, Karachi, Pakistan Common Noun- Table, River, Man City, Country. Collective Noun-Army, Police, Party, Class Material Noun-Wheat, Milk, Gold Silver Abstract Noun-Wisdom, Honesty, Youth Sleep

The Pronoun A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun. Example:

Rizwan went to school. He took his books with him. In the above example He is used for Rizwan. The Kinds of Pronoun: 1. Personal Pronoun-I, We, You, He, She, They , Their, Him, Her, Me, Us, Them 2. Reflexive Pronoun-Himself, Yourself, Ourselves, Myself, Themselves, Herself 3. Relative Pronoun-What, Which, Whom, Whose, Who 4. Interrogative Pronoun-They are used for asking question like whose book is this? 5. Demonstrative Pronoun-Those, These, That, This 6. Indefinite Pronoun-Somebody, Everybody, Nobody, anybody, all, none, one, any 7. Distributive Pronoun-Neither, Either, Each Verb A verb is a word used for saying something about the activity of a person or thing. It’s important to know that we cannot make a sentence without a verb. The Kinds of Verb 1. Transitive Verb- Love, Hate, Eat, Write, See, Drink 2. Intransitive Verbs- Sleep, fall, go 3. Auxiliary or Helping Verbs-They are used in tenses i.e. Past present future. Go-Went-Gone-Going Adjective Adjectives are of eight Kinds: 1. Proper Adjectives-Pakistani, Arab or Arabian, Russian, Spanish 2. Adjective of Quality-Able, Brave, Bold, Fat, Slim, Rich, Wise 3. Adjective of Quantity-Little, Much, many, sufficient, enough, half, Whole 4. Adjective of Numbers-One, Two, Three, Four, First, second, third 5. Demonstrative Adjectives-This, that, these, those

6. Distributive Adjectives-Every, Each, Neither, Either 7. Interrogative Adjectives-What, Which, When, Where, Whose 8. Possessive Adjectives-My, Our, His, Her, Its, Their Adverb An Adverb is a word which qualifies or adds to the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Adverb is a word which says something about verb. Example: The Child cries loudly She teaches well The Kinds of Adverbs: 1. Simple-The Horse runs swiftly 2. Interrogative-How much, How many, Where, when 3. Relative-When, why, whereas, then, how Preposition A preposition is a word placed before a noun or a pronoun to show in what selection the person or thing indicated by it stands in regard to something else. Examples: He is found of reading books He is late for School We should hope for the best Some very essential prepositions are as follows: In, into, with, by, from, over, under, after, behind, near, beside, up, down, to, of, ahead, above, for, at, between, among against, across, about

The Kinds of Prepositions 1. Simple Preposition-At, by, with, on, in, for, from, through 2. Double Preposition-into, under, over, within, against 3. Compound Preposition- Along, across, around, before, beside, below,

between, within 4. Participle Prepositions-Owing, during, regarding, concerning 5. Phrase Preposition-According to, instead of, because of in case, by virtue of, in front of, on account of, in order to for the sake of. Conjunction A conjunction is a joining word Example: Nadeem and Rizwan went there I called him but he did not come Following are the words used as joining words: But, or, otherwise, as well as, and, both, not only, however, wherever, therefore, whether, although, whatevewr, whenever, whichever, whoever, since, hence. Interjection An interjection is a word in a sentence to express some feeling or emotions of mind: Oh, Alas, Well Done, welcome, bravo