COMENTARIO de "La Necesidad de Reflexion en La Democracia"

 

H@BDC]KVN@ MD ]DZ]@ _DVN@MÂX]NH@ MD @_NCNØC5 GK CDHDXNMKM MD VDIGDZNØC DC GK MDB@HVKHNK5 ‗KXDV]NYNXB@ _@GÂ]NH@‒, p`r Dbngn` Aøbdz, Mnkrn` Hørm`fk. ]DZ]@5 KXDV]NYNXB@ _@GÂ]NH@ DBNGN@ Aøbdz, Mnkrn` Hørm`fk Hørm`fk, ;9/?;/6?;6

Dg pkskm` 6?C sd c`s frncmø gk `p`rtucnmkm md jkhdr j`c`r k cudstr` mdrdhj` mdb`hrëtnh`, sdr bndbfr`s md uc eurkm` p`pugkr h`c v`z y v`t`. _dr`, °huëg ds dg us` rdkg rd kg qu qudd jk jkhd hdb` b`ss g` g`ss ds dspk pkû` û`gd gdss md ds dstd td pr prnv nvng ngda dan` n`00 Gk bk bky` y`râ râkk md c` c`s` s`tr tr`s `s h`nchnmnrâkb`s dc cudstr` mdsd` md bde`rkr g` prdsdctd, gk khtnvkhnøc md gk dh`c`bâk, gk hrdkhnøc md dbpgd`, gk bde`rk md cudstrk hkgnmkm md vnmk.   Dstë hgkr` hgkr` qud qud k ckmnd gd austk austk gk bdg`mâ bdg`mâkk qud hkmk vdz vdz sd rdpnt rdpntdd bës y bës, bës, dc t`m`s g`s rnch`cds md cudstr` pkâs5 hrnsns, prnbk md rndsa`, rdhdsnøc- Kg dedrhdr cudstr` mdrdhj` kg v`t`, sd c`s `irdhd gk p`snfngnmkm md hkbfnkr md mnrdht`r md `rqudstk. Y`t` k v`t` s`b`s pkrtâ pkrtâhnpds hnpds dc gk h`cstru h`cstruhhnøc hhnøc md uc cudv` iutur`, pdr` qunzës, qunzës, kctds md t`bkr uck kprdsurkmk mdhnsnøc iudsd cdhdskrn` uck rdigdxnøc bës `fedtnvk. Dc qud c`s fkskb`s k gk j`rk md dgdanr. C`s prd`hupkb`s rdkgbdctd md dshuhjkr, md kckgnzkr, md mnshdrcnr g`s p`snfgds pr`s y h`ctrks md g` qud sd c`s `irdhd, ` p`r dg h`ctrkrn` c`s mdekb`s ggdvkr p`r snbpktâks, b`mks, h`stubfrds y rutncks.  

  ^k mdsmd buy pdqudû`s, pdqudû`s, buhj`s md c`s`tr`s jkfâkb`s jkfâkb`s dgdanm` dgdanm` sdr mdg Fkrák Fkrák ` mdg Bkmrnm, ncigunm`s dc arkc bdmnmk p`rqud cudstr` pkmrd ` cudstr`s jdrbkc`s ksâ g` drkc. C` nbp`rtkfk k qunîc sd inhjkrk, h`b` sd euakrk, akckrk ` pdrmndrk, sndbprd dstkrâkb`s kjâ, indgds k cudstr` dqunp`. _`r mdsarkhnk, hukcm` c`s jkhdb`s bky`rds jky h`sks qud c` hkbfnkc mdbksnkm`. Y`tkb`s k ‗cudstr`‒ pkrtnm` g` jkak bde`r ` pd`r, mnak vdrmkmds ` bdctnrks. _r`tka`cnstks, dc dstd euda` md `pudst`s, -sndbprd jkfrdb`s v`tkm` k g`s fudc`s-.   Dg sdr sdr jubkc` jubkc` ds ds h`bpdtnm` h`bpdtnm`rr p`r ckturk ckturkgdzk, gdzk, hksn snc mkrc`s mkrc`s hudctk tdcmdb tdcmdb`s `s k kgnbdctkr dsd mukgnsb` yk sdk s`hnkg, mdp`rtnv` ` p`gâtnh`. K gk j`rk md dgdanr c`s ds buhj` bës høb`m` hukcm` jdb`s md mdhkctkrc`s p`r uck `phnøc dctrd m`s. _`h` k p`h` rdstkb`s md vkg`r, md hrdmnfngnmkm, md h`cvnhhnøc kg rdst` md pkrtnhnpkctds.   Tck vdz bës, bës, mdekb` mdekb`ss pktdctd pktdctd budstrk budstrkss md uck uck arkc arkc pdrdzk pdrdzk nctdg nctdgdhtukg dhtukg,, m`cmd m`cmd gk mdpdcmdchnk h`c cudstr` dct`rc` sd jkhd dvnmdctd. Kctd tkg ikgtk md ksdrtnvnsb` p`gâtnh`, c`s dbfkrhkb`s jkhâk uc vkhâ` nmd`gøanh`, pdrmnm`s k gk mdrnvk y dc buhj`s hks`s kedc`s k gk rdkgnmkm qud c`s r`mdk. *Bkdstr` VDXTBDC, @VAKCNUKHNØC MD GKX NMDKX (DX[TDBK) ^ ]DBK5 VDXTBDC5 Dc gk mdb`hrkhnk, k trkvîs mdg v`t` tdcdb`s gk p`snfngnmkm md hkbfnkr gk rdkgnmkm, y t`m`s qunsnîrkb`s bde`rkr cudstr` pkâs y cudstrk vnmk. Xnc dbfkra` ds hudstn`ckfgd sn jkhdb`s uc us` kmdhukm` md dstd mdrdhj`. _krdhd qud gks snbpktâks prnbkc s`frd gk rdigdxnøc sdrnk. Mdsmd pdqudû`s c`s mdincnb`s dc arup`s h`chrdt`s ‘ Bkmrnm/Fkrák- k g`s qud c`s bkctdcdb`s indgds p`r ncigudchnk mdg dct`rc` ` p`r h`b`mnmkm snc tdcdr dc hudctk khndrt`s cn drr`rds. Md bky`rds h`ctncukb`s h`c dstd

 

kmnd ndstr strkb kbnd ndct ct`` kg kgnb nbdc dctk tkcm cm`` dg mu mukg kgns nsb` b` p`g p`gât âtnh nh`` h` h`b` b` `p `phn hnøc øc bë bëss hø høb` b`mk mk km mdhkctëcm`c`s k ikv`r md cudstr` pkrtnm` dc mdtrnbdct` mdg h`ctrkrn`, h`c ` snc kraubdct`s gøanh`s. Gk pdrdzk nctdgdhtukg y gk ncigudchnk mdpdcmndctd mdg dct`rc` c`s ggdvk jkhnk uc vkhâ` nmd`gøanh` qud c`s kgdek md gk rdkgnmkm. DX[TDBK5 ;5 Gk mdb`hrkhnk c`s pdrbntd khtukr s`frd gk rdkgnmkm. ;.;5\pdr`R _krk dgg` dg v`t` mdfdrâk sdr rdigdxnv`. ;.6.\pdr`R Gks mdhnsn`cds sd t`bkc p`r snbpktâk -\p`rR Kmndstrkbndct` mdsmd gk ncikchnk (dqunp`s iõtf`g) ‘ Ncigudchnk mdg dct`rc`(ikbngnk) -_drdzk bdctkg. ;.8. \_`r g` tkct`R Nchdctnvkb`s dg mukgnsb`.. H@CHGTXNØC5 Hkbnckb`s jkhnk dg vkhâ` nmd`gøanh` k dspkgmks md gk rdkgnmkm.   Dg tdxt` tdxt` sd `rak `rakcnz cnzkk dc huktr huktr`` përrki përrki`s `s dc rdgkh rdgkhnøc nøc dstr dstruhtu uhturkg rkg.. Dc hukct hukct`` kg h`ctdcnm`, pgkctdk uck dstruhturk ncmuhtnvk qud pkrtd mdg jdhj` h`chrdt` (v`tkhn`cds  y snacninhkm` dc gk mdb`hrkhnk, përrki` ;), hudstn`ck su trkshdcmdchnk y vkgnmdz (puct` ;, përrki` ;) y mdskrr`ggk su rdigdxnøc k trkvîs md nmdks qud h`ctrkmnhdc gk c`rbk adcdrkg (puct`s ;.; y ;.6, përrki`s 6 y 8) pkrk kghkczkr uck h`chgusnøc, gk nc`pdrkchnk mdg prnchnpn` ncnhnkg dc fksd k gk rdkgnmkm (përrki` =). ]DBK5 Gk mdb`hrkhnk rdsugtk ncdinhkz snc rdigdxnøc mdg hnumkmkc` H@BDC]KVN@ HVÂ]NH@ MD GKX NMDKX DZ_VDXKMKX DC DG ]DZ]@5   Dg tdxt` md Dbngn` Aøbdz p`cd p`cd dg khdct` dc gk dsdchnk dsdchnk qud bkctndcd gk rdkgnmkm rdkgnmkm md uck mdb`hrkhnk k pkrtnr md m`s dgdbdct`s hgkvd5 dc prnbdr guakr, qud k trkvîs md gk  v`tkhnøc dc gks urcks, dg hnumkmkc` mnsp`cd md gk p`snfngnmkm md hkbfnkr kg a`fdrckctd y h`c dgg` ucks mnrdhtrnhds mdtdrbnckmks< dc sdaucm` guakr, qud t`m`s mdsdkb`s bde`rkr cudstrks h`cmnhn`cds md vnmk. ]dcndcm` dc hudctk dst`s supudst`s,

mdfdrâk dstkr rdsp`cskfngnmkm dedrhnhn` md mnd dstd mdrdhj` ybk prnvngdan`. Dg jdhj jd hj`` md qudhgkrk sd gkv` v`tk tk p` p`rr sn snbp bpkt ktââkdcydgsn snc c qud bd bdmn d uc uck k bâ bâcn cnbk rdig rd igdx dxnø nøc, c, snbpgdbdctd p`r kincnmkm h`c uc pkrtnm` p`gâtnh` pudmd h`cmdckrc`s k uc pkc`rkbk snc `phn`cds, hdctrkm` dc uc fnpkrtnmnsb` dxhguydctd. Gk tdsns vndcd kvkgkmk p`r dg kpkrdctd ncb`vngnsb` dc g`s rdsugtkm`s dgdht`rkgds m`cmd, jkak g` qud jkak dg pkrtnm` a`fdrckctd, g`s pkrtnm`s bky`rntkrn`s bkctndcdc uc`s v`t`s snbngkrds.   Dg jdhj` md qud dg fnpkrtnmnsb` ds hkmk vdz vdz bës khuskm` dc cudstr` pkâs pkâs c` pkrdhd hudstn`ckfgd. Dc gks õgtnbks dgdhhn`cds, g`s m`s arkcmds pkrtnm`s jkc khkpkrkm` gk ncbdcsk bky`râk md v`t`s. Xnc dbfkra`, gks hkusks kmuhnmks p`r dg kut`r sd hdctrkc dxhgusnvkbdctd dc gk rdsp`cskfngnmkm ncmnvnmukg irdctd kg jdhj` dc sâ. Ds hndrt` qud gk mdhnsnøc dc dg hdrdfr` sd rdkgnzk prnbdr` dc dg ëbfnt` md g`s sdctnbndct`s. _krdhd qud ds gk z`ck gâbfnhk gk qud mdhkctk cudstrks snbpktâks k gk j`rk md rdkgnzkr hukgqundr dgdhhnøc ‘uc h`hjd, uck pkrdek, gk r`pk, uc dqunp` md iõtf`g ` uc pkrtnm` p`gâtnh`-. Gk z`ckk ir z`c ir`c `ctk tkg, g, rk rkhn hn`c `ckg kg md mdgg hd hdrd rdfr fr`, `, dc dctr trkk dc eu euda da`` bë bëss km kmdg dgkc kctd td eu eust stni ninh nhkc kcm` m` gk mdhnsnøc qud a`zk md cudstrks snbpktâks (c`tk ;).

 

  ]kbfnîc pkrdhd hndrt` qud snc rdigdxnøc, snc qud g`s jdhj`s tdcakc h`csdhudchnks, dg euda` cdhdskrn` pkrk dg h`rrdht` iuchn`ckbndct` md gk mdb`hrkhnk c` rdsugtk `pdrktnv`. Mkr dg skgt` md gk nctunhnøc db`hn`ckg k gk mdhnsnøc rkhn`ckg ds kga` cdhdskrn`, pdr` °quî c`s g` nbpnmd0 Gk khtntum hrâtnhk, gk hkpkhnmkm md rdigdxnøc, gk pdrs`ckgnmkm dc hukct` k bkctdcdr uc`s hrntdrn`s pr`pn`s bës kggë mdg dct`rc` m`bnckctd s`c hukgnmkmds qud mdfdc dmuhkrsd y ds kga` qud c` sd jkhd. Hkfd prdauctkrsd sn p`r irkhks` mdg snstdbk ` p`r nctdrdsds pr`b`vnm`s p`r qundcds skfdc qud nchdctnvkr gk nac`rkchnk y gk ikgtk md dspârntu hrâtnh` s`c dgdbdct`s dsdchnkgds pkrk bkcnpugkr gks bksks y g`arkr pdrpdtukrsd dc dg p`mdr.   C`kb Hj`bsly, dg gnca÷nstk gnca÷nstk c`rtdkbdrnhkc` kf`akfk p`r dstk tdsns y ds uc` md g`s mndz puct`s qud pgkctdk dc sus ‗Bdmn`s md bkcnpugkhnøc md bksks‒ (c`tk 6). Tc pudfg` nchugt` hkrdhd md rdhurs`s nctdgdhtukgds pkrk kckgnzkr gk sntukhnøc y dxtrkdr h`chgusn`cds pr`pnks bës kggë md g` qud g`s bdmn`s md h`bucnhkhnøc trkcsbntdc. Ksâ, qund qu ndc c m` m`bn bnck ck g` g`ss bd bdmn mn`s `s md h` h`bu bucn cnhk hkhn hnøc øc md bk bksk sk tn tndc dcdc dc dg p`m p`mdr dr md hr hrdk dkrr ‗h`chndchnk s`hnkg‒, uc `pncnøc põfgnhk pr`hgnvd k sus nctdrdsds dgdht`rkgds. _`mrâkb`s kp`stkr p`r dstk nmdk dc fksd k gk hkctnmkm md gdyds md dmuhkhnøc kpr`fkmks mdsmd gk ggda gg dakm kmkk md gk Md Mdb` b`hr hrkh khnk nk,, gk mn mnsh shut utnm nmkk G@ G@AX AXD, D, g` g`ss kh khtu tukg kgds ds hr hrnt ntdr drn` n`ss s` s`fr frdd h`bpdtdchnks, gk mdc`stkhnøc md gk dcsdûkczk põfgnhk, dth., dth., nmdk md gk qud mnvdr mn vdrs` s`ss ku kut`r t`rds ds sd jk jkc c `h `hupk upkm` m` p` p`rr dx dxtd tdcs cs`` ‘v ‘vîk îksd sd,, p` p`rr de dedb dbpg pg`, `, Dg pk pkci cigd gdt` t` kctnpdmkaøanh`-.   Dg krtâhug` krtâhug` sd hdctrk hdctrk dc uck pdrspdhtn pdrspdhtnvk vk sufedtnvk sufedtnvk,, gk mdg mdg pr`pn` pr`pn` ncmnvnm ncmnvnmu` u` kctd kctd gk mdhn md hnsn snøc øc.. Jk Jkyy `t `tr` r`ss dg dgdb dbdc dct` t`ss qu qudd md mdfd fdc c sdr rd rdvn vnsk skm`s m`s pk pkrk rk qu qudd nc nchd hdct ctnv nvdc dc gk rdigdxnøc y dst` mdsmd gk pr`pnk gdy dgdht`rkg. Gk khtukg gdy pr`budvd dg fnpkrtnmnsb` y  p`tdchnk g`s pkrtnm`s kut`cøbnh`s dc mdtrnbdct` md `trks `phn`cds md hkrëhtdr ckhn`ckg. X`g` fkstk h`bpkrkr dg cõbdr` md v`t`s y dg md mnputkm`s `ftdcnm`s p`r NT ` p`r T_M irdctd kg cõbdr` `ftdcnm` p`r pkrtnm`s rdan`ckgnstks h`b` HNT ` _CY. _`r `trk pkrtd, gk p`gâtnhk md gnstk gnstkss hdrrk hdrrkmks mks nbpnmd qud dg hnumkmkc` pudmk dxhgunr dc su  v`tkhnøc k kqudgg`s hkcmnmkt`s qud p`r su trkydht`rnk pdrs`ckg, nmd`g`aâk h`chrdtk, i`rbkhnøc, khtukhn`cds, c` h`csnmdrd nmøcd`s pkrk rdprdsdctkrgd. Gk `phnøc ds ` t`m` ` ckmk. Gk rdigdxnøc qud p`mrâk h`cmuhnrc`s k uck gâcdk prkabëtnhk dxhguydcm` k qundcds hrddb`s nckpr`pnkm`s pkrk dedrhdr gk iuchnøc põfgnhk, c` tndcd cncauck utngnmkm.   _`r tkc tkct`, t`, dxn dxnstd std uck uck rdsp rdsp`cs `cskfn kfngnm gnmkm km sufed sufedtnv tnvkk qud qud mdfdb mdfdb`s `s ksubn ksubnrr h`b` h`b` hnumkmkc`s pkrk dg h`rrdht` iuchn`ckbndct` md gk Mdb`hrkhnk. _dr` dg hrntdrn` jk md i`rbkrsd, pkrk g` hukg dg Dstkm` mdfd khtukr pr`hurkcm` uck dmuhkhnøc tkct` dc  vkg`rds h`b` gk rdsp`cskfngnmkm y gk îtnhk, h`b` dc hkpkhnmkmds nctdgdhtukgds qud pudmkc kpgnhkrsd k uck hrâtnhk h`cstruhtnvk y rdsp`cskfgd md gk rdkgnmkm h`tnmnkck. Jkc md pr`b`vdrsd gdyds qud p`snfngntdc v`tkr h`c gnfdrtkm y c` suedtkr kg hnumkmkc` k mnrdhtrnhds pkrtnmnstks. ^ sd jk md i`bdctkr gk pgurkgnmkm p`r dchnbk md nctdrdsds rdan rd an`c `ckg kgds ds.. Jk Jkhd hd ik ikgt gtk, k, dc md mdin incn cntn tnvk vk,, vn vnsn snøc øc md Ds Dstk tkm` m` qu qudd dc dctn tndc dcmk mk h` h`b` b` gk Ngustrkhnøc qud c` pudmd dxnstnr bde`rk snc hugturk y h`c`hnbndct`. C` ds qud hkbncdb`s jkhnk dg vkhâ` p`r gk ikgtk md rdigdxnøc, vnvnb`s dc uck ikgtk md rdigdxnøc y  uck rdcuchnk md vkg`rds p`rqud sd nchdctnvk nctdchn`ckmkbdctd dg b`mdg` pkrk g`arkr bkctdcdrc`s dc gk ngusnøc øptnhk md gk mdb`hrkhnk dc gnfdrtkm hukcm` s`c `tr`s g`s qud mdhnmdc p`r c`s`tr`s.