Capítulo 11 La Influencia de La Cultura en El Comportamiento Del Consumidor

 

CBQÈ\ZND 22? NB IG@NZJGCIB LJ NB CZN\ZUB JG JN CDHQDU\BHIJG\D LJN CDGSZHILDU

´RZÉ JS NB CZN\ZUB4 Jg virtul lj nb gbturbnjzb bhpnib y pjgjtrbgtj lj nb cunturb, su jstulid sujnj rjqujrir ug jxbhjg ljtbnnbld ljn cbrâctjr lj nb sdcijlbl jg su cdgougtd, cdg igcnus igc nusióg ióg lj `bc `bctdr tdrjs js tbn tbnjs js cdh cdhd? d? ili ilidhb dhb,, cdg cdgdci dcihij hijgtd gtds s njy njyjs, js, rjn rjnifi ifidgj dgjs, s, cdstuherjs jg hbtjrib lj bnihjgtbcióg, hÿsicb, brtj, tjcgdndfèb pbtrdgjs lj trbebod, prdluctds y dtrds jnjhjgtds quj nj ihpbrtjg b ugb sdcijlbl su sjnnd listigtivd. Jg cijrtd sjgtild nb cunturb js nb pjrsdgbnilbl lj ugb sdcijlbl. Gujstrd deojtivd js jgtjgljr nb ig`nujgcib lj nb cunturb jg jn cdhpdrtbhijgtd ljnn cd lj cdgs gsuh uhil ildr dr,, lj lj`i `igi girj rjhd hds s nb cu cunt ntur urb b cd cdhd hd nb su suhb hb td tdtb tbnn lj crjj crjjgc gcib ibs s bprjglilbs, vbndrjs y cdstuherjs quj sirvjg pbrb lirifir jn cdhpdrtbhijgtd lj nds hijherds lj ugb sdcijlbl ljtjrhigblb, jg su cbnilbl lj cdgsuhildrjs. Nds cdhpdgjgtjs lj crjjgcib y vbndr lj gujstrb lj`igicióg sj rj`ijrjg b nds sjgti sj gtihij hijgtd gtds s y nbs pri pridri drilbl lbljs js bcu bcuhu hunbl nblds ds quj nds igl iglivi ivilud luds s tij tijgj gjg g cdg rjspjctd b nbs „cdsbs‘ y nbs pdsjsidgjs. Lj hbgjrb hâs prjcisb, nbs crjjgcibs cdgsistjg jg ug frbg gÿhjrd lj jgugciblds hjgtbnjs d vjrebnjs („Yd crjd…‘) quj rj`njobg jn cdgdcihijgtd y nb jvbnubcióg bcjrcb lj bnfd (dtrb pjrsdgb, ugb tijglb tij glb,, ug prd prdluc luctd, td, ug ugb b hbr hbrcb) cb).. Nds vbn vbndrj drjs s tbh tbheié eiég g sdg crj crjjgc jgcibs ibs.. Sig jhebrfd, nds vbndrjs sj listigfujg lj dtrbs crjjgcibs pdrquj cuhpnjg cdg nds sifuijgtjs critjrids? 

Sdg rjnbtivbhjgtj pdcds

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sirvjg cdhd ugb fuèb lj cdhpdrtbhijgtd cunturbnhjgtj bcjptbld;

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sdg lurbljrds d li`ècinjs lj cbheibr;

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gd jstâg vigcunblds b situbcidgjs u deojtds jspjcè`icds;

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sdg bhpnibhjgtj bcjptblds pdr nds hijherds lj ugb sdcijlbl.

 Bsè pujs, jg ug sjgtild bhpnid, tbgtd nds vbndrjs cdhd nbs crjjgcibs sdg ihâfjgjs hjgtbnjs quj b`jctbg ug bhpnid rbgfd lj bctituljs jspjcè`icbs, nbs cubnjs, b nb vjz, ig`nuyjg jg nb hbgjrb jg nb quj ugb pjrsdgb rjspdglj b ugb situbcióg jspjcè`icb.

 

Jn jstulid lj nb cunturb js ugb tbrjb quj ihpnicb ug ljsb`èd pdrquj su jg`dquj prigci pri gcipbn pbn jst jstâ â cjg cjgtrb trbld ld jg jn cdh cdhpdg pdgjgt jgtj j hâs bhp bhpnid nid ljn cdhpd cdhpdrtb rtbhij hijgtd gtd sdcibn sdc ibn?? nb sbc sbcijl ijlbl bl jgt jgtjrb jrb.. B li` li`jrj jrjgci gcib b lj nds psi psicón cóndfd dfds, s, qu quj j sj dc dcupb upbg g prigcipbnhjgtj ljn jstulid ljn cdhpdrtbhijgtd iglivilubn, d lj nds sdcióndfds, cuyd cbhpd lj jstulid sdg nds frupds, jn igtjrés lj nds bgtrdpóndfds cdgsistj, jg prihjr nufbr, jg iljgti`icbr jn tjoild hishd lj nb prdpib sdcijlbl. Nb cunturb gd sónd tijgj ug bspjctd sdcibn, tbheiég tijgj ug bspjctd iglivilubn. Sderj nb ebsj lj jsds bprjglizbojs lj nb sdcibnizbcióg, nbs pjrsdgbs vbhds li`jrjgcibgld, gujstrds fustds, gujstrds vbndrjs rjnbtivds, gujstrb `drhb lj vjr  nb vilb y gujstrb prdpib jscbnb lj vbndrjs, bugquj jstj ÿntihd cbheib cdg jn tijhpd y nb sdcijlbl. Js jn prdcjsd hjlibgtj jn cubn ugb pjrsdgb nnjfb b sjr iglivilud quj gds pjrhitj bcuhunbr y trbgs`drhbr tdld bqujnnd quj tdhbhds jg jn bspjctd sdcibn, js lj ljci cirr tb tbhi hizb zbhd hds s nd qu quj j bp bprj rjgl gljh jhds ds.. Lj js jstb tb hb hbgj gjrb rb gd gds s vb vbhd hds s trbgs`drhbgld jg sjrjs li`jrjgtjs lj nds ljhâs. Jstb tbheiég js ug bspjctd `uglbhjgtbn lj nb cunturb, frbcibs b jstb jnnb cbheib.

NB HBGD IGPISIENJ LJ NB CZN\ZUB Jn ihpbctd lj nb cunturb js tbg gbturbn quj su ig`nu nuj jgcib sderj jn cdhpdr cdh pdrtbh tbhijg ijgtd td pdr nd fjg fjgjrb jrbnn sj lb pdr mjc mjcmd. md. Cdg `rj `rjcuj cujgci gcib, b, js sdn sdnd d cubg cu bgld ld js jstb tbhd hds s jx jxpu pujs jstd tds s b nb fj fjgt gtj j qu quj j ti tijg jgj j li li`j `jrj rjgt gtjs js vb vbnd ndrj rjs s d cdstuherjs cunturbnjs, pdr jojhpnd, cubgld visitbhds ug pbès d rjfióg li`jrjgtj cubgld gds lbhds cujgtb mbstb qué frbld nb cunturb mb hdljnbld gujstrd cdhpdrtbhijgtd. Lj hbgjrb quj ugb jvbnubcióg rjbn lj nb ig`nujgcib quj nb cunturb tijgj jg gujstrb vilb librib, rjquijrj bnfÿg cdgdcihijgtd lj pdr hjgds dtrb sdcijlbl cdg li`jrjgtjs cbrbctjrèsticbs cunturbnjs. Qdr joj jojhpn hpnd, d, cub cubgld gld nds igv igvjst jstifb ifbldr ldrjs js ljn cdg cdgsuh suhild ildrr prj prjfug fugtbg tbg b nbs pjrsdg pjr sdgbs bs pdr pdrqu quj j sj mb mbcjg cjg ljt ljtjrh jrhigb igblbs lbs cds cdsbs, bs, jst jstbs bs njs rjs rjspdg pdgljg ljg cdg `rjcujgcib `rjcu jgcib?? "pdrq "pdrquj uj jsd js nd quj sj ljej lj mbcjr mbcjr". ". Jstb rjspu rjspujstb, jstb, sdnd jg bpbrijgcib supjr`icibn, rj`njob pbrcibnhjgtj nb ig`nujgcib lj nb cunturb igcrustblb jg gujstrd cdhpdrtbhijgtd.

 

 Bsè pujs, pbrb ndfrbr ugb vjrlbljrb bprjcibcióg lj nb ig`nujgcib lj nb cunturb jg gujstrb vilb librib, js gjcjsbrid pdsjjr cijrtds cdgdcihijgtds lj pdr nds hjgds dtrb sdcijlbl quj tjgfb cbrbctjrèsticbs cunturbnjs li`jrjgtjs. Nb cunturb pujlj jxistir y b vjcjs rjvjnbrsj jg li`jrjgtjs givjnjs pjrcieilds d sueojtivd sueo jtivds, s, pbrb pdlj pdljrr jstul jstulibr ibr jn cdhp cdhpdrtbh drtbhijgtd ijgtd ljn cdgs cdgsuhild uhildrr jstb jstbhds hds igtjrjsblds jg nds sifuijgtjs trjs givjnjs?

NB CZN\ZUB SB\IS@BCJ GJCJSILBLJS Nb cunturb jxistj pbrb sbtis`bcjr nbs gjcjsilbljs lj nb fjgtj ljgtrd lj ugb sdcijlbl. D`rjcj drljg, lirjccióg y fuèb jg tdlbs nbs `bsjs lj nb sdnucióg lj prdenjhbs muhbgds, bn prdpdrcidgbr hétdlds prdeblds y cdhprdeblds pbrb sbtis`bcjr nbs gjcjsilbljs psicdnóficbs, pjrsdgbnjs y sdcibnjs. Qdr jojhpnd, nb cunturb prdpdrcidgb jstâglbrjs y „rjfnbs‘ sderj cubgld cdhjr, ldglj cdhjr, y quj js bprdpibld cdhjr jg jn ljsbyugd, bnhujrzd, cjgb y edcblinnds, y sjrvir  pbrb cdhjr jg ugb `ijstb, ugb rjugióg d ugb edlb. Nb cun cuntur turb b ljt ljtjrh jrhigb igb tbh tbheié eiég g bqu bqujnn jnnd d qu quj j nds hij hijher herds ds lj ugb sdc sdcijl ijlbl bl cdgsiljrbg cdhd ugb "gjcjsilbl" y nd quj cbni`icbg cdhd ug "nuod". Jg `drhb sihinbr, nb cunturb d`rjcj tbheiég fuèbs cdgcrjtbs jg cubgtd b cuân js nb rdpb bprd bp rdpi pibl blb b pb pbrb rb dc dcbs bsid idgj gjs s js jspj pjcè cè`i `icb cbs. s. Nd Nds s có cóli lifd fds s lj ljnn vj vjst stil ild d js jstâ tâg g cbheibgld lrbhâticbhjgtj bmdrb nb fjgtj vistj cdg hjgds `drhbnilbl jg tdld hdhjgtd y jg nb hbydrèb lj nbs situbcidgjs. Nbs crj crjjgc jgcibs ibs,, vb vbndr ndrjs js y cd cdstu stuher herjs js cun cuntur turbnj bnjs s sif sifujg ujg sij sijgld gld rjs rjspjt pjtbld blds s hijgtr hijg trbs bs pr prdl dluz uzcb cbg g ug ugb b sb sbtis tis`b `bcc cció ióg, g, sig sig jh jheb ebrf rfd, d, cu cubg bgld ld ug ugb b gd gdrh rhb b jspjcè`icb yb gd sbtis`bcj b nds hijherds lj ugb sdcijlbl, jstds nb hdli`icbg

 

d sustituyjg cdg dtrb gdrhb quj sjb hâs bcdrlj cdg sus gjcjsilbljs y ljsjds bctubnjs. Lj jstb hbgjrb nb cunturb jvdnucidgb pdcd b pdcd, pjrd igcjsbgtjhjgtj, pbrb sbtis`bcjr nbs gjcjsilbljs lj nb sdcijlbl.

NB CZN\ZUB SJ BQUJGLJ  B li`jrjgcib lj nbs cbrbctjrèsticbs eidnóficbs iggbtbs (cdhd jn sjxd, jn cdndr lj nb pijn d ljn cbejnnd, d nb igtjnifjgcib), nb cunturb js bnfd quj sj bprjglj. Ljslj tjhprbgb jlbl jhpjzbhds b blquirir ug cdgougtd lj crjjgcibs, cdstuherjs y vbndrjs vbnd rjs prdp prdpids ids lj gujst gujstrd rd bhei bheijgtj jgtj sdcibn, nds cubnjs cdgst cdgstituy ituyjg jg gujs gujstrb trb cunturb. Jg jn cbsd lj nds giòds, jn bprjglizboj lj jsds vbndrjs y cdstuherj cuntu cu nturbn rbnjs js sj rj` rj`uj ujrzb rzb mbs mbstb tb cub cubgl gld d ljc ljcilj iljg g liv livjrt jrtirs irsj j cdg sus ouf oufujt ujtjs. js. Cubgld nds giòds oujfbg, nnjvbg b cbed lrbhbtizbcidgjs jg nbs quj rjprdlucjg y jgsbybg ihpdrtbgtjs njccidgjs y situbcidgjs lj su cunturb. Jstj bprjglizboj cunturbn nds prjpbrb pbrb nbs circugstbgcibs quj jgcdgtrbrbg hâs bljnbgtj jg nb vilb rjbn.

CDHD SJ BQUJGLJ NB CZN\ZUB Nds bgt bgtrdp rdpónd óndfds fds mb mbg g ilj iljgti gti`ic `icbld bld trj trjs s gdr gdrhbs hbs li` li`jrj jrjgtj gtjs s lj bpr bprjgl jglizb izboj oj cunturbn? jn Bprjglizboj `drhbn, pdr jn cubn nds bluntds y nds mjrhbgds hbydrjs jgsj jg sjòb òbg g bn gu gujv jvd d hi hijh jher erd d lj nb `b `bhi hini nib b „cdh „cdhd d lj ljej ej cd cdhp hpdr drtb tbrs rsj‘ j‘;; jn bprjglizboj ig`drhbn ,jg jn quj jn giòd bprjglj, sderj tdld, pdr ihitbcióg ljn cdhpdrtbhijgtd lj dtrbs pjrsdgbs, yb sjb `bhinibrjs, bhifds d mérdjs lj nb tjnjvisióg; y jn bprjglizboj técgicd, hjlibgtj jn cubn nds hbjstrds igstruyjg bn giòd, jg ug bheijgtj jlucbtivd, bcjrcb lj nd quj tjglrâ quj mbcjr, cdhd ljejrâ mbcjrnd y pdr qué js prjcisd quj nd mbfb. Si eijg nb puenicilbl lj ugb `irhb pujlj ig`nuir jg nds trjs tipds lj bprjglizboj cunturbn, js prdebenj quj hucmds bgugcids lj prdluctds byuljg b rj`drzbr jn bprjglizboj ig`drhbn lj nb cunturb, yb quj prjsjgtbg bn pÿenicd ug hdljnd lj cdhpdrtbhijgtd pbrb quj tdlds nd ihitjg. Jstd js vânild, jg pbrticunbr jg jn cbsd lj prdluctds huy visienjs d nnbhbtivds, y lj nds prdluctds jxpujstds pbrb sjr jvbnublds jg ug bheijgtj pÿenicd, ldglj nb ig`nujgcib lj pjrsdgbs ljn hishd hjlid pujlj ljsjhpjòbr ug pbpjn ihpdrtbgtj.

 

Nb rjpjticióg lj nds hjgsbojs puenicitbrids crjb y rj`ujrzb crjjgcibs y vbndrjs cunturbnjs. Qdr jojhpnd, hucmds bgugcibgtjs suerbybg lj hdld cdgtigud nb hishb sjrij lj ejgj`icids sjnjccidgblds sjnjccidgblds lj sus prdluctds d sjrvicids.

JN HBUKJ\IGF IG@NZYJ JG JN BQUJGLI_BOJ CZN\ZUBN  B pjsbr lj quj nds hjgsbojs lj puenicilbl y hbrkjtigf lj ugb cdhpbòèb pujljg igcnuir jg nds trjs tipds lj bprjglizboj cunturbn, js prdebenj quj hucmds hjgsbojs lj hbrkjtigf lj prdluctds `drtbnjzcbg jn bprjglizboj cunturbn ig`drhbn bn prjsjgtbr b su bulijgcib ug hdljnd lj cdhpdrtbhijgtd b ihitbr. Jstd js jspjcibnhjgtj cijrtd jg jn cbsd lj prdluctds visienjs d nnbhbtivds jvbnublds jg nufbrjs pÿenicds (cdhd rdpb lj lisjòbldr, nds tjné`dgds cjnunbrjs d nds cnu cnuejs ejs lj fd fdn` n` jxc jxcnus nusivd ivds), s), ldg ldglj lj js prd prdebe ebenj nj qu quj j nb ig` ig`nuj nujgci gcib b ljn prdluctd ljsjhpjòj ug pbpjn ihpdrtbgtj. Bljhâs, nds vbndrjs cunturbnjs gd sdnbhjgtj bpbrjcjg citblds jg jn tjxtd lj nds bgugcids, sigd quj b hjguld sj jgcujgtrb cdli`icblds jg nbs ihâfjgjs visubnjs, nds cdndrjs, nds hdvihijgtds, nb hÿsicb y nds ljhâs jnjhjgtds gd vjrebnjs lj ug bgugcid. Nb rjpjticióg lj nds hjgsbojs lj hbrkjtigf crjb y rj`ujrzb nds vbndrjs y nbs crjjgcibs cunturbnjs. Qdrr jojh Qd jojhpn pnd, d, hu hucm cmds ds bg bgug ugci cibg bgtj tjs s jg jg`b `bti tizb zbg g cd cdgt gtig igub ubhj hjgt gtj j nd nds s hi hish shds ds ejgj`i ejg j`icid cids s sj sjnjc njccid cidgbl gblds ds lj sus prd prdluc luctds tds d sjr sjrvic vicids ids.. Nd Nds s bgu bgugci gcids ds lj sjrvicid tjnj`ógicd igbnâhericd b hjguld ljstbcbg b nb cnbrilbl lj su cdgjxióg, d nb cdejrturb gbcidgbn lj su sjrvicid, d nbs nnbhblbs lj nbrfb listbgcib sig cdstd, bsè cdhd nb `njxieinilbl lj usubrid pnbgjs tbri`brids. Js li`ècin ljcilir si nds suscri sus criptd ptdrjs rjs lj tjn tjnj`d j`dgèb gèb igb igbnâh nâheric ericb b ljs ljsjbg jbg lj hbg hbgjrb jrb igm igmjrj jrjgtj gtj jst jstds ds ejgj`icids lj su prdvjjldr lj sjrvicid igbnâhericd d si, ljspués lj vbrids bòds lj jxpdsicióg bcuhunbtivb b bgugcids quj pdgjg lj rjnijvj jstds ejgj`icids, mbg bprjglild lj nds hjrcblóndfds b ljsjbrnds. Lj cijrtb hbgjrb, b pjsbr lj quj nds bgugcids lj ug prdluctd jspjcè`icd pujljg rj`drzbr nds ejgj`icids quj nds nds cd cdgs gsuh uhil ildr drjs js lj ljsj sjbg bg lj ljnn prdl prdluc uctd td (sjf (sjfÿg ÿg nd mb mbyb yb lj ljtj tjrh rhig igbl bld d nb igvjstifbcióg ljn cdhpdrtbhijgtd ljn cdgsuhildr), licmds bgugcids tbheiég jgsjòbg b nbs `uturbs fjgjrbcidgjs lj cdgsuhildrjs b jspjrbr nds hishds ejgj`icids lj nb cbtjfdrèb lj prdluctd.

 

Qdljhds pjgsbr quj jn sifgi`icbld cunturbn `nuyj lj nbs prâcticbs y nds vbndrjs sdcidcunturbnjs mbcib nds eijgjs lj cdgsuhd y lj bmè bn cdgsuhildr iglivilubn b trbvés lj vbribs `drhbs d hjlids lj cdhugicbrdg sdcibn (cdhd nb puenicilbl jg tjnjvisióg d nbs rjljs sdcibnjs jg nègjb) ihbfigj nb pdpunbr fdrrb lj eéisedn y cdhd lb sifgi`icbld cunturbn j iljgtilbl b quijgjs nb usbg. Nbs fdrrbs lj eéisedn `ugcidgbg cdhd trd`jds (cdhd prujebs lj pbrticipbcióg jg ljpdrtjs d vibojs) d cdhd bvisds lj pjrtjgjgcib b ugb cbtjfdrèb cunturbn. Nbs fdrrbs lj eéisedn tbheiég pujljg utinizbrsj cdhd hjlid lj butdjxprjsióg, nd quj pujlj lbr b quijgjs nbs usbg jn ejgj`icid blicidgbn lj sjrvir cdhd ug tjhb pbrb igicibr ugb cdgvjrsbcióg cdg dtrds. Nd quj js hâs bÿg cubgld puliérbhds jspjrbr quj nb pjrsdgb quj trbj pujstb ugb fdrrb lj eéisedn lj nds pblrjs jg Sbg Lijfd mb jstbld jg Sbg Lijfd (d nb rjcieió cdhd rjfbnd lj bnfu bnfuij ijg g qu quj j js jstu tuvd vd bm bmi) i).. Jg js jstj tj hu hugl gld d lj il iljg jgti tilb lblj ljs s vi virt rtub ubnj njs s nd nds s cdgsuhildrjs pujljg cdhprbr nb fdrrb lj nds pblrjs lj Sbg Lijfd jg ugb tijglb ndcbn y crjbr nb ihprjsióg lj quj mbg jstbld bmè. Hucmds Hjrcblóndfds y bgugcibgtjs cdhpbrtjg jn pugtd lj vistb lj quj nb puenicilbl rj`njob nds vbndrjs y nbs gjcjsilbljs lj nb sdcijlbl y pdr nd tbgtd nbs bsjv bs jvjr jrbc bcid idgj gjs s j igtj igtjrp rpjn jnbc bcid idgj gjs s cd cdgt gtjg jgil ilbs bs jg nd nds s bg bgug ugci cids ds rj rj`n `njo job b jn cdhpdrtbhijgtd d nbs bspirbcidgjs lj nds cnijgtjs pdtjgcibnjs. Sig jhebrfd, ug jstuli jst ulid d rjb rjbniz nizbld bld jg Guj Gujvb vb _j _jnbg nbglb, lb, jn cuâ cuânn bgb bgbniz nizó ó bgu bgugci gcids ds lj rjv rjvist istbs bs igfnjsbs ihpdrtbgtjs rjnbcidgblds cdg nb hdlb jgtrj 29:1 y 5111 nnjfd b ugb cdgcnusióg bnfd listigtb. Ljspués lj bgbnizbr hâs lj 6:11 bgugcids lj hjlib pâfigb d hâs frbgljs jn jstulid cdgcnuyó quj hucmds lj nds cbheids jg nds jstinds d jxmdrtbcidgjs lj nb puenicilbl quj sj prjsjgtbg b nd nbrfd ljn tijhpd pujljg sjr jn rjsuntbld lj ug cicnd lj Hdlb d igvjrsióg fuibld igtjrgbhjgtj (pdr nb iglustrib) hbs quj lj nb iljb lj quj nb puenicilbl jstâ fuiblb pdr nb sdcijlbl

JGCZN\ZUBCIDG Y BCZN\ZUBCIDG Cubgld mbenbg lj nb blquisicióg lj cunturb, nds bgtrdpóndfds jstbenjcjg b hjguld nb li`jrjgcib jgtrj jn bprjglizboj lj nb cunturb prdpib, d gbtivb, y jn bprjglizboj lj (dtrb) "gujvb" cunturb. Jn bprjglizboj lj nb cunturb prdpib sj cdgdcj cdhd jgcunturizbcióg. Jn bprjglizboj lj ugb cunturb gujvb d jxtrbgojrb

 

rjciej jn gdherj lj bcunturbcióg. Nb bcunturbcióg js ug cdgcjptd ihpdrtbgtj pbrb nds hjrcblóndfds quj tijgjg jn prdyjctd lj vjgljr sus prdluctds jg hjrcblds hjrc blds jxtrbgojr jxtrbgojrds ds d hunti huntigbcid gbcidgbnjs gbnjs.. Jg jsds cbsds, nds hjrcb hjrcblónd lóndfds fds tijgjg quj jstulibr nb cunturb d cunturbs jspjcè`icbs lj sus hjrcblds hjtb pdtjgcibnjs cdg jn `ig lj ljtjrhigbr si sus prdluctds sjrâg bcjptbenjs pbrb jsbs pjrsdgbs y, jg cbsd b`irhbtivd, cuân sjrâ nb hjodr `drhb lj cdhugicbr nbs cbrbctjrèsticbs lj sus prdluctds pbrb cdgvjgcjr bn hjrcbld hjtb lj quj nds cdhprj.

ILIDHB Y SIHEDNDS Qbrb blquirir ugb cunturb cdhÿg nds hijherds lj ugb sdcijlbl ljejg sjr  cbpbcjs lj cdhugicbrsj ugds cdg dtrds pdr hjlid lj ug njgfuboj cdhpbrtild. Sig ug ilidhb jg cdhÿg gd pdlrèb jxistir jn sifgi`icbld cdhpbrtild y gd sj nnjvbrâ b cbed ugb vjrlbljrb cdhugicbcióg. Qbrb tjg Qbrb tjgjr jr ug ugb b cdh cdhugi ugicb cbció cióg g j`j j`jcti ctivb vb cdg sus pÿ pÿeni enicds cds nds hjr hjrcb cblón lóndfd dfds s ljejg lje jg usb usbrr nds sèhed sèhednds nds bpr bprdpi dpibld blds s b `ig lj trb trbgsh gshiti itirnj rnjs s nbs ihâfj ihâfjgjs gjs d cbrbctjrèsticbs ljsjblbs, bn bgugcibr su prdluctd. Jstds sèhednds pujljg sjr  vjrebnjs d gd vjrebnjs. Nds sèhednds vjrebnjs pujljg cdgsistir jg ug bgugcid trbgsh trb gshitil itild d pdr tjn tjnjvi jvisió sióg g d pue puenic nicbld bld jg ugb rjv rjvist istb. b. Nb cdh cdhugi ugicb cbció cióg g gd vjrebn igcnuyj jn jhpnjd lj sèhednds cdhd `ifurbs, cdndrjs, `drhbs j igcnusd tjxtur tjx turbs, bs, pbr pbrb b ihp ihpbrt brtir ir ug sif sifgi` gi`icb icbld ld bli blicid cidgbn gbn b nds bgu bgugc gcids ids ihp ihprjs rjsds ds d trbgshitilds pdr rblid d tjnjvisióg, b nbs hbrcbs cdhjrcibnjs y b nds lisjòds lj jgvbsjs d prdluctds. Jg jsjgcib, nb gbturbnjzb siheónicb ljn njgfuboj muhbgd nd cdndcb bpbrtj lj tdlbs nbs ljhâs `drhbs lj cdhugicbcióg bgihbn. Zg sèhednd js cubnquijr cdsb quj rjprjsjgtb b dtrb. Cubnquijr pbnberb js ug sèhednd. Nb pbnberb cbsb trbj b nb hjgtj ugb ihbfjg rjnbcidgblb cdg jn cdgdcijgld y nb jxpjrijgcib ljn prdpid iglivilud. Nb pbnberb murbcbg trbj cdgsifd nb gdcióg lj dnbs y bfubs y tbheiég tijgj jn pdljr lj jstruobrgds jhdcidgbnhjgtj, ljspjrtbgld sjgsbcidgjs lj pjnifrd, bsè cdhd nb gjcjsilbl lj prdtjccióg y sjfurilbl. Lj ifubn hbgjrb, nb pbnberb Cblinnbc tijgj ug sifgi`icbld siheónicd pbrb bnfugds sufijrj ug eujg butdhóvin lj nuod, pbrb dtrds ihpnicb riqujzb y jstbtus (pdr jojhpnd, nb `rbsj

 

Jstj Cblinnbc lj nds rj`rifjrbldrjs sj utinizb pbrb iglicbr quj ug rj`rifjrbldr js jn hjodr jg su cbtjfdrèb lj prdluctd) Cdhd Cd hd nb hj hjgt gtj j mu muhb hbgb gb js cb cbpb pbz z lj prdc prdcjs jsbr br sèhe sèhedn dnds ds,, js pd pdsi sien enj, j, pdr  pdr  jojhpnd, quj ugb pjrsdgb jxpjrihjgtj lj hbgjrb cdfgitivb ugb visubnizbcióg pbrb ug prdluctd, cdhd sucjlj cdg jn bgugcid lj ug fjn muhjctbgtj pbrb nb pijn, jg jn cubn sj cdgtrbstbg lds jscjgbs? ugb lj ug ljsijrtd huy sjcd sig jn fjn y dtrb lj ug pbisboj huy vjrlj cdg jn fjn. \bn cdhpbrbcióg trbgshitj nb iljb lj quj ug fjn muhjctbgtj trbgs`drhbrâ nb pijn sjcb lj ugb pjrsdgb jg ugb pijn muhjctblb y bfrblbenj. Zg sèhednd pujlj tjgjr vbrids sifgi`icblds, igcnusivj cdgtrblictdrids, pdr nd quj jn bg bgugc ugcibg ibgtj tj lje ljej j bvj bvjrif rifubr ubr qu qué é js jxb jxbctb ctbhjg hjgtj tj nd quj én sèh sèhedn ednd d jst jstâ â cdhugicb cdhu gicbgld gld b su bulij bulijgcib gcib hjtb. Qdr jojhp jojhpnd, nd, rjbniz rjbnizbld bld cuil cuilblds bldsbhjg bhjgtj tj pdlrèb jstbr cdhugicbgld jg rjbnilbl ugb ihbfjg lj hétdlds desdnjtds y `bntb lj js jstind tind.. Jn hjr hjrcbl cblónd óndfd fd qu quj j uti utiniz nizb b jxp jxprjs rjsidg idgjs js prd prdpib pibs s lj ljnn brfdt brfdt jg ug bgugcid pbrb trbjr b ug pÿenicd bldnjscjgtj ljej mbcjrnd cdg hucmd cuilbld, nbs jxprjsidgjs prdpibs ljn brfdt hbn jhpnjblbs d pbsblbs lj hdlb pdlrèbg pdgjrnj `jcmb siheónicb b nb cdhpbòèb y bn prdluctd. Jn prjcid y nds cbgbnjs lj listrieucióg tbheiég sdg sèhednds sifgi`icbtivds lj hjrcb hjr cblón lóndfd dfds s y su prd prdluc luctd. td. Qdr joj jojhpn hpnd, d, jn prj prjcid cid b hjg hjgul uld d rjp rjprjs rjsjgt jgtb b cbnilbl pbrb nds cdhprbldrjs pdtjgcibnjs. Qbrb cijrtds prdluctds cdhd nb rdpb jn tipd tipd lj tijg tijglb lb jg jn qu quj j vj vjgl gljg jg tbhe tbheié iég g js ug sèhe sèhedn dnd d ih ihpd pdrtb rtbgt gtj j lj cbnilbl. Nbs hbrcbs sdg sèhednds lj nb cunturb hbsbs, bsè cdhd tbheiég jxprjsidgjs lj nb blhigistrbcióg d nb jstrbtjfib lj nbs bfjgcibs lj puenicilbl. Qdr jojhpnd, nds bgugcids lj nb lécblb lj 29:1 sufjrèbg ugb `bgtbsèb quj tjgèb quj vjr cdg bpbrbtds bmdrrbldrjs lj tijhpd, butdhóvinjs cdg jstind y hjgds cbrijs. Jg cdgtrbstj nds bgugcids lj nb lécblb 2901 jrbg hjgsbojs hâs rjejnljs cdhd ug cbrâctjr cdgtrbcunturbn. Bljhâs, nds cdgsuhildrjs gd sijhprj jstâg lj bcujrld cdg jn sifgi`icbld drifigbn cdgcjeild pdr nds fjrjgtjs ljn prdluctd d lj nbs bfj bfjgci gcibs bs lj pue puenic nicilb ilbl. l. Qdr joj jojhpn hpnd, d, jg tbg tbgtd td quj bnf bnfug ugbs bs pjr pjrsdg sdgbs bs

 

pujljg pjgsbr quj nnjvbr Spbh b ug cbhpbhjgtd js ugb eujgb iljb, dtrds nd vjrâg cdhd nb bgtètjsis lj nb gduvjnnj cdusigj.

UI\ZBNJS Zg ritubn js ug tipd lj bctivilbl siheónicb quj cdgsistj jg ugb sjrij lj pbsds (hÿntipnjs cdhpdrtbhijgtds) quj dcurrjg jg ugb sjcujgcib `iob y sj rjpitjg cdg jn tijhpd. Nd hâs ihpdrtbgtj, ljslj jn pugtd lj vistb lj nds hjrcblóndfds, js jn mjcmd lj quj nds ritubnjs tijgljg b jstbr rjpnjtds lj brtj`bctds (prdluctds) quj jstâg bsdciblds cdg jn ritubn d quj, lj bnfugb hbgjrb, hjodrbg jn ljsbrrdnnd ljn hishd. Nb sif sifuij uijgtj gtj tbe tbenb nb prj prjsjg sjgtb tb ugb nistb nistb lj brt brtj`b j`bctd ctds s qu quj j sd sdg g cun cuntur turbnh bnhjgt jgtj j bprdpiblds pbrb listigtbs dcbsidgjs jspjcibnjs.

Uitubnjs sjnjctds y brtj`bctds bsdciblds UI\ZBNJS S SJ JNJCCIDGBLDS Edlb

Gbcihijgtd Cuhpnjbòds  Bgivjrsbrid lj edlbs edlbs lj drd

Frblubcióg

BU\J@BC\DS \ \IIQICDS Pjst Pj stil ild d

en enb bgc gcd d

(b (bnf nfd d

vij ijood,

bnf nfd d

gujvd, bnfd prjstbld, bnfd bzun) Edgds ljn bmdrrd lj Jstblds Zgilds, cucmbritb lj pnbtb \brojtb, rjfbnd, pbstjn cdg vjnbs Ebgqujtj, tbrojtb y rjfbnd, jxpdsicióg lj `dtds lj nb vilb lj nb pbrjob Qnuhb, edgds ljn bmdrrd lj Jstblds Zgilds, tbrojtb, rjndo

Lèb lj Sbg Pbnjgtèg

Cmdcdnbtjs, tbrojtb, `ndrjs

 Bòd gujvd

Cmbhpbòb, `ijstb, vjstil vjstild d jnjfbgtj

Lèb lj Bccióg lj Frbcibs

Qrjpbrbr ugb cdhilb cdg pbvd pbrb nb `bhinib y bhifds

 

Ir bn fihgbsid

\dbnnb, rdpb lj jojrcicid, bfub, iQdl Cjrvjzb, pbpbs `ritbs, prjtzjns

@utedn jg ldhigfd

Ifub Ifubnn qu quj j jn `ÿ `ÿte tedn dn lj ljnn ldhi ldhigf gfd d (u (ug g Qbrtild ljn Supjr \bzóg

Jhpjzbr ug trbebod gujvd Detjgjr ug bscjgsd

pdcd hâs)

Cdrtbrsj jn pjnd, cdhprbr rdpb gujvb Igvitbcióg

b

cdhjr

lj

nds

cdhpbòjrds, rjfbnd siheónicd

Ujtird

@ijstb lj nb cdhpbòèb, rjndo, pnbcb

Hujrtj

Jgvibr Jgvi br ug ugb b tb tbro rojt jtb, b, ld ldgb gbrr b bn bnfu fugb gb cbusb b gdherj ljn `bnnjcild

NBS CDS\ZHEUJS Y CUJJGCIBS CZN\ZUBNJS SJ CDHQBU\JG  Qbrb quj ugb crjjgcib, ug vbndr d ugb prâcticb pbrticunbr sj cdgsiljrjg ugb cbrbctjrèsticb cunturbn, ljejg sjr cdhpbrtilds pdr ugb pbrtj sifgi`icbtivb lj nb sdcijlbl. Qdr jsd, nb cunturb b hjguld sj cdgsiljrb cdhd ug cdgougtd lj cdstuherjs quj ugjg b nds hijherds lj ugb sdcijlbl

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Nbs li`jrjgtjs igstitucidgjs sdcibnjs ljgtrd lj ugb sdcijlbl trbgshitjg nds jnjhjgtds lj nb cunturb y pjrhitjg cdhpbrtirnb. Ljgtrd lj éstbs, nb igst igstit ituc ució ióg g hâ hâs s ih ihpd pdrt rtbg bgtj tj js nb `b `bhi hinib nib,, qu quj j sirv sirvj j cd cdhd hd jn bf bfjg jgtj tj prihbrid lj jgcunturbcióg, nd cubn ihpnicb trbgshitir nbs crjjgcibs, nds vbndrjs y nbs cdstuherjs cunturbnjs eâsicbs b nds hijherds hâs oóvjgjs lj nb sdcijlbl.

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Nbs igstitucidgjs jlucbtivbs jstâg jspjcè`icbhjgtj b cbrfd lj ihpbrtir  mbein mb einilb ilbljs ljs eâs eâsicb icbs s lj bpr bprjgl jglizb izboj, oj, cd cdgdc gdcihi ihijgt jgtds ds sde sderj rj mis mistdr tdrib, ib, pbtri pb tridt dtis ishd hd,, cd cdgl gluc uctb tb cè cèvi vicb cb,, bs bsèè cd cdhd hd jn jg jgtr trjg jgbh bhij ijgt gtd d té técg cgic icd d gjcjsbrid pbrb prjpbrbr b nbs pjrsdgbs pbrb rdnjs sifgi`icbtivds ljgtrd lj nb sdcijlbl.

 

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 Nbs igstitucidgjs rjnifidsbs `drhbg y li`ugljg nb cdgcijgcib rjnifidsb, nb fuèb jspiritubn y nb jlucbcióg hdrbn.

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Zgb cubrtb igstitucióg sdcibn quj ljsjhpjòb ug pbpjn ihpdrtbgtj jg nb trbgs`jrjgcib lj nb cunturb b trbvés lj nb sdcijlbl, y quj b hjguld js dnvilblb, sdg nds hjlids lj cdhugicbcióg hbsivb y dtrbs `drhbs lj cdhugicbcióg hjrcbldnóficb. Jg virtul lj nb jxtjgsb jxpdsicióg lj nb pdenb pd enbció cióg g jst jstbld bldug ugilj iljgs gsj j b nds hjl hjlids ids ihp ihprjs rjsds, ds, jnj jnjctr ctrógi ógicds cds y b Igtjrgjt, y pdr jn `drhbtd jgtrjtjgild y `âcin lj lifjrir quj utinizbg pbrb prjsjgtbr sus cdgtjgilds, gd js lj sdrprjgljrsj quj licmds hjlids sjbg sj bg pd pdlj ljrd rdsd sds s vj vjmè mècu cund nds s pb pbrb rb tr trbg bgsh shit itir ir ug ugb b bh bhpn pnib ib vb vbrij rijlb lbl l lj vbndrjs cunturbnjs.

Jstbhds jxpujstds libribhjgtj b nb puenicilbl, ug cdhpdgjgtj ihpdrtbgtj lj nds nds hjl jlid ids s lj cdh dhu ugic gicbc bció ióg g. Nb puenic enicil ilb bl gd són ónd d `i `igb gbg gcib cib d mb mbc cj jcdgóhicbhjgtj pdsienjs nds cdgtjgilds jlitdribnjs d lj prdfrbhbcióg lj nds hjlids lj cdhugicbcióg, sigd quj tbheiég trbgshitj hucmd bcjrcb lj gujstrb cunturb. Sig nb puenicilbl sjrèb cbsi ihpdsienj lisjhigbr ig`drhbcióg bcjrcb lj prdluc prd luctds tds,, ilj iljbs bs y cbu cbusbs sbs.. Nds cd cdgsu gsuhil hildrj drjs s rjc rjciej iejg g ig` ig`drh drhbci bcióg óg cun cuntur turbn bn ihpdrtbgtj lj nb puenicilbl.

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Zgb qui quigtb gtb y hâs rjc rjcijg ijgtj tj igs igstit tituci ucióg óg sdc sdcibn ibn pbr pbrb b cdh cdhpb pbrtir rtir vbndrj vbndrjs s cuntu cu nturbn rbnjs js sdg nbs cdh cdhug ugilb ilbljs ljs vir virtub tubnjs, njs, cdh cdhd d nbs sb sbnbs nbs lj cm cmbt. bt. Sj jstihb quj hâs lj