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CRYSTAL RADIO INITIATIVE by Eric P. Dollard THE COLLECTED POSTS FROM ENERGETIC FORUM OPEN SOURCE BUILDERS THANK YOU TO DR_GREEN, JAKE AND OTHERS
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CRYSTAL RADIO INITIATIVE by Eric P. Dollard NOTE: THIS BOOK WILL BE UNDER DEVELOPMENT IN THE FUTURE AND IS CURRENTLY A COMPILATION OF THE POSTS FROM VARIOUS ERIC DOLLARD THREADS AT THE OFFICIAL ERIC DOLLARD FORUM AT ENERGETIC FORUM http://www.energeticforum.com/eric-dollard-official-forum/
TAKE NOTE THAT THESE POSTS ARE REORDERED ACCORDING TO ERIC DOLLARD'S PREFERENCE SO WILL BE DIFFERENT THAN HOW THEY APPEAR IN THE FORUM. BETWEEN THESE POSTS AND THE CRYSTAL RADIO INITIATIVE VIDEO, THERE IS ENOUGH INFORMATION TO REPLICATE THE TESLA STYLE CRYSTAL RADIO. DR_GREEN ALREADY POSTED RESULTS IN THE FORUM SHOWING THE GROUND TRANSMISSION IS INDEED FASTER THAN THROUGH THE AIR.
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Cover Layout:
Aaron Murakami A&P Electronic Media Spokane, Washington
Front Cover Image: Jerry Clement, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_radio_receiver.jpg Interior Images by:
Eric Dollard and the contributing members of Energetic Forum
Copyright © 2015
A & P Electronic Media
NOTE: ALTHOUGH THE CONTENT OF THE FORUM POSTS ARE IN ENERGETIC FORUM, THIS DOCUMENT HAS A PUBLISHER'S COPYRIGHT FOR THIS PARTICULAR COMPILATION AND MAY NOT BE FREELY DISTRIBUTED. IF YOU WANT TO SHARE THIS WITH OTHERS, REFER THEM TO HTTP://CRYSTALRADIOINITIATIVE.COM TO GET THEIR OWN COPY. All Rights Reserved, Worldwide. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in an electronic retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, without the prior, written permission of the copyright holders or the publisher. Unauthorized copying of this digital file is prohibited by International Law.
Digital Edition Published by: A&P Electronic Media PO Box 10029 Spokane, WA 99209 http://www.emediapress.com/
First Edition – Version 1.01 Released: September, 2015 Digital Format: PDF File 50,000 authorized Downloads 3
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Book Version Current Version 1.01 – September, 2015 On page 20 of the original version, a full page image was covered up at the end of the page. This has been corrected so that on page 21 it is fully visible. Original Version 1.00 - April, 2015
These are the forum posts that go together with Eric Dollard's Crystal Radio Initiative video. A concise manual will be created at a later time.
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LIABILITY DISCLAIMER By making use of any information in this book and video package, you agree to the following: NO WARRANTIES: All of the information provided in this book and video package is provided "AS-IS" and with NO WARRANTIES. No express or implied warranties of any type are made with respect to the information, or any use of the information, on this site. A & P Electronic Media ("A & P") makes no representations and extends no warranties of any type as to the accuracy or completeness of any information or content on this website. DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY: A & P specifically DISCLAIMS LIABILITY FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES and assumes no responsibility or liability for any loss or damage suffered by any person as a result of the use or misuse of any of the information or content in this book & video package. A & P or undertakes NO LIABILITY for any loss or damage suffered as a result of the use, misuse or reliance on the information and content of this book and video package. USE AT YOUR OWN RISK: This book and video package is for informational purposes only. Consult a professional electrical engineer before performing any electrical experiments, including the experiments described in this book and video package. Any electrical experiment may results in injury or death. By voluntarily conducting any experiments described in this book and video package, you assume the risk of any resulting injury. FOLLOW THE LAW: You must comply with FCC laws as they apply in your area and you accept any and all risks or liabilities if you should break these laws.
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SUPPORT ERIC DOLLARD
Before doing anything else, make sure to show Eric Dollard your gratitude by donating through PayPal or through the mail. If there is a current fundraising campaign, please donate to show your support and tell others. Information on how to donate to the work of Eric Dollard and EPD Laboratories, Inc. 501(c)(3) is on http://ericpdollard.com
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction
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Crystal Radio Initiative
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Crystal Radio Magic Thread by Jake
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Eric's "Crystal Radio Initiative" Challenge
274
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INTRODUCTION As previously mentioned above, this book is currently the reordered compilation of posts in Energetic Forum, which were posted in response to Eric Dollard's Crystal Radio Initiative. Who will be the first to light a 100 watt bulb from AM ground transmission and prove Tesla right and Einstein wrong? Even if you can only power a 7 watt bulb, you are definitely in the club as someone who has certainly made a point. Please watch the video first that accompanies this Crystal Radio Initiative package, especially if you're a beginner. Write down a few of the strongest stations that you receive with this and pick one of those frequencies to design your Tesla style crystal radio for. For the Tesla style crystal radio, you'll have to calculate the coil dimensions so it will be specifically tuned for one of the strongest stations that you receive with the regular crystal radio set. Once you do this for a small scale Tesla style crystal radio, modify the circuit and try to light one of the very small midget flange bulbs as described in the video. When you can accomplish that, you are ready to scale it up to try to light even bigger bulbs. As Eric Dollard mentioned in the video, if you can just get to the 7 watt size, then you have definitely proven the point. Furthermore, you can compare the speed between the above ground reception and the telluric reception to see which is fastest. DR_GREEN has posted this recently in the Eric Dollard thread here: http://www.energeticforum.com/eric-dollard-official-forum/11855-ericdollard.html - The below ground reception is faster than the light speed above ground transmission by the way. Not only will you be able to prove Tesla right, you'll be proving Einstein wrong.
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CRYSTAL RADIO INITIATIVE
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01-02-2012, 06:38 PM t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
Crystal Sets Gone Wild Crystal Sets Gone Wild For the diagram shown the coil dimensions are missing, number of turns, etc. A good ground is essential for these kinds of devices. 16 Ground rods in a 10 to 20 foot radius circle, connected to a single ground rod at the center(17th rod), this connection being 10 gauge wire. Dry sand or rock will not ground, so this requires 80, each 14 gauge wires in a 30 foot diameter circle in a star radial configuration, to a center terminal. Without these groundings a Tesla Transformer cannot properly operate, but some "HI-Z" sets may. The objective here is to scale the "Crystal Set", a step at a time, into a Tesla Transformer for the reception of medium wave band, 300 - 3000 kilocycle A.M. broadcasts. No license is required for this and the broadcast station provides the power. And this objective cooperates with the primary objective. That is; Who will be the first ham to disprove Einstein's theory? An International contest, but who will sponsor it, Iran maybe? We have the good fortune in the "Crystal Set Initiative" that, in theory at least, a quarter wave A.M. broadcast tower, and its 120 quarter wave ground radials, must emit a pair of waves as shown by Tesla in his basic diagrams.
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Hence it can be seen that a pair of waves are engendered by this transmission system. (Tower and Star Radials). One wave, Hertzian, is the over ground wave, the other wave, Telluric, is the under ground wave. These two waves arrive at the point of reception in their own distinct time frames, giving rise to a difference in phase. Hence, multiple rings of interference patterns are produced. Since the Hertzian portion, over ground, time frame is based upon the velocity of 11
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light, then the Telluric portion, under ground, time frame gives the Telluric velocity. Two crystal sets, one over ground, one under ground, and a basic oscilloscope , that simple. I have done this at Landers. Concluding, a Tesla Magnification Transformer, properly proportioned can, in theory, actually draw power from a local 50 kW station. Several hundred watts of power reception is likely. This would prove Tesla once and for all. No antenna, just a good ground, and a nice and bright 100 watt light bulb. This would overturn physics more than any billion dollar C.E.R.N. project. A ham radio operator overturns Einstein for 100 bucks. What a concept. Read, Tesla, "The True Wireless" Tesla, "System of Concatenated Tuned Circuits" Dollard, "System for the Transmission and Reception of Telluric Electric Waves" A.R.R.L. "Radio Amatuers Handbook". Chapter "H.F. Transmitters, & Tank Circuits" 73 DE N6 KPH
01-03-2012, 03:58 PM t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
Tesla's Diagram of overground vs underground waves Hetzian/Telluric Tesla's Diagram of overground vs underground waves Hetzian/Telluric Note Telluric velocity, a function of angle around the earth, it is a cosecant, infinity at the poles, luminal at the equator. Pi over two is the integral "velocity"
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02-03-2012, 03:35 PM t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
Notes on the Crystal Set Notes on the Crystal Set When measuring the velocity difference between underground and our ground, the two seperate receivers can be brought into phase unison by the use of a test oscillator. Both receivers must have a primary tank circuit, here you can place your measurement equipment. The detected AM output, audio frequency, signal is immune to receiver phase shift. This is a property of A.M. detection. Use the audio to measure propagation delay. Wind all coils in the same direction, this is a must! Brass is a very good primary material, good depth of penetration at broadcast frequencies. Wires and clip lead interconnection are the "Road to Absolute Defeat." Coils and Condensers must be merged into each other in broad surfaces. Stacked metal plates on insulators makes good condensers. Transmitter air condensers are good, vacuum condensers are the best. A number of small condensers are better than one big one, less stray inductance. Stray inductance is fatal to success! For smaller units silver mica condensers are the only way, use no others. Paralell them on a low inductance bus. Do not get sidetracked, experimental and auxilliary coils as well as patent diagrams will get you stuck in the sand forever. The finished Colorado unit dimensions are all in the notebook. It is all there, look at it, not the diversions, and remember everything you thought was Tesla is the exact opposite. It is there; one or two turn primary; a 20% height/width secondary; and a 100% height/width extra coil, all there, wire size, turns, all there, can you find it? It then can be scaled to any frequency and any KVAR capacity within wavelength conditions. As your unit gets perfected the signal gets stronger and stronger, then diodes start burning out. We then are reaching the engineering objective, that is to light a number 327 pilot lamp. Not much power but too bright for Einstein.
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02-06-2012, 02:44 AM t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
Tesla Type Crystal Radio The design of the Tesla Transformer starts with the secondary resonant coil. In its resonant mode it is a quadrapolar resonator. Two constants exist in the construction of this solenoidal resonator, one is that the height to length ratio must be 20%, the other is that the side by side spacing of the cylindrical conductor turns is 62% the diameter of the cylindrical conductor. The optimum number of turns is 20 on the secondary, with 2 on the primary. This gives the physical size of the coil for a given frequency. Increasing the number of turns reduces the size of the secondary coil in proportion to the increase in turns. Accordingly the conductor diameter also decreases as the copper is spread out over more windings. The ratio of secondary turns to primary turns must equal a constraint of 10 to 1. For a given number of turns the operating frequency becomes the sole independent variable in coil design. The primary coil is the same diameter as the secondary coil. The ratio of conductor width to coil diameter is 18%. The sheet conductor is closely spiralled into two turns, for a secondary of twenty turns. For a conductor thickness as given by the maximum thickness vs frequency the volume of the primary metal must equal the volume of the secondary metal, based upon equal weights for primary and secondary metals. Brass can be 1.7 times thicker than copper, and bronze can be 2.8 times thicker than copper, for a given maximum thickness and frequency. The primary condenser should be made of the same amount of metal as the primary coil. Their weights should be about the same. The connecting leads must be short and the same width as the primary conductor. Large, multiplate air condensers are good, so are metal sheets and glass. The secondary capacitance is best a copper tubing ring around the outside of the H end of the coil. This ring must be open in one spot along its loop so as not to be a shorted turn. The end of the secondary wire connects to this capacity ring. Beer cans make the best elevated capacitors. The finished transformer must operate on a directly connected ground plane. A large plywood table with aluminum foil glued on to it, this covered with a plastic or glass sheet is the minimum required ground plane. Obviously the aluminum plane must be solidly earthed with special attention to minimizing ground lead inductance. In order to light a lamp a more broadcast station style of ground plane is required, but for testing purposes the metallized plywood "ten by" sheet is just fine. Good luck and good crystal set DX ing.
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t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
Tesla Resonant Transformer
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02-12-2012, 01:46 PM
t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
Calculating Properties for Secondary
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02-13-2012, 02:50 PM t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
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02-14-2012, 06:22 PM
t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
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04-09-2012, 08:55 AM Web000x Silver Member
Join Date: Apr 2009 Posts: 539
@All Crystal Radio Builders, Eric would like to get some feedback on his given TMT design formulas. The following is a test procedure used to determine the resonance of the coils.
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The best way to get him the data will be to mail the results to the Lone Pine general delivery address. Dave 30
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05-14-2012, 12:26 AM
dR-Green Gold Member
Join Date: Apr 2008 Location: Merlin's Fort Posts: 1,220
Using these:
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F = 3670000 cycles/sec Secondary Height = 4.08cm Diameter = 20.7cm Number of turns = 20 Wire = 13 +/- metres 26 SWG (thin wire issues resulting in slight octagon shape therefore reduced length, estimated actual length = approx 12.92 metres) Approx 18.9 grams of copper in coil Extra coil Height = 8.28cm Diameter = 8.28cm Number of turns = 126 Wire = 32.27 metres 26 SWG (advisable not to use thicker wire otherwise no room on coil frame, impossible to space 126 turns evenly as is) Margin of error between calculated and measured frame dimensions after construction = 6000 Ohm general. Multiple tuning peaks indicate overly tight coupling between coils. Slowly separate them until only one resonant peak. Multiple modes of stray reception and strong local stations will make grounding and tuning very confusing. An isolation amplifier 6SN7 triode isolates amplifier from function generator interaction and gives more power to light neon lamps. Both sections of 6SN7 in parallel give more power. 73 DE N6KPH
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05-27-2012, 01:41 PM
t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
Comment and Correction The following is the corrected version of the equations given in post #404. Equations (1) and (2) still need to be substituted into equations (6), (7), and (9). Graphs should be made up also. Can someone do this and also reprint in better form the following equations. Next, taking the data from the COlorado notes, these equations should be applied to the final Colorado design, here for all to see, u, Z, etc. Also the Guillemen line is IMPORTANT, the rest of the MIT pages on it would be helpful here. The Guillemen line is a "single wire" longitudinal transmission structure. Hence it is an analog of a longitudinal wave, or a section of a one wire transmission system. This is known as a "two terminal" network, in distinction to the standard "four terminal" network. Guillemen's rearrangement of the condensers from shunt to series greatly reduced the dielectric stress on these condenser. This allowed for a great reduction of size and weight, important for aircraft. The smallest thermionic gas thyratron suitable for impulse work is the 2050. It is an argon type so not very fast. The smallest hydrogen thyratron is the 3C45. It likes about 1500 volts DC. As for gas diode tubes of the cold cathodes DC type is the, OA3, 75 volt neon OB3, 90 volt argon OD3, 150 volt helium and the cold cathode detector triode is the OA4G (neon). These tube types are usually plentiful and cheap. The OA4G may be a bit hard to find however. There are several miniature types of cold cathode triodes in existence but I do not remember the numbers. I would point out here that blowing them up is not very useful, they do not make them anymore. Finally, rather than an endless string of experiments doing "strange things" more might be gained by developing a solid theoretical concept of what we are getting into. And for the "free energy fuse box" crowd, forget it. No one is going to use wireless power transmission so she does not have to see the power line to her new "dream home" on top of the hill. Transmission of radio frequency energy for any purpose is subject to government approval, no way around it. Remember that the excuse Franklin Roosevelt, USN used to 48
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outlaw radio was the mess of jamming and interference created by electrical experimenters leading up to 1917, the day that wireless died. This can happen again in the 911 police reality, watch out. 73 DE N6KPH
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05-27-2012, 03:17 PM t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
From Radiotron Designers Handbook
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06-11-2012, 12:09 AM dR-Green Gold Member
Join Date: Apr 2008 Location: Merlin's Fort Posts: 1,220
Secondary tuning test results. Metallic connection to meter test first. Using 20 Turn Secondary calculations http://i168.photobucket.com/albums/u...aryCoil001.jpg F = 3670000 cycles/sec Height = 4.08cm Diameter = 20.7cm Number of turns = 20 Calculated wire length = 13.07 metres Wire used after octagon shaping of thin wire around frame = Approx 12.92 metres 26 SWG Approx 18.9 grams of copper in coil No variable condenser used with secondary for any of the following tests. Test Coil = 1 turn 1.5mm wire
Setup
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Frequency Sweep
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Notes Metallic connection Wire length from top ring to meter approx 20cm Wire length from meter to beer can approx 12cm Beer can = 440ml Longer signal generator USB (power supply) cable decreases meter reading from 84µA to 80µA Signal Generator Output Vrms = 441mV Vpeak/peak = 1.32V Coil Peak Output 84µA @ 3478.5 kc
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06-11-2012, 12:23 AM Join Date: Apr 2008 dR-Green Location: Merlin's Fort Gold Member Posts: 1,220 Setup
Frequency Sweep
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Notes Condenser rings connection Distance between rings = 3.5cm Test coil to secondary distance = 6mm Ground plane to bottom of secondary distance = 5.88cm Signal Generator Output Vrms = 1.203V Vpeak/peak = 3.56V Coil Peak Output 94µA @ 4020.8 kc
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06-11-2012, 12:32 AM dR-Green Gold Member
Join Date: Apr 2008 Location: Merlin's Fort Posts: 1,220
Setup
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Frequency Sweep
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Notes Condenser rings connection Test coil to secondary distance = 1cm Signal Generator Output Vrms = 1.203V Vpeak/peak = 3.56V Coil Peak Output 98µA @ 4034.5 kc Next test will be the extra coil. 68
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06-15-2012, 12:14 AM dR-Green Gold Member
Join Date: Apr 2008 Location: Merlin's Fort Posts: 1,220
After 8 hours or so of work, I've made some changes and did the extra coil tests again. As mentioned above 7.4cm of lead-out wire was removed from the top end of the coil. Beer can distance from extra coil is increased to 28cm. Extra coil raised to 52cm above ground plane. Additional 2.5pF capacitance measured.
New frequency response with metallic connection
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Frequency response with different capacitors (charting not possible with 2.5pF and 28cm beer can distance - meter range too high):
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New frequency vs capacitance graph
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Given Quote: Originally Posted by T-rex 1) Extra Coil Luminal Velocity 2.31 Mc/sec 2) Extra Coil Maximum Velocity Frequency 2.922 Mc/sec 3) Percent Operating Velocity to Luminal Velocity 126 Percent
06-15-2012, 12:00 PM t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
Dr. Green #396 (I) Consideration of Coil Self Capacitance 1) Extra Coil Diameter 8.25 cm 2) Capacitance factor from Radiotron table for a coil aspect ratio of 100% .46 Numeric 3) Multiply this by the coil diameter 3.8 picofarads 4) This is the "free space" self capacitance of this extra coil. This means a true air wound coil. Now to determine the actual working capacitance of this extra coil resulting from the coil form and stray lead parasitic capacitance. 1) The theoretical velocity factor from the Wireless Power Table for a coil with a 100% aspect ratio: 187% numeric 2) The actual measured velocity factor 124% numeric
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3) Taking the ratio of the free space to actual measured velocity gives 1.51 numeric Note, close to 1.54, pi/2 4) Velocity varies as the inverse of the square root of the capacitance 2.28 numeric 5) Multiplication of the free space capacitance by this squared factor 8.7 picofarads 6) This is the burdened coil capacitance resulting from the coil form and connecting leads. Observe that the 45 degree knee or asymptote point is this derived value of capacitance. This effective coil capacitance is the square root of its self capacitance, C and its mutual elastance, K. Dr Green #396 (II) Considerations of the magnification factor as derived from the bandwidth of the resonance curve, this the half power, or 71% voltage points on the curve. 1) Determine the 71% points on the extra coil curve (for 10 pFd). Lower Sideband Point 2821 Kilocycles/sec Upper Sideband Point 2831 Kilocycles/sec Hence the half power bandpass is 17 Kilocycles or 6% 2) Two factors are here derived. Factor d is the ratio of the bandwidth to the center frequency, 2830 Kc/sec. 0.006 Factor n is the inverse of factor d: 167 3) Here derived is the magnification factor of this extra coil, n = 167 numeric General Conclusions This extra coil is now quantified as to its general electrical behavior: v = 124% luminal velocity 74
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C = 8.7 pico Farad n = x 167 magnification factor 73 DE N6KPH
06-15-2012, 04:39 PM t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
Dr Green Extra Coil The inductance, characteristic impedance and resonant frequency of this extra coil is now developed. 1) The magnetic inductance of the extra coil by Wheeler's formula (Theory of Wireless Power) is 846 microHenry 2) The effective inductance for a cosine quarter wavelength current distribution is by Steinmetz, two over Pi the total inductance, 539 microHenry By Miller, one half the total inductance, 423 microHenry 3) The equivalent capacitance of the extra coil is given as 8.7 picoFarad 4) The effective capacitance for a sine quarter wave distribution is by Steinmetz, two over Pi times C, 5.5 picoFarads by Miller, eight over Pi squared times C, 7.1 picoFarads 4)The Characteristic coil impedance is defined as the square root of the ratio of inductance to capacitance By Steinmetz
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9.9 Kilo Ohm by Miller 7.7 Kilo Ohm 5) The angular frequency is defined as the inverse of the square root of the product of inductance and capacitance 18 Kilo-radians per second or 2860 Kilocycles/sec This concludes the calculation of the important characteristics of the extra coil under study 73 DE N6KPH
06-16-2012, 01:56 PM t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
Nhopa #704 (I) Basic Secondary Coil Characteristics: 1) From Table 2 of the Theory of Wireless Power, for an aspect ratio of 10 percent, the free space coil velocity effective is 78% 2) The actual frequency is given as 1188 Kilocycles/sec The luminal frequency is derived as 1856 Kilocycles/sec And hence the actual velocity effective is given 64% luminal velocity Note, 63.7% is one over the value of Pi over two 3) From table 1 of the Theory of Wireless Power for a 62 cm diameter coil is given as 60 picoFarads
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This is the free space capacitance of the coil. The actual capacitance is derived from the square of the ratio of free space to actual velocities of this secondary coil. Ratio of Velocities 126% Squared giving 1.58 numeric Capacitance, actual 95 picoFarads 4) Tabulating this data Luminal velocity 100% Free space velocity 78% Actual Velocity 64% Free Space Capacitance 60 picoFarads Actual Capacitance 95 picoFarads Conclusion, coil form and stray lead capacitance add 35 picoFarad of capacitance burden. Nhopa #704 (II) The natural, or characteristic impedance, of this secondary coil as a transmission network is derived. 1) By Wheelers formula in the Theory of Wireless Power the total magnetic inductance is given as 444 microHenries The actual capacitance been given as 95 picoFarads 2) Determining the effective values of inductance and capacitance resulting from the Cosine and Sine quarter wave space distributions the following are derived 77
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By Steinmetz method it is, the effective inductance 283 microHenry The effective capacitance 60.5 picoFarad And the effective values from the Miller method it is, the effective inductance 222 microHenry The effective capacitance 77.1 picoFarad 3) The natural impedance is defined as the square root of the ratio of the inductance to the capacitance, giving Steinmetz, 2200 Ohm Miller, 1700 Ohm 4) Hence the primary transmission factors are determined for the secondary coil v, propagation constant 64% Z, the natural impedance 1700, or 2200 Ohm 1950 Ohm averaged Nhopa #704 (III) It seems that your test coil is too close to secondary, back it away instead of using a ballast resistor. Then look for distance to give the sharpest curve. The magnification factor is the inverse of the bandwidth between the 70.7% down points on each side of the curve. ALSO NOTE EVERYONE! I cannot see attachments in coffee shop, I cannot! Post full size pictures then I can respond. Remember also that this provides visual entertainment to the person who is working his/her computer. Remember the coffee shop customer is often a cowboy, or a foreign hiker from France or Italy, they think a Volt is a car by Chevy. Finally from the Geometric Algebra, Dr Green, and Nhopa material the secondary and extra coils are quantified. It now is a simple matter for any competent person to design a coil for any desired frequency. It is now engineer-able.
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73 DE N6KPH 06-17-2012, 02:44 AM
dR-Green Gold Member
Join Date: Apr 2008 Location: Merlin's Fort Posts: 1,220
Quote: Originally Posted by T-rex This concludes the calculation of the important characteristics of the extra coil under study Thank you Eric. I've just completed all the necessary secondary tests, the best I'll be able to do without rewinding it with thicker wire, and/or making a new frame. The preferred plan in that case is to make a bigger coil. I'm now using a different measuring method so I can see the readings and change the frequency on the computer without getting close and affecting things:
As arranged
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The frequency response graphs should now be within 0.3mV accuracy at each sample point and the written peak frequency values within 300 cycles/sec accuracy. Used the condenser rings as suggested - upper ring connected to secondary neutral. The frame is only just big enough to set the rings at the correct distance. I think ideally the frame should be a little bigger. The "final" results are as follows: Secondary without condenser rings peak: 4126 kc Secondary with condenser rings peak: 3670 kc Extra Coil with 10pF peak: 2833.1 kc Extra Coil with metallic connection peak: 2694.8 kc
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Frequency Vs Capacitance sample points: 2.5pF 2927.6 kc 5pF 2886.1 kc 10pF 2833.1 kc 25pF 2776.6 kc 50pF 2737 kc
06-19-2012, 01:33 PM t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
Extra Coil Calculations and Experiments 1) Tesla, Colorado Springs Notes. Final Extra Coil is found on page 318; Diameter, 8.4 feet Length, 8.0 feet Number of turns, 100 numeric Now, convert this to meters; Diameter, 2.55 meter Length, 2.42 meter 83
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To find the total wire length, mean length of turn multiplied by number of turns; Coil Circumference, 8.0 meter Total Wire Length, 800 meter This establishes the luminal quarter wavelength. The whole wave is hence: Lambda equals 3200 meters Dividing this into the velocity of light in meters per second gives 94 Kilocycles per second This result is the luminal resonant frequency of an equivalent TEM line. We will call this frequency 100 percent luminal velocity. 2) Tesla, Colorado SPrings Notes, page 357, Extra Coil Grounded at neutral end, lamp as capacity terminal. Frequency of resonance is given as: 93.7 Kilocycles/sec Near 100 percent luminal 3) Tesla, Colorado Springs Notes, page 363, extra coil free with a 38cm end capacitance. The resonant frequency is given as 116.3 Kilocycles/sec near 124% Luminal 4) Here given by Tesla for the least coupling to the extra coil is 124% luminal velocity. For a "square" coil the free space velocity is 187% the velocity of light. The measured reduction, or retardation, is a result of the dielectric material which supports the coiled windings. The value 124% is seen to agree here in the experiments given by: 1) Geometric Algebra 2) Dr. Green 3) Nhopa 4) Nikola Tesla All have been burdened to the same extent by dielectric influence and stray lead capacitance. The challenge here, as was faced by Tesla, is how to make this "self-capacitance" even smaller. Every connecting lead and nearby insulator burdens the coil. The coil form itself is the principle culprit. Is it possible to free the coil to 157%? I did it once with a "PIDUX"air wound coil held together with 6 plastic rods, no more. In conclusion we have now an experimentally verified propagation constant of 124%, the rest is engineering. 73 DE N6KPH
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06-24-2012, 07:27 PM dR-Green Gold Member
Join Date: Apr 2008 Location: Merlin's Fort Posts: 1,220
This was the setup in the previous test, condenser rings capacitance measured at 11.8pF to tune the secondary to 3670 kc.
With the extra coil, the required capacitance is measured at 12.59pF. Set up as so:
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Two resonant peaks found with the rings set at 12.59pF, 3670 kc reading 22.7mV, and 2344.2 kc reading 41.3mV. (The previously mentioned "unreliable" test with the AV plug seemed to show the opposite in terms of light output vs measured voltage). Assuming I calculated it right, taking 70.7% from post #706: Magnification Factor @ 3670 kc = 90.20524 Magnification Factor @ 2344.2 kc = 110.44 3670 / 2344.2 = 1.565566
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06-25-2012, 11:48 PM dR-Green Gold Member
Join Date: Apr 2008 Location: Merlin's Fort Posts: 1,220
Quote: Originally Posted by T-rex Next test is now to measure the potential of the high end of the extra coil and graph the peaks. I wasn't happy with the consistency after leaving things overnight and moving the "probes" around and getting rulers in there to measure things etc, so I reset the whole thing and did the secondary test again and extra coil simultaneously. This is now the setup:
Data based on most recent results:
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Extra Coil: 126 turns Diameter = 8.28cm Height = 8.28cm Conductor length = 32.271 metres Luminal frequency = 2322.4 kc Direct = 2694.8 kc - Magnification Factor = 57.07992 10pF = 2833.1 kc - Magnification Factor = 81.5891 Secondary Coil: 20 turns Diameter = 20.7cm Height = 4.08cm Conductor length = 13.079 metres calculated (approx 12.92 metres used) Luminal frequency = 5730.4 kc calculated (5800.9 kc for 12.92m) Free maximum frequency = 4126 kc - Magnification Factor = 63.70233 Rings = 3670 kc - Magnification Factor = 83.71159 Concatenated Coils: First Peak Resonance: 3670 kc Second Peak Resonance: 2340 kc Ratio = 1.568376 Even closer to Pi over two.
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06-26-2012, 08:59 PM dR-Green Gold Member
Join Date: Apr 2008 Location: Merlin's Fort Posts: 1,220
So far I've borrowed the inductor (1 metre of wire) with ferrite rod from a basic crystal radio kit. I'm unable to get anything to happen with an incandescent or the fluorescents I have. Incandescents tested were a 3V torch bulb and a Mini Maglite AA bulb both measuring 0.8-1 ohm, fluorescent was a dismantled CFL, 4W and 6W tubes. I might need to make a simple (transistor) amplifier out of parts I have around to get a bit more power than the signal generator can provide.
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06-26-2012, 10:21 PM t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
Dr. Green Coils The secondary winding is the prime mover of this transformer. Here the system operating frequency is established , and then locked in place by a primary resonator. This in itself establishes a telluric transmission network, a basic resonant transformer with a mono-polar connection at the secondary neutral. Another transformer can be constructed, identical in every way except wound in an opposite direction to the first coil. Interlinking the neutrals of these two counter-wound transformers enables a one wire transmission between the two units. This is the basic telluric system. No more is needed than this. The extra coil is employed in order to magnify the potential to much higher values than possible with only a secondary winding*. This however involves ratios of refractions and reflection that are difficult to calculate or even understand. Hence its complications are best avoided in basic telluric resting. *This will increase receiving sensitivity, or "gain" Two modes are possible for extra coil in relation with the secondary coil. Both involve quarter wave resonant rise, this the fundamental of resonant transformation. Its also known as constant potential to constant current transformation. A constant potential is a zero impedance (short circuit) a constant current is a zero admittance (open circuit). Departure from these zero values alters the coil distribution to something other than a quarter wave. This quarter wave can exist in a distinct pair of manifestations. The first mode is when the quarter wave is distributed over the length of both extra and secondary windings as a whole, a pair of eighth waves let us say. This is the TANDEM mode. A multiplication in potential is derived hereby since the extra coil exhibits a higher transmission impedance thereby giving rise to a greater EMF between turns and thus a higher termination potential. All photos of my Bolinas and Integratron setups operated in this mode. It is the easy one to achieve. The second mode of the extra coil and secondary coil connection involves two quarter wave distributions, one on each coil. This is not to be considered a half wave however. This mode is the CONCATENATED connection.It compounds the quarter wave resonant rise of the secondary coil with another quarter wave rise in the extra coil, hence a concatenated resonant rise. This is the holy grail of resonant transformer design and unheard of potentials may be gained in this manner. To derive this analytically is extremely difficult, it is an advance transmission line problem. It might not even be possible to calculate or even achieve this mode of resonance, but we are going to give it a try. Tesla dreamed of this mode but electrical 92
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knowledge was in its infancy in Tesla's Colorado years. Also note that D. Dawson has become a zealot in drawing us back into the tandem mode of operation, which he claims to have mastered. It has come to pass that he is now becoming a detractor, his denouncements abound. I hereby ignore his posts and caution others that a confusion may develop here for the beginner in this uncharted territory. In reviewing the Dr. Green material it can be seen that this extra coil is too large, or the wire is too long. Its resonant frequency, even with the lightest coupling, is far below that of the standardizing secondary frequency. Extra Coil Direct: 2695 Kc/sec Secondary, rings: 3670 Kc/sec Frequency ratio: 72% lower Wavelength ratio: 136% longer Here seen is that a smaller coil is needed. However to start with, turns can be removed from the existing extra coil. But this shortens the coil, counteracting the turn removal by lowering the velocity and hence lengthening the wavelength of the coil. As a side note, both the secondary and existing extra coil should be tested independently over a wide frequency range to determine if other modes exist. All odd harmonics are resonant modes. Using the information gained from the design and construction of the existing extra coil it is possible to design and construct one for 3670 Kc/sec. Constructing a pair of counter wound magnification transformers and connecting their neutrals can help minimize the burden of transmission to earth, a significant distorting influence. When possible this should be done. It must be remembered that this effort is really for the experienced transmission engineer, not the HAM operator, and surely not for the beginner. But Tesla was a beginner also, and through systematic experimentation made great progress with what little knowledge of standing and travelling waves in compound circuits that existed in his day. And of course he got no assistance from the pedants like Pupin. Just for fun take this problem of resonance to your local university E.E. professor, but make sure he does not see your license plate number. Is not this the way of modern society, the ones who are supposed to help are useless at best and hostile at worst? Then we have the shills? 73 DE N6KPH
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07-03-2012, 02:19 AM dR-Green Gold Member
Join Date: Apr 2008 Location: Merlin's Fort Posts: 1,220
Quote: Originally Posted by T-rex It compounds the quarter wave resonant rise of the secondary coil with another quarter wave rise in the extra coil, hence a concatenated resonant rise. This is the holy grail of resonant transformer design and unheard of potentials may be gained in this manner. To derive this
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analytically is extremely difficult, it is an advance transmission line problem. It might not even be possible to calculate or even achieve this mode of resonance, but we are going to give it a try. I don't know, but there are certainly two modes of operation that seem to be very different. The easiest way to get the 3670 kc resonance is to set the condenser rings to maximum capacitance, with some additional extra coil terminal capacitance. The size of the required terminal increases rapidly as the condenser rings capacity is decreased. In my opinion there is a balance to be found somewhere between the proper resonance of the secondary with the condenser rings and the extra coil with its terminal capacitance. New extra coil: Diameter = 8.28cm Height = 8.28cm 64.25 Turns Wire length = 16.47 metres 20 SWG (0.9mm) Luminal frequency = 4550.8 kc Free space frequency = 8509.996 kc Terminal capacitance = connected via approx 36cm 14 SWG earth wire, 15cm diameter ball + apple pie tin resting on top + 2 tinfoil "leaves" for fine tuning Secondary Coil: 20 turns Diameter = 20.7cm Height = 4.08cm Conductor length = 13.079 metres calculated (approx 12.92 metres used) Luminal frequency = 5730.4 kc calculated (5800.9 kc for 12.92m) Free maximum frequency = 4126 kc - Magnification Factor = 63.70233 Rings (11.8pF) = 3670 kc - Magnification Factor = 83.71159 Concatenated Coils: First Peak Resonance: 3670 kc Second Peak Resonance: 1838 kc Ratio = 1.996735582 First Peak Resonance Magnification Factor: Extra coil = 108.2117057 Secondary = Unmeasurable Second Peak Resonance Magnification Factor: Extra coil = 88.59539188 Secondary = 102.0317531 95
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Rings capacitance = 29.13pF
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02-04-2012, 02:37 PM t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
Quadrapolar Resonance
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06-01-2012, 01:12 PM t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
Tentative Experimental Circuits, Use at your own risk! Regenerative receiver is a 2C22 triode, and the pulse generator is a 2050 thyratron, and a 5R4GYB dual diode rectifier.
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05-31-2012, 01:18 PM t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
Pulse Generators, etc (1) The Guillemen line, or network, can be regarded as an elementary electro-static condenser. It has two terminals, and stores electro-static, or dielectric, energy. this in a manner like the basic condenser. There is one important difference however, this "Guillemen Condenser" is a "loaded condenser". The common condenser discharge is of a hyperbolic nature, this in Nepers per second. This is not a pulse, it is an impulse. The variation of a pulse is indefinite in time or a discontinuous function, not a hyperbolic one. The hyperbolic function is a result of a rate of change of a quantity which at each instant is proportional to the magnitude of the quantity itself. This gives rise to Epsilon, or base e natural logarithms. It is a law of energy and thermodynamics. The pulse, in distinction to the impulse, represents a constant flow of electric energy, hence constant power. (2) Previously discussed was the loading on antenna and long distance telephone lines. For the most part the networks described were all four terminal structures, with the exception of reactance arms. The output terminals were the distant telephone, or the Aether itself. The Guillemen network is a two terminal structure and cannot be considered a transmission network as normally understood. Now it is a transmission network in a counter spatial form. So as with a loaded electro-magnetic telephone pair, a four terminal network, the Guillemen line is a loaded dielectric network, a two terminal network. In his book "communication networks", volume 2, Guillemen is close to a wave equation for counterspace. The "Type A" line can be considered a longitudinal magneto-dielectric transmission line. This is important. (3) For pulse experimentation I recommend the 2050 Argon Thyratron, this instead of a 5C22. Likewise, a 5R4G dual half-wave rectifier can replace the pair of 705 H.V. diodes. This is where to start. The OA4G has application as a radiant matter detector. The main circuit consists of a Western Electric Telephone Bell in series with the plate supply. The bell condenser should be connected in shunt to the bell windings. A contact should be fitted to the bell armature to break the cathode connection to the OA4G in order to reset the tube. See the Marconi Coherer detector. (4) Th cosmic anode lead connects to the trigger or grid lead of the OA4G. There must be NO DC leakage to ground. For cosmic anodes see Vassilatos "Vril Compendium", and the experiments of Luigi Galvani. (5) As for detectors into the outer limits the common regenerative detector is the circuit of choice. It is a development of E.H. Armstrong, see "Empire of the Air". The Regenerative 103
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Detector is also developed in the Russian parametric paper, an important study. Radionic receivers here are possible, depending on the metallic-dielectric geometry used. Connection with a magnification transformer is possible. Finally, the bulbs. The neon sign shops receive their gas in large glass globes. It is at a bit less than atmospheric pressure and when exhausted it of course is at the same pressure as the neon tube under construction. These bulbs then are junk to the neon guy. Great glom potential! These bulbs can be pumped further with a diffusion pump and a small ion gun can be placed in its neck, or a Tesla electrode fitted inside. Many possibilities. (6) So sell your Bedini junk off on e-bay to the Chinese. Dispense with the Grey tube secrets and the rest of the useless lot. These are only dummy loads to tax your resources and keep your mind chasing its own tail. It is established here that the old "Electrical Experimenter" can come back to life, the possibilities are infinite. 73 DE N6KPH
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05-13-2012, 03:17 PM
t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
Notes on Tesla Transceiving 2 You are all playing with my first fully mathematical design, no books, no experiment, just a pad of paper in the seat of my Corolla sitting in between giant rocks, one 14,500 feet high! And you all have shown it to work. It must be noted here the given extra coil is a compromise, Colorado Unit will not completely scale down to broadcast band without excessive turns of fine wire on a tiny extra coil. Note that a primary condenser is a must and it must match the KVar of the primary coil. Equal surfaces or equal weight for coil and condenser, a good "Rule of Thumb". There must be no breaks, gaps, etc between the coil and condenser, NONE! Tesla says this in his refined designs. (Fig 1) The final setup at Colorado Springs, the FINAL ONE, should go on forum; 1) Coil heights, widths, 2) Number of turns, 3) Wire Gauge, and number of wires in primary bundle, 4) Length of wire in secondary and extra coils, 5) Operating frequencies, 6) Primary condenser connections and auxilliary devices in with the primary system This is of extreme importance, do not get hung up on test coils, un-related experiments, or early transformer construction, we want ONLY his finished product known to be his final perfection for earth resonance. Can anyone do this and not put out distractive parts of Tesla's notebook? Let us see. Also a compendium of everyone's unit is important here. In conclusion I am very happy to see how all this grew out of a few pages of equations scribbled in the front seat of my Corolla to an International Experimental Effort. From my first efforts in 1980 at RCA to a final design equation in 2012. It was long path to follow. Soon my name in this will be forgotten by everyone and some will claim it their own idea, then I can join Tesla in oblivion. As Peter Lindemann expressed when asked about the widespread use of my material without my knowledge or consent, that Eric is just an A-hole so no one wants to involve him in his own discoveries. My multi-wave oscillator antenna is in wide use through Lindemann, Borderland, etc and I get nothing. Well it is just a small bit of the over 50 Kilobux Borderland embezzled from me. Tom Brown told me that I owed it to (Her), that, (She), needed it more than I did. Well (She) is dead now and the money is spent. The notes, record, equipment 113
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of my work is long gone, good buddy Tom Brown. It serves Al-Gora well that all the records of my RCA solar-terrestrial work vanished, so who is helping who? When I undertook providing this forum with the means of duplicating a part of Tesla's work, this in the form of the C.R.I., it was tacitly assumed that it would be used responsibly, no weapon development, no interference to other services, only legal and responsible use. This requirement has been violated. Moreover flouted attitudes of punk personalities serve to negate my own interest in making my efforts known to this forum, or anyone at all. It in no way serves my own interest to provide any info here, and I am in fact serving as a prostitute on this forum, spreading my legs for a few sheckels to keep the car running. You can rest assured once a coyote is not pinned down it will just vanish into invisibility. 73-DE-N6KPH Note Jake, 1) This is the starting point of the "World System" (on 400 Kc!), a "Ham radio" net. 2) A.M. stations are pilot signals for the experimenter, this makes it easy and legal to work with Tesla Systems, a receive only development.
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06-20-2012, 02:50 PM t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
Engineering analysis of the Colorado Springs Tesla Magnifying Transformer Preface: the following material and calculations are taken from the Tesla Colorado Springs Notebook. An index of important pages is given at the end. 1) The Colorado Transformer consists in part of a basic quarter wave resonant transformer, referred to in the notes as the primary-secondary structure. The primary circuit is of the balanced, open loop break, configuration. This break in the primary loop gives rise to steep transient waves. This in turn gives rise to a multitude of harmonic travelling waves upon the coiled windings which constitute the Tesla Transformer. This is discussed in “Condensed Intro to Tesla Transformers.” Like did Tesla, we will focus on the sinusoidal, single frequency, distributions.
2) Next is the extra coil. This coil here operates with a propagation constant less than an eighth of a wavelength. Therefore the coil is operating as a simple inductance coil, not as a distributed network. The distributed network capacity of this mode can be expressed as a definite terminal capacitance. Hence the inductance of this coil is adequately represented by its static inductance. 3) Finally is the capacity mast. The effective electrostatic capacity of this mast is given. To convert from C.G.S. “centimeters” first divide by the speed of light squared, in centimeters per second, then multiply by ten to the plus ninth. This gives Farads. It works out to 1.1 times C.G.S. gives picoFarads. How easy. The capacity of the mast consists of two components, one is the self capacity to earth in per Farads, the other is the mutual elastivity K to the ionosphere in per Farads. The measured mast capacity is a resultant, the square root of the ratio of self capacity, C, to the mutual elastivity, K. The actual values of C and K are unknown. The square root of the product of C and K is the propagation constant. The smaller the value of this constant, the greater is the electro-static coupling to the ionosphere. 4) It should be noted that the earth connection at this location was very poor. It was not adequate for the system neutrals. This gives rise to stray mutual inductance between neutral connections. This also led to travelling waves on the two wire 1000 volt power line that powered the Tesla system. Standing waves in the distant generator windings shorted out these coils burning out the town’s generator station. In conclusion, the Colorado Tesla Transformer is most basic. An extremely high electromotive force is established through the employment of a large lumped series resonant circuit. This series circuit consists of a static inductance coil, the extra coil, and a static capacitance, the capacity 116
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mast. This is a basic LC circuit. This LC circuit is fed by a constant current resonant transformer as a source of low frequency alternating current energy. The operating frequency is near 45 Kilocycles. 5) The propagation constants and the transmission impedances can be derived from the basic physical dimensions of this system. It is fortunate that we have the “RadioTron Designers Handbook”, Tesla did not. He had no frequency counter, no scope, no W.W.V. time standard, Nothing! Think about this. 6) SECONDARY COIL DIMENSIONS AND CONSTANTS
Diameter: 15 meters Height: 1 meter Number of Turns: 17 numeric Mean Length of Turn: 47 meters Total Length of Turns: 800 meters Luminal Wavelength: 3200 meters Self Capacitance: 1500 picoFarad Self Inductance: 10 milliHenry Luminal Frequency: 94 Kc/sec Free Space Frequency: 64 Kc/sec Actual Frequency: 43 Kc/sec Free Space Propagation: 68% Actual Propagation: 46% Transmission Impedance: 2500 Ohm Dielectric Burden: 330 picoFarads 7) EXTRA COIL DIMENSIONS AND CONSTANTS Diameter: 8.4 feet Height: 8.0 feet Number of Turns: 100 numeric Mean Length of Turn: 8 meters Total Length of Turns: 800 meters Luminal Wavelength: 3200 meters Self Capacitance: 112 picoFarad Self Inductance: 25 milliHenry Luminal Frequency: 94 Kc/sec Free Space Frequency: 176 Kc/sec Actual Frequency: 116 Kc/sec Free Space Propagation: 187% Actual Propagation: 123% Transmission Impedance: 15 Kilo-Ohm Dielectric Burden: 26 picoFarads
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8) MAST CAPACITANCE EFFECTIVE VALUE: Measured Capacitance is given approximately at 320 picoFarads The self capacitance of the extra coil is given as 112 picoFarad. The total capacitance is hence given, Total End Capacity, 432 picoFarad This end capacity is series resonant with a 25 milliHenry inductance coil. This gives rise to a propagation constant, (the resonant frequency) and to a transfer impedance. 9) The propagation constant, or frequency, is defined as the inverse of the quantity consisting of the square root of the inductance times the capacitance, this root then multiplied by two Pi. Hence cycles per second. The product, 25 milliHenry times 432 picoFarad Results in a frequency of 47 Kilo-cycles 10) The transfer impedance is given as the square root of the ratio of the inductance to the capacitance. 25 milliHenry divided by 432 picoFarad Results in an impedance of 7600 Ohm This represents the output impedance of the Tesla Magnifying Transformer. 11) The basic circuit is shown in figure 1:
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In basic terms, a 45 Kc/sec 2500 Ohm source of alternating current energy energizes a large series resonant circuit consisting of an inductance coil and elevated capacity structure. At 45 Kilo-cycles per second, every ampere supplied to the extra coil gives rise to 7.6 Kilovolts at the elevated capacity terminal. The effects of higher harmonics and distributed constants can raise this potential by no more than 50% over the base 7.5 KV. Hereby, for a capacity potential of 1000 KV, the input current to the extra coil must be 132 amperes at 45 Kilocycles per second. 12) This derives the total KiloVolt-Ampere reactive activity of the extra coil in 1000 KV operation, hence, the total activity; 132 MegaVolt-Ampere This is a substantial activity of 174 thousand horsepower, remembering that this is an average value, the peak value is unknown. 13) In conclusion, the Colorado Springs Tesla Magnification Transformer is a very simple system, no more than a giant series resonant circuit with an approximately sinusoidal waveform rendered asymmetrical by a moderate dampening constant. The extra coil is not operating as a transmission network of distributed constants, but only as a basic inductance coil. Hence the length of wire on the coil is somewhat immaterial. The mast capacitance swamps out the extra coil self capacitance, this suppressing transmission modes of higher harmonics. This transformer is seen to be somewhat disappointing to the theorist. No fancy travelling wave interaction nor any stupendous harmonic conjunctions, only a Big Series Resonant Circuit. It can be surmised that the Colorado Springs Transformer was incapable of full mono-polar operation, due to the suppression of distributed constants. What is fortunate is that with the material hereby provided the Colorado Springs Tesla Transformer can be scaled down to any convenient size for experimentation. This setup is now quantified, and the mystics can remain silent. 73 DE N6KPH Reference Index (From Colorado Springs Notes) Page 43 & 58 Primary Circuit Page 67 Primary Length Page 203 Primary/Secondary Dimensions Page 206 Secondary Frequency Page 211 Secondary Inductance Page 260 to 267 Capacity Mast Page 318 Extra Coil Dimensions Page 357 Extra Coil Ground Frequency Page 359 Extra Coil Mast Frequency Page 363 Extra Coil Free Frequency
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An excellent addendum to this is the John Miller Paper "Electrical Oscillations in Antennae and Induction Coils" provided with Eric Dollard's paper "Introduction to Dielectric and Magnetic Discharges in Electrical Windings". It can be seen here: http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Eric_Dollard_...0remake%29.pdf
06-28-2012, 01:06 AM t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
Resonant Magnification Today we have the good fortune of the permission to experiment in the transformer yard of a department of water and power generating station. The station station is down for maintenance and one bank of line transformers is available for our experiments. This bank has a wye connected secondary of 60 Kilo-Volt line to neutral voltage. The primary windings are in a delta connected 2.4 KiloVolt line to line voltage, these to the generators. Now one transformer is removed from the bank, its 2.4 Kilo-Volt primary will remain unused. The secondary coil is asymmetrical for grounded neutral connection. Hence the secondary coil has a high voltage bushing for line connection, and a distribution voltage bushing for neutral connection. See Figure (1). This is an "odd order series" winding, or a "quarter wave" type configuration. This single phase power transformer has the following specifications: Full Load Capacity: 3000 KiloVolt - Amperes Secondary Voltage: 60 KiloVolts Basic Impulse Level: 300 KiloVolts Measurements on the secondary windings give the following results: D.C. Winding Resistance: 24 Ohms 60 cycle Winding Reactance: 60 KiloOhm Hence the Inductance is derived as: 160 Henry And the ratio of reactance to resistance of this winding is derived as: 2500 Numeric
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A 60 cycle condenser bank is now constructed to give an equal and opposite reactance to that of the 60 KV secondary coil. At 60 KV the reactive power in this winding is: 60 KiloVars Thus the condenser must also develop a counteracting power, 60 KiloVars And this results from a condenser reactance of: 60 Kilo-Ohm The same as that in the transformer winding. Finally, this condenser bank must withstand the basic impulse level developed by the secondary winding, a maximum of 300 KiloVolts Hence established is a series connected condenser bank, of ten 30 KV units, each with a capacity of .4 microFarads Or a total of .04 microFarads. Here now in the transformer yard is our experimental network, about 50 tons in weight. The test voltage in the experiments will be 120 volts AC, 60 cycles per second, from a lighting transformer. The first experiment is shown in Figure (2). The 120 volts is connected to the secondary winding of the transformer. The current is the voltage divided by the reactance, 2 mA Now in place of the transformer winding, the condenser is connected the 120 volt supply. The current is also 2 mA The Back E.M.F. of both the coil and the condenser are equal since the reactance of the coil and condenser are equal. Here however it is equal and opposite. The next experimental setup is shown in figure (3). Here now the condenser is connected in series with the winding of the transformer. It is found that a current of 5 Amperes is now being delivered by the 120 volt supply. The transformer is emitting a deep, powerful, growl and the condenser bank is crackling with static sparks. The voltage on the line bushing is measured to be 300 KiloVolts. The maximum voltage of the transformer. HOLY TESLA MR WIZARD!! WHAT HAPPENED?!! 122
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The electrical network utilized is shown in figure (4). It is a basic series RLC circuit; Resistance, 24 Ohm Inductance, 160 Henry Capacitance, 0.04 microFarad Shown in figure (4) is the remarkable condition that the full line voltage of 120 volts appears across the resistor, just as if the coil and condenser DID NOT EVEN EXIST. Also interesting is that the high voltage of the coil counteracts the high voltage of the condenser giving a net voltage of zero. The Electromotive force developed by the coil is the current times the reactance, 5 Ampere, 60 Kilo-Ohm 300 KiloVolt Likewise the electrostatic potential contained by the condenser is the current times the reactance, 5 Ampere, 60 Kilo-Ohm 300 KiloVolt The real power of energy consumption is the product of the E.M.F. and current dissipated by the resistance 600 watt The image power of energy storage is the product of the voltage developed times the current developing the voltage, E.M.F. or potential 1500 KiloVolt-Amperes Taking the ratios gives the voltage magnification, 300 KV per 120V, or 2500 numeric And the power magnification, 1500 KVar per 600 Watt, or 2500 numeric. To summarize, today in the D.W.P. transformer yard we simulated a 60 cycle Tesla Transformer in lumped parameter form. This "Tesla Coil" developed a maximum potential of 300 KiloVolts with an activity of 1500 KiloVars. Its magnification factor is 2500. This system is not able to transmit however because the sum of all the currents in this setup are equal to zero in accord with Kirchoff's Law. This is a simulation only to demonstrate the basic principles of resonance as developed by Tesla. 73 DE N6KPH
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06-29-2012, 03:09 AM t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
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60 KV Transformer (1) Experiments continue today with the 3000 KVA 60 KV generating station line transformer. No information exists on the exact distributed constants within this transformer therefore the constants will be developed by the use of effective values as externally measured. A source of variable frequency alternating current is applied to the 2.4 KV primary winding of the line transformer. The neutral, H1, of the secondary winding is grounded. An electro-static voltmeter is connected from neutral, H1, to line, H2, of the 60 KV secondary winding. It is found that the fundamental quarter wave frequency is 716 cycles per second. This is the natural frequency of the transformer. (2) The scalar inductance was determined by 60 cycle measurement to be 160 Henry. Since the current in the winding in resonance (self) is of a sine distribution along the winding length the effective value of inductance is two divided by Pi times the scalar inductance. Hence the effective inductance is derived: 100 Henry (3) For a frequency of 716 cycles per second the angular frequency in radians per second is two Pi times 716 giving: 5000 radians per second The product of the inductance and the capacitance of an oscillating circuit gives the inverse of the square of the angular frequency. By algebraic operation it is hence the capacitance in Farads is given by the inverse of the product of the inductance and the square of the angular frequency. Here derived is the effective capacitance, 500 picoFarad And since the electro-static potential also is a sine function along coil length multiplication by Pi divided by two gives the total capacitance, 785 picoFarads These values are for 716 cycles per second only, the Pi over two, or quarter wave resonance, of the winding. Hereby the basic energy storage constants of the transformer secondary are established for a condition of self resonance. Now rather than a 60 cycle power transformer it is a 716 cycle resonant, or Tesla, transformer. (4) In this self resonant mode this transformer not only has a frequency in radians per second, but also has a wavelength in radians per centimeter. At 60 cycles the winding is space scalar, that is, the current is the same in each and every element of length along the winding conductor. At 716 cycles the current not only varies along the length in intensity, but also varies in phase. In terms of effective values the current at the neutral, H1, is not equal to, or in phase with, the current at the line, H2. Also at quarter wave the current is zero at the line terminal since this terminal is not connected but left free. The circuital laws of Kirchoff no longer apply and the currents no longer 127
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sum to zero. Hereby a mono-polar current appears to ground at the neutral, H1, of the secondary winding. (5) In order to analyse this transformer winding as a transmission network two factors must be known: I) The propagation constant as derived from the product of the effective inductance and the effective capacitance, II) The characteristic impedance as derived from the ratio of the effective inductance and the effective capacitance. The propagation constant is defined by the frequency, or per second. The characteristic impedance is derived from the square root of the ratio of the effective capacitance. While the frequency is invariant if the Miller, or Steinmetz methods of determining the effective values, the impedance is not and will differ between methods of deriving effective values. For simplicity the Steinmetz method is used here. Taking the effective inductance as, 100 Henry And the effective capacitance as, 500 picoFarad Gives the characteristic impedance as, 450 Kilo-Ohm This can be called the natural impedance of the secondary winding at its natural frequency of 716 cycles per second. These are the fundamental externally established constants for the 60 KV secondary winding. (6) Hereby the input vs output transformation of this secondary winding can be determined. The winding can now be considered a "Black Box" two terminal reactance arm, this akin to the Guillemen line shown previously. In this network of coiled windings the output potential is the input current multiplied by the natural impedance. Hence for a current applied to neutral (H1) terminal, one ampere multiplying this by 450 Kilo-Ohms gives a potential at line terminal (H2) as 450 KiloVolts This causing the bushing spark gap to flash over. Since the B.I.L. of this transformer is 300 KV then this potential divided by the natural impedance derives the maximum permissible neutral current as, .667 Ampere At a frequency of 716 cycles per second. In this manner, when excited through the neutral to develop a high potential at the line, the 60 KV secondary winding is operating as an extra coil. The primary has no function in operation and therefore this is no longer a resonant transformer. 128
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Thus this 60 KV transformer can serve two distinct functions: I) A resonant transformer with a low voltage primary and a high voltage resonant secondary, II) an extra coil as a single resonant high voltage winding series fed through its neutral. 73 DE N6KPH
06-30-2012, 12:39 PM t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
60 KV Transformer, Theory: (1) In the previous experiments two distinct forms of resonance have been demonstrated. I) Lumped parameter resonance, circuital II) Distributed parameter resonance, wavelength In condition one the dielectric energy storage coefficient, capacitance, is external to the winding structure. The current IN at H1 is the current OUT at H2. There is no difference in magnitude, nor any displacement in time between the currents at H1 and those at H2, the same current. In condition two the dielectric energy storage is within the winding structure and that in the space between the winding and the core and tank. This can no longer be expressed as a capacitance in the normal sense of the word. Dielectric energy storage is now a complex quantity in the dimension of space. For the most part is is inscrutable and all that can be measured outside of the tank is the effective capacitance at a given operating frequency. A graphic illustration is given by Tesla in his "True Wireless" extract. The effective capacitance of a coiled winding is the square root of the ratio of the capacitance, C, from winding to core and tank, and the elastance, K (in per Farad), existing within the interturn counterspace. Hence, Farad per, per Farad, the square root of which gives the effective capacity. In static or D.C. operation the energy storage coefficient, K, vanishes, leaving only the self capacitance, C. This measure as the static capacitance of the transformer winding. Hence the effective capacitance is a function fo the time rate of energy exchange. It is important to recognize here that a Pure Dilectric Wave exists. The space distribution of dielectric induction is given by the propagation constant. This constant is a Time Scalar, that is, the formation of this dielectric distribution is instantaneous from end to end on the coiled winding. No magnetic induction exists here. (2) The lumped parameter condition lends itself to circuital representation. Series coefficients are
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given as inductance, L, and elastance, K, Henry and per Farad. Shunt coefficients are given as Enductance, M, and Capacitance, C, per Henry and Farad. The components that comprise the circuit are lumped, or Space Scalar. The shape, size, geometry, and etc. play no definite role in the energy storage coefficients. In the magnetic "components" the dielectric field is forced out of existence, and likewise in the dielectric "components" the magnetic field is forced out of existence. The magnetic wants an expansive space, the dielectric wants a contractive space. See "Disruptive Discharges" in my Four Quadrant writing. Review This. (3) The distributed parameter condition CANNOT be given as a circuital representation. Inductance and Capacitance lose their common meaning and can only be expressed as effective values, such as derived from space integrals. The magnetic and dielectric energy storagecoefficients now exist in a different set of dimensions, as space derivatives of the energy storage coefficients. Dimensionally it is; Magnetic I) Distributed Inductance: Henry per centimeter II) Distributed Enductance: per Henry-centimeter and Dielectric III) Distributed capacitance: Farad per centimeter IV) Distributed Elastance: per Farad-centimeter The designations, C, K, L, M, are to be taken on this per centimeter basis when expressing energy storage in distributed form. It is of interest to note here that, L, and, C, now are dimensionally equivalent to the magnetic permeability, and the dielectric permittivity, Mu, or Henry per centimeter Epsilon, or Farad per centimeter Hence these coefficients, L, and, C, are akin to the one over C square relation of electromagnetic wave propagation. Conversely M, and, K, are of a unique dimensional constitution and K, is more akin to a sound wave condition. The product of, M, and K, do not yield an electromagnetic condition, there is no per velocity square as given by the product of, L, and, C. The dimensional relation of, M, and, K, yield a magneto-dielectric condition as a per counter-velocity square. Hence if velocity is given as C, in miles per hour It is that counter-velocity is given as u, in per mile per hour.
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These propagations exist at right angles to each other on the coiled winding in a Four "dimensional" space as the physic would like to say. This complex configuration defies any existing analysis. (3) Here in the winding with distributed constants exists a transmission line condition, propagation is involved from one end of the winding, H1, to the other end of the winding, H2. It is however, that this propagation not only exists in space, such as a two wire phone line, but now also exists in counter-space. The dimensional relation of velocity no longer has meaning in defining this propagation. These considerations are the primary stumbling blocks to resonant transformer calculations. The physicist declares the situation as "incapable of being treated by mathematics" and thus declares it impossible to exist. Then comes ridicule, and finally totalitarian suppresion, AKA Al-Gorda. 4) Now it is left to the experimenter. Tesla knew very little of what has just been given here on the resonance of windings. He had one foot in lumped constants, and the other foot in distributed constants, and no measuring instruments that are taken for granted today. It can be plainly seen that here is a transmission line problem, just taken to the next level. Basic two wire line theory is almost beyond human conception as plainly given by Heaviside, Steinmetz, and Guillemen, in thousands of pages. Now it goes octaves deeper. 73 DE N6KPH
06-30-2012, 03:52 PM t-rex Senior Member
Join Date: Aug 2011 Location: In the bushes Posts: 394
60 KV Transformer, Final (1) Given in the previous transmissions is that there exists three distinct modes in which this transformer can operate. I) As a power transformer for machine frequencies. The inductance is space scalar and the dielectric energy content is negligible. II) As a resonant transformer for VLF frequencies. The inductance is a sine function of space and a considerable quantity of dielectric energy content exists, equal to the magnetic energy content. The capacitance is now a cosine function of distance. This resonant energy exchange is powered by a loose coupled source of Alternating Current through the primary winding. III) As an extra coil for VLF frequencies. Again equal energies in a resonant exchange but now
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series fed through the neutral to earth connection. The primary coil now is inactive in this operation. 2) Some further experiments are in order here. The DC, or static, resistance of the 60 KV secondary winding is measured to be: 24 Ohm Handy is a car battery: 12 Volt Now connecting the line, H2, terminal to its line vacuum breaker, Figure 1, and connecting the line side of the breaker to the positive terminal of the car battery, a basic current loop is formed. The negative terminal of the car battery is connected to an ammeter and then to the transformer neutral. The neutral, H1, is grounded to station ground. 3) The vacuum breaker is closed completing the current loop, this loop a basic, L,R, circuit of 24 Ohm and 160 Henry. Upon closure a stopwatch counts time from the instant of this closure, T, equals zero. Observing the ammeter it is seen to rise very slowly. At the point when the ammeter reads 316 milliAmpere The stopwatch is checked. The span of time to reach 63.2 percent of the maximum value is called the magnetic time constant, u. The stopwatch reads 6.7 seconds The ammeter continues to climb, in ever smaller increments closer and closer to 500 milliAmp. It is noticed it takes over 33 seconds for the inductance to reach full charge. See figure 63. At full charge the winding current is one half Ampere. The static winding inductance is 160 Henry. Hence the magnetic energy storage is derived as 20 Watt-second 4) Now the vacuum breaker is tripped, this instantaneously breaking the loop. A streamer several feet long erupts from the line, H2, bushing insto space. Since no escape of energy exists the magnetic energy is abruptly converted into dielectric energy at a fundamental frequency and its odd order harmonics. This was given as 716 cycles per second The effective values of inductance and capacitance were determined to be 100 Henry and 500 picoFarad By the law of conservation of energy the magnetic energy equals the dielectric energy. By algebraic operation the ratio of EMF to current is the square root of the ratio of 100 Henry and 132
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500 picoFarad, 450 Kilo_ohm And thus from a 12 Volt car battery the EMF developed at the line terminal, H2, is derived as 225 KiloVolts peak This assuming a sinusoidal waveform. Here the harmonics were burned off in the streamer issuing from H2. (5) The increase in frequency from 60 cycle to 716 cycle gives an increase of the effective resistance to 72 Ohm, at 716 cycles per second. The effective inductance is 100 Henry. The reactance of this inductance at the oscillating frequency, Omega, 4500 radians per second is derived to be Omega L or 450 Kilo-Ohm And the time constant of the 716 cycle oscillation is derived from the effective inductance in proportion to the effective resistance, L, over, R. It is however that the oscillatory energy is magnetic only half the time, the other half is dielectric. Hence the time constant is given as one half the ration of inductance to resistance, one half of 1.39 Gives the oscillatory time constant as, .7 seconds At this time the magnitude of the oscillation has diminished to one over Epsilon, or 36.8 percent The oscillation becomes inaudible in about five times this, or, 3.5 seconds See figure 60. (6) The magnification factor of this oscillating winding is determined by the ratio of the effective winding reactance to the effective winding resistance, 450 Kilo-Ohm to 72 Ohm Giving 6250 numeric The initial, or peak, current is one half an ampere this the effective value, or per square root of two, is given, 356 milliAmpere RMS
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The initial, or peak, EMF is given as 225 Kilo-Volt, hence the effective value is, 159 Kilo-Volt, RMS The product of these values gives the total oscillatory activity in the transformer winding, 56.6 Kilo-Volt-Ampere (7) The losses in the windings are given by the square of the effective current times the effective resistance, I squared R, or the Back EMF developed by the losses is the current times the resistance, I, times, R, or 25.6 Volt Here from are derived the basic transformation parameters in the operation of the 60 KV secondary winding as a resonant extra coil, this for an output potential of 160 KV at 716 cycles per second. Input (H1) Power Requirement 9.1 Watt Input Impedance, E, over, I, or, 72 Ohm This a resistive load as seen by the source of alternating electric energy. Hence, a 10 watt audio amplifier, on the 50 Ohm output tap, will give rise to a resonant oscillation, building up over a time span of 3.5 seconds, this with an activity of 56.6 KiloVars and an electrostatic potential of 160 KiloVolts. Here established is the concept, -- "Magnification Transformer" 73 DE N6KPH
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From Perrine's book "Physics and Mathematics in Electrical Communications":
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POSTS FROM THE CRYSTAL RADIO MAGIC THREAD STARTED BY JAKE http://www.energeticf orum.com/renewableenergy/10731-crystaradio-magic.html 137
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03-03-2012, 08:54 AM jake Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2007 Posts: 169
Crysta Radio Magic Well it's not magic(sorry 4 the deception) but it is a radio, my first. It works and I can hear the one station I was hoping for; 1620kHz, 10,000 watts, 6 miles away. I started this because of Quote: Originally Posted by T-rex Here is how the contest works. We learn how to make a "Crystal Set", just as everybody should. It is a "Rite of Passage". A crystal set is an A.M. radio that uses no battery, the magnification factor of its tank circuit powers the radio. Hence it can be seen that the A.M. broadcast station's transmitted energy is powering the crystal set, JUST AS TESLA ENVISIONED. Wow Mr. Wizard that is fantastic. Let's start today. Break more to follow Problem: It was easy, very easy. No matter what I do I can hear this station. I was expecting to have to "tune in" this station. So instead I minimized the components. An inductor(300uH, 60 turns, 20gauge), 1N34 germanium diode, crystal ear bud, and antenna(just about everything works(10 feet of 20 gauge, my body, cookie sheet, and even a beer can)) Some work better than others. No capacitor??? Holding the coil is the best capacitor I found. No ground. If I connect it to ground I either get a 60Hz hum when I use a water pipe or lower volume if I stick 2 feet of 6 gauge in the ground. I guess that means I need a better ground. Off to home depot for 10' water pipes. Two questions for the group: (the goal is to maximize the reception of 1620kHz with only a crystal ear piece) -There are a number of online calculators that allow you to calculate capatance for a given inductance or inductance for a given capatance, both for a given frequency? What "ratio" works best? (is it better to have more capatance or more inductance). -Ground-What is good enough? Does it keep getting better as your ground system grows and gets deeper. Is it better to go deeper or wider(radial star like Dollard describes) I have lots of clay around here and I am going to try to water drill with the copper pipe as it goes down. How much better would 20' be over 10'? Ok more than 2 questions but I'm learning.
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03-03-2012, 12:46 PM gyula Silver Member
Join Date: Apr 2007 Posts: 753
Hi Jake, Your biggest "problem" (may sound strange) is your closeness to the 10kW AM station... I mean the station makes too much field strength this is why almost anything behaves like an antenna, touching the coil makes big changes, etc. First I would suggest using a coupling coil of 10-15 turns, placed to the bottom of your big air core coil, this coupling coil upper wire end would be connected to a 1 or 2m long wire (this latter serves as an antenna) and the lower end would go to Earth. Do not connect the big coil lower end to the coupling coil's earth point, ok? Then you should find the capacitor needed for resonating your big coil to be a parallel LC circuit at 1620kHz. If you have now 300uH, then you would need 32.2pF to tune it to 1620kHz, the best would be to use a 40pF or 60pF trimmer capacitor. See link later for online LC calculator. 139
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Then see this schematic here and I suggest making another 20-22 turn coil (not critical) onto your big air core coil, also to its bottom part, maybe over to the coupling coil mentioned above, this newer coil would serve as the L4 coil does in this schematic: http://hibp.ecse.rpi.edu/~john/hi_power_xtal_set.gif and you would need the diodes D1, D2, C3 and C4 of course, your crystal earpiece would connect to points A and B directly. (Do not connect this second coil to the earth point either.) See this link where the schematics is referred to, it may be useful reading for you: High-Power Crystal Radio I think your water tap earth is good enough but connect it ONLY to the antenna coupling coil I mentioned making first above, then you should not have 60Hz hum. Another possibility is to use an AM ferrite antenna, like seen here: Scotts Electronics Ferrite Loopstick Antenna Coil Crystal Radio Coils AM Coils but if you google you can find elsewhere too. Of course you do not have to make any antenna coupling coil for it, the Litze wire coil on the rod completes the antenna and if you choose the 680uh Litz wire coil with a tap at 470uh about 20 turns from end, then this 20 turn can serve as L4 for the diodes (you can separate the two wires which led out as a twisted wire to make the tap). This 680uH ferrite antenna needs 14pF capacitor across it. I used this online calculator: LC Resonance Calculator (Notice the L value needs to be entered in nH, not in uH and f is in MHz.) Normally it is better here to use higher L and lower C values but because of you want to receive a station at the very edge of the AM band the usual coils used for AM reception seems too high in value this is why so small pF value the tuning capacitor has (14pF or 32pF). You may wish to remove say 10-15 turns from your 60 turn air core coil to reduce its inductance and then increase the tuning cap higher or when using ferrite antenna the coil on the rod can be slided a bit off towards and / or beyond the rod's edge. The small cap values needed for 1620kHz resonance with such 300-680uH coils explain why you found good reception when you were holding the coil: your hand and body capacitance, your close presence to the coil supplied the 32pF tuning... Hope this helps, Gyula Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________
#3 03-03-2012, 03:03 PM
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jake Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2007 Posts: 169
Extra thanks That is exactly the kind of advice I was looking for. I appreciate it very much. I suffered information overload when I tried searching for the "ideal" capatance/inductance ratio. There are just so many ways to do it there does not seem to be an ideal way. Im off to snip, tap, wind, and take off some turns. Thanks, Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________
#4 03-06-2012, 09:07 PM jake Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2007 Posts: 169
Whats the ground for? I mean: I know what the ground is for but if you can receive a radio signal fine without a ground connection what additional benefit would you get if you attache to a good ground?? Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________
#5 03-07-2012, 02:54 PM gyula Silver Member
Join Date: Apr 2007 Posts: 753
IF you can receive a station fine without ground connection, then I do not think you need ground for THAT station. I think it all depends on the sufficient field strength for a radio station at a particular location, a good ground can contribute to a much better reception (in a given receiving 141
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antenna case) when you wish to listen to a distant station which does not have a strong field 'presence' at your location. What additional benefit? In your 6 miles away station case probably nothing (I have never had such chance lol), though you could probably use an even shorter piece of wire when you have a good ground. Remember the station transmitter antenna for the AM bands usually works against a big ground system and an isolated metal tower of a given vertical length is the radiator. So in a distant station case you can benefit from grounding because radiated station energy is taken also from the ground, not only from the 'air'. Gyula Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________
#6 03-07-2012, 04:35 PM dR-Green Gold Member
Join Date: Apr 2008 Location: Merlin's Fort Posts: 1,220
Quote: Originally Posted by jake I mean: I know what the ground is for but if you can receive a radio signal fine without a ground connection what additional benefit would you get if you attache to a good ground?? A Tesla receiver won't work without the ground because it's designed to receive the underground signal. Herein lies the fallacy of so-called "wireless energy transmission" Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________ "Knowledge is cosmic. It does not evolve or unfold in man. Man unfolds to an awareness of it. He gradually discovers it." - Walter Russell "Once men died for Truth, but now Truth dies at the hands of men." - Manly P. Hall
03-25-2012, 07:18 PM
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jake Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2007 Posts: 169
next generation crystal radio So once I felt confortable with a typical crystal radio and could tune most of the stations on the high end of the AM band. I started to put together a Tesla Resonant Transformer. This is part of the crystal initative on the Dollard Thread. Below are the results of three generations of coil formers. The former you see is stout and will allow you to pull the wire tight while winding. I am still missing the primary, topload, capacitors. BUT It blows my crystal radio with tuning capacitor away. Attached are some pics. The DSO pic is my night time reception it came down from 1.3v earlier this afternoon with +4v peaks. This got me excited for a while but then I realized that my scope maxes out at 1MHz. Your looking at 1.62MHz rectified audio. 100us/div and 50mv/div, the yellow line is 500mv. Do these numbers mean anything or is working out of the range of my scope produce garbage numbrs??? And finally I was able to dimly light an LED in line with the germanium diode. Any one know how to hook up a joule theif without loading down the circuit?? It looks like there is enought there to run one but doing it without loading down the circuit is eluding me.
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03-26-2012, 10:24 AM madhatter Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2010 Posts: 457
the primary coil is key to the ground receptive part of the set. the primary and secondary resonate and based on the capacitance and geometry the radiation resistance will be eliminated in the extra coil giving rise to FTL reception. On my set the primary is not large enough as I based it purely on surface area however after reading the reports of others and noting their relations and the effects between my set, I tentatively state that the surface area of winding capacitance is what needs to me matched, not the bulk surface area. I'm working on the equations to see what this turns up. I'm also looking at the skin effect and mass as well, no point in leaving any stone unturned. Nice build btw, looks good. the extra coils is such a PITA to wind too. I wouldn't worry about 'skip' distance from being too close to the transmitter in fact I'd say that's a prime example of ground current reception, proof that this works. Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________ 145
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#9 03-26-2012, 08:01 PM jake Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2007 Posts: 169
Quote: Originally Posted by madhatter For example, the crystal set is a prime example of a information rich effects. I personally have the set built but have not gotten the results I want, however it's not been without results as it as given me answers to questions on capacitance by noting the differences in my results to others. however lets say we have one build that is catalog'd and every parameter of the physical construction known. from that it can be altered and the changes noted and then using that it can direct the mathematics to derive the needed equations to refine and move forward. right now the one thing I've seen is the surface area and capacitance equations, capacitance is frustrating itself as it's always an assumed infinite plane yet we know it's not. high frequency skin effect and resistance of the mass of the 'director' and the geometry all play a role, as seen it gets very complex. I've spent a couple hundred hrs already on just calculations and have now just started to notice a few things I'd like to explore, with some more research into hyperbolic trig I may have some equations that can be tested in the field. I'll share this freely with anyone willing to test on their crystal sets. ultimately I'd like to see if we can all build matching sets and see if we can network them together as Tesla intended. I am thinking the same thing. Matching sets would get noticed. Im thinking somewhere in the 23MHz range. That would make everything smaller and the brass shim stock would fit the bill. You could put that together for under 50 bucks. But we'd have to find a transmitter for the testing. but before we get too far ahead of ourselves. We need to light an indicator bulb.
As far as my build. I am still looking for a long enough flat piece of copper.. I sent out a few emails looking for overruns, but the standard size seems to be 100" and I need 118". I found a thin walled copper tube at the scrap yard and bought enough.. Ive been contemplating slicing it open and flattening it out. and now back to what I think was your point. The math needed to go along with the cyrstal initative. I want it. Been doing lots of thinking. Lets start simple.. and I am really look forward to hearing from all those interested.. 146
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How do you calculate the C and K of a TRT secondary? How do you calculate the L and M of a TRT secondary? i.e. 20 turns(T), wire diameter(d) in mm, turn gap(g) in mm, Can we even use the standard inductance and capacitance equations or are they contaminated? bring on the versors
Ill post my answer tomorrow? after I watch the SFTS videos If i can think of one.
jake Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________
#10 03-26-2012, 09:56 PM madhatter Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2010 Posts: 457
Quote: Originally Posted by jake I am thinking the same thing. Matching sets would get noticed. Im thinking somewhere in the 2-3MHz range. That would make everything smaller and the brass shim stock would fit the bill. You could put that together for under 50 bucks. But we'd have to find a transmitter for the testing. but before we get too far ahead of ourselves. We need to light an indicator bulb.
As far as my build. I am still looking for a long enough flat piece of copper.. I sent out a few emails looking for overruns, but the standard size seems to be 100" and I need 118". I found a thin walled copper tube at the scrap yard and bought enough.. Ive been contemplating slicing it open and flattening it out. and now back to what I think was your point. The math needed to go along with the cyrstal 147
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initative. I want it. Been doing lots of thinking. Lets start simple.. and I am really look forward to hearing from all those interested.. How do you calculate the C and K of a TRT secondary? How do you calculate the L and M of a TRT secondary? i.e. 20 turns(T), wire diameter(d) in mm, turn gap(g) in mm, Can we even use the standard inductance and capacitance equations or are they contaminated? bring on the versors
Ill post my answer tomorrow? after I watch the SFTS videos If i can think of one.
jake Here is where hyperbolic algebra come in, Alexander Macfarlane has some very good books on hyperbolic and elliptical algebra. useful eq. for adapting to the coils can be found in Kennelys work as he does utilize Steinmetz and Heaviside's operators making it easier to cross reference his work. the complex quantities notes of Steinmetz are also very helpful in explaining the j operator and power of the square root of -1. Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________
#11 03-27-2012, 10:16 AM jake Senior Member
Join Date: Nov 2007 Posts: 169
Quote: Originally Posted by madhatter Here is where hyperbolic algebra come in, Alexander Macfarlane has some very good books on hyperbolic and elliptical algebra. useful eq. for adapting to the coils can be found in Kennelys work as he does utilize Steinmetz and Heaviside's operators making it easier to cross 148
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reference his work. the complex quantities notes of Steinmetz are also very helpful in explaining the j operator and power of the square root of -1. Thats where I am having trouble. I need to study. So if all the adapting and math is down would it be able to calculate "values" for C,K,L,M and thier ratios at any point during the cycle of a TRT??? 1 turn takes 0.74 inches / 20 = 0.037 inches 0.037 inches = 162 percent of wire diameter ===> 100 percent of wire diameter = 0.037 / 1.62 Wire diameter = 0.02286 inches (max.) AWG 23 has a diameter of 0.0226 inches / 0.573 mm. AWG 23 has resistance of 66.79 ohms / Km. which is 20.36 mOhms / ft. For 19.39 ft, the coil will have 395 mOhms or 0.395 Ohms resistance. I thought it would be larger than this. So much for my intuition. Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________ There is a reason why science has been successful and technology is widespread. Don't be afraid to do the math and apply the laws of physics.
#8 08-26-2013, 02:47 AM Sebacid Junior Member
Join Date: Jul 2012 Posts: 17
Quote: Originally Posted by wayne.ct OK, based on your suggestions and the calculations you have posted, I can visualize the transformer. It will be small enough to hold in one hand. Here is what I have done so far: I will be using 750 KHz as my center frequency as an example. This frequency is used by the famous WSB. WSB is a 50,000 watt clear channel broadcasting station in Atlanta, GA. The antenna is located in Tucker, GA according to Wikipedia. Calculation #1 L = Total length of coiled wire
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L = f/w = 299,792,458 (meter / second) / 2 * PI * 750,000 (/second) = 299,792,458 / 2 * 3.14159 * 750,000 (meters) = 63.62 meters = 63.62 meters * .3048 ft / meter = 19.39 feet Calculation #2 L = Length of each turn = 19.39 feet / 20 = 0.9695 feet = 11.63 inches Calculation #3 Circumference C = L; Diameter = Circumference / PI = 3.7 inches H = Coil height = 0.2 * Diameter = 0.2 * (11.63 inches / PI) = 0.74 inches Calculation #4 Max diameter of wire. Space between strands of wire is 62 percent of wire diameter. 20 turns take 0.74 inches ===> 1 turn takes 0.74 inches / 20 = 0.037 inches 0.037 inches = 162 percent of wire diameter ===> 100 percent of wire diameter = 0.037 / 1.62 Wire diameter = 0.02286 inches (max.) AWG 23 has a diameter of 0.0226 inches / 0.573 mm. AWG 23 has resistance of 66.79 ohms / Km. which is 20.36 mOhms / ft. For 19.39 ft, the coil will have 395 mOhms or 0.395 Ohms resistance. I thought it would be larger than this. So much for my intuition. There is a small mistake in your calculations... L = Total length of coiled wire L = f/w THIS IS WRONG, it should be c/w! (but you have calculated it correctly) = 299,792,458 (meter / second) / 2 * PI * 750,000 (/second) = 299,792,458 / 2 * 3.14159 * 750,000 (meters) = 63.62 meters = 63.62 meters * .3048 ft / meter 285
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= 19.39 feet THIS IS WRONG! If converted then 63,62 meters gives roughly about 209 feet (63,62x3,28=208,67). That shouldn't fit in your hand anymore... Remember you need two different setups, one wave, Hertzian, is the over ground wave, the other wave, Telluric, is the under ground wave. These two waves arrive at the point of reception in their own distinct time frames, giving rise to a difference in phase. Hence, multiple rings of interference patterns are produced. Since the Hertzian portion, over ground, time frame is based upon the velocity of light, then the Telluric portion, under ground, time frame gives the Telluric velocity. Two crystal sets, one over ground, one under ground, and a basic oscilloscope , that simple. A great link for most information needed is provided in my first answer in this thread. Happy experimenting! -Seb Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________
Last edited by Sebacid; 08-26-2013 at 12:37 PM.
#9 08-28-2013, 10:03 AM Sebacid Junior Member
Join Date: Jul 2012 Posts: 17
Just finished my calculations for my secondary coil and it will be a whopping 76cm in diameter! I am going with 1000Kc/sec Frequency. I finished the work on the wooden bases and supports, all that is left is to bake and laquer them before assembling. My extra coil's diameter/height is going to be 30cm. Some calculations with other stuff is still going on, but I'm going to build two identical coils of the exact same size, one for overground Hertzian wave reception and the other for underground Tellurical wave reception. The coils will be identical but the setup will be different as the goal is to light a 100W lightbulb 286
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with the other coil. We'll see how things go once I have built them. -Seb Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________
#10 08-30-2013, 12:48 AM Sebacid Junior Member
Join Date: Jul 2012 Posts: 17
Quote: Originally Posted by Sebacid Just finished my calculations for my secondary coil and it will be a whopping 76cm in diameter! I am going with 1000Kc/sec Frequency. I finished the work on the wooden bases and supports, all that is left is to bake and laquer them before assembling. My extra coil's diameter/height is going to be 30cm. Some calculations with other stuff is still going on, but I'm going to build two identical coils of the exact same size, one for overground Hertzian wave reception and the other for underground Tellurical wave reception. The coils will be identical but the setup will be different as the goal is to light a 100W lightbulb with the other coil. We'll see how things go once I have built them. -Seb Thinking of replacing solid wooden supports, with hollow pvc tubing (thin) to minimize stray inductance? Any thoughts on this? Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________
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#11 08-30-2013, 03:43 AM dR-Green Gold Member
Join Date: Apr 2008 Location: Merlin's Fort Posts: 1,220
Hi Sebastian. Yes PVC tubing will be better than wood. Also ideally you should design the coil for a specific frequency/radio station, 1000 kc is a general example. When tuned to different frequencies the magnification factor will alter, the goal is to have highest magnification factor at the intended frequency so different tuning will work against this. Although you will need to experiment to find the highest magnification factor with a given design anyway. For the overground wave reception you should use a normal crystal radio or a normal radio receiver. You need to receive the signal as normal and then measure the difference. Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________ "Knowledge is cosmic. It does not evolve or unfold in man. Man unfolds to an awareness of it. He gradually discovers it." - Walter Russell "Once men died for Truth, but now Truth dies at the hands of men." - Manly P. Hall Sponsored Links
SUPPORT EPD LABORATORIES, INC. #12 08-30-2013, 05:04 AM Sebacid Junior Member
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Quote: Originally Posted by dR-Green
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Hi Sebastian. Yes PVC tubing will be better than wood. Also ideally you should design the coil for a specific frequency/radio station, 1000 kc is a general example. When tuned to different frequencies the magnification factor will alter, the goal is to have highest magnification factor at the intended frequency so different tuning will work against this. Although you will need to experiment to find the highest magnification factor with a given design anyway. For the overground wave reception you should use a normal crystal radio or a normal radio receiver. You need to receive the signal as normal and then measure the difference. Hi Dr. Green, Thank you for your insight, I will have to do some searching on a AM radio station near me (Finland). The problem here is that almost all of the broadcasting stations have ceased using the AM frequencys. I think the nearest one is in Holland?! Not sure on this, must check. In the calculations for the extra coil, I get a totally different total lenght of coil if I use the formulae by Eric to calculate it? Tesla's Colorado extra coil had the same amount of wire as the secondary (800m). Should I go with this or trust the formulae? Thanks again, -Seb Post edit: Found a radio station from Sweden, Stockholm radio that broadcasts at 1710Khz AM frequency. I think it is still operational, so I will try working with this frequency. The last AM radiostation in Finland ceased to operate in 2007. Any other known operational frequencys are welcome! Time to do the calculations again! Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________
Last edited by Sebacid; 08-30-2013 at 05:55 AM. Reason: Adding information
#13 08-30-2013, 06:32 AM
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dR-Green Gold Member
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I forgot to mention, use white or clear etc plastic rods. Apparently to make black and grey they put carbon in it, so that won't be good. Eric's design is different to Tesla's. Eric's theory involves concatenated resonance with the extra coil as a distributed network, whereas Tesla's is lumped. So it's completely experimental. I've tried 3 different extra coil variations, and Eric's latest comments on it was that the secondary might need to be of a lower inductance, so my latest design is a bit different. I have 17 turns secondary with 15% height to diameter ratio, and the extra coil, when calculating wavelength from frequency and speed of light, has 1.19 times longer wire length because of the "faster than light" propagation, wire length is extended to bring the frequency back down. [edit] Probably the easiest way to find whether a radio station is operational and suitable or not is to use a radio. When you find one then you can find info on it on the internet. Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________ "Knowledge is cosmic. It does not evolve or unfold in man. Man unfolds to an awareness of it. He gradually discovers it." - Walter Russell "Once men died for Truth, but now Truth dies at the hands of men." - Manly P. Hall Last edited by dR-Green; 08-30-2013 at 06:57 AM.
#14 08-30-2013, 10:44 AM Kokomoj0 Senior Member
Join Date: Jul 2011 Posts: 386
for accurate time comparison how do you compensate and adjust for delay differences that result from the inherent design differences between the telluric and atmospheric versions? and one more.... how do we calculate the maximum theoretical (ideal conditions) power that can be drawn from a transmitter with a particular receiver design/situation Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________ 290
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Last edited by Kokomoj0; 08-30-2013 at 10:48 AM.
#15 08-30-2013, 11:07 AM dR-Green Gold Member
Join Date: Apr 2008 Location: Merlin's Fort Posts: 1,220
Quote: Originally Posted by Kokomoj0 for accurate time comparison how do you compensate and adjust for delay differences that result from the inherent design differences between the telluric and atmospheric versions? Use an oscillator and tune both receivers to be in phase. Quote: Originally Posted by Kokomoj0 how do we calculate the maximum theoretical (ideal conditions) power that can be drawn from a transmitter with a particular receiver design/situation Beats me. How's your geological skills? Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________ "Knowledge is cosmic. It does not evolve or unfold in man. Man unfolds to an awareness of it. He gradually discovers it." - Walter Russell "Once men died for Truth, but now Truth dies at the hands of men." - Manly P. Hall
#16 09-01-2013, 10:14 AM wayne.ct Senior Member
Join Date: Jan 2011 Posts: 356
This is out of my league Correcting my error and still using 750 KHz as my center frequency, this is what I get...
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Calculation #1 L = Total length of coiled wire L = c/w = 299,792,458 (meter / second) / 2 * PI * 750,000 (/second) = 299,792,458 / 2 * 3.14159 * 750,000 (meters) = 63.62 meters = 63.62 meters / .3048 (meter / ft) = 208.7 feet Calculation #2 L = Length of each turn = 208.7 feet / 20 = 10.44 feet = 10 feet 5.23 inches Calculation #3 Circumference C = L; Diameter = Circumference / PI = 3.32 feet = 3 feet 3.86 inches H = Coil height = 0.2 * Diameter = 0.2 * (10.44 feet / PI) = 7.97 inches Calculation #4 Max diameter of wire. Space between strands of wire is 62 percent of wire diameter. 20 turns take 7.97 inches ===> 1 turn takes 7.97 inches / 20 = 0.4 inches 0.4 inches = 162 percent of wire diameter ===> 100 percent of wire diameter = 0.4 / 1.62 Wire diameter = 0.246 inches (max.) AWG 3 has a diameter of 0.2294 inches / 5.83 mm. AWG 3 has resistance of 0.646 ohms / Km. which is 0.197 mOhms / ft. For 208.7 ft, the coil will have 395 mOhms or 0.4111 Ohms resistance. Now we have a manly sized inductor! 'Sorry to say I will not be building that any time soon! Thanks for the ride! At the same time, my intuition was telling me this was going to be a large coil. So, I feel a bit better knowing my gut was in the ballpark. Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on
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#17 09-02-2013, 02:14 AM Sebacid Junior Member
Join Date: Jul 2012 Posts: 17
Quote: Originally Posted by wayne.ct Correcting my error and still using 750 KHz as my center frequency, this is what I get... Calculation #1 L = Total length of coiled wire L = c/w = 299,792,458 (meter / second) / 2 * PI * 750,000 (/second) = 299,792,458 / 2 * 3.14159 * 750,000 (meters) = 63.62 meters = 63.62 meters / .3048 (meter / ft) = 208.7 feet Calculation #2 L = Length of each turn = 208.7 feet / 20 = 10.44 feet = 10 feet 5.23 inches Calculation #3 Circumference C = L; Diameter = Circumference / PI = 3.32 feet = 3 feet 3.86 inches H = Coil height = 0.2 * Diameter = 0.2 * (10.44 feet / PI) = 7.97 inches Calculation #4 Max diameter of wire. Space between strands of wire is 62 percent of wire diameter. 20 turns take 7.97 inches ===> 1 turn takes 7.97 inches / 20 = 0.4 inches
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0.4 inches = 162 percent of wire diameter ===> 100 percent of wire diameter = 0.4 / 1.62 Wire diameter = 0.246 inches (max.) AWG 3 has a diameter of 0.2294 inches / 5.83 mm. AWG 3 has resistance of 0.646 ohms / Km. which is 0.197 mOhms / ft. For 208.7 ft, the coil will have 395 mOhms or 0.4111 Ohms resistance. Now we have a manly sized inductor! 'Sorry to say I will not be building that any time soon! Thanks for the ride! At the same time, my intuition was telling me this was going to be a large coil. So, I feel a bit better knowing my gut was in the ballpark. You can always use another frequency (higher), then the coil, wire etc. size will be smaller. Try for something in between 2000-3000Kc/sec? As Dr. Green said earlier, the idea is to magnify the chosen frequency to the max! Don't give up, build a smaller one first, experiment on it and if succesfull, upscale it on the next one! Cheers, -Seb Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________
#18 09-13-2013, 01:22 AM Sebacid Junior Member
Join Date: Jul 2012 Posts: 17
Wire? Does it matter if I use insulated wire for the winding? Or is it better if it was copper? Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________
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#19 09-23-2013, 07:02 AM orgonaut314 Senior Member
Join Date: Jul 2013 Posts: 138
Quote: Originally Posted by Sebacid Does it matter if I use insulated wire for the winding? Or is it better if it was copper? Every insulation will increase the self capacitance. Now I think it was better to keep that one low as possible. Apart from that be careful with the material you use. If there is Orgon than organic materials like wood or materials like coper are preferable. In another type of research we found out that Orgon does become sickening if you use the wrong materials that your body does not like when you would eat or drink them. I would be careful with pvc that contains chlore. Even the thin insulation on the coper wire might be wrong. But this is only important if you want to make a coil that does not make people get an head-age. Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________
#20 08-01-2014, 12:02 PM Jeff Pearson Member
Join Date: Jan 2012 Location: Taos NM Posts: 85
I was experimenting with crystal sets last year Was listening to clear channel stations 2 states away at night with crappy antenna. Powered piezo headset i made. no power source for radio except radio waves. I learned a lot doing this. was gonna try ground antenna next Harris Rogers style.
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08-07-2014, 07:01 AM parkham Junior Member
Join Date: Jul 2014 Location: US/IN/IN Posts: 12
I hope this isn't a completely question - When he says "Total number of turns", Given 20 - what does he mean by 20? Would that be 20 turns per inch? The same for the next formula, "Given 20%" What exactly does that mean as well? Please pardon my ignorance. I've got all the components together to start on a crystal radio - I want to fully understand before proceeding though. Thanks, Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________
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SUPPORT EPD LABORATORIES, INC. #22 08-07-2014, 01:35 PM dR-Green Gold Member
Join Date: Apr 2008 Location: Merlin's Fort Posts: 1,220
"Total number of turns = 20" means exactly what it says. 20 turns in total on the coil. The 20% is in reference to the height/length to diameter ratio of the coil. The coil is 20% high as it is wide. If diameter = 100cm then height = 20cm. Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on google_plusone_share Share on reddit Share on pinterest_share Share on linkedin __________________ "Knowledge is cosmic. It does not evolve or unfold in man. Man unfolds to an awareness of it. He gradually discovers it." - Walter Russell "Once men died for Truth, but now Truth dies at the hands of men." - Manly P. Hall
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