British Flora Medica Vol 1
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HURST LIBRARY
FACULTY OF PHARMACY UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
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(EA]B®ILWS
•N.tTIiLlSHED AS THE
W(m
ILHSTBTiEWg
ACT DIRECTS. TUBT 1 .ISmES-KUZ. COiS' THOMAS'S STREET. SOU'l-HWARK.
TO HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY,
WILLIAM THE FOUKTH, THE MUNIFICENT PATRON OF SCIENCE AND LITERATURE,
THIS WORK, ILLUSTRATIVE OF BRITISH MEDICINAL PLANTS, IS,
BY PERMISSION,
MOST HUMBLY INSCRIBED, BY HIS majesty's rAITlU'UL
AND DEVOTED SERVANTS,
THE AUTHORS.
^Of?0/VTc
PREFACE.
The
great importance of the vegetable kingdom, whether
it
be
considered as affording aliment, clothing, or medicine to the
human race, is so obvious as to require no demonstration. If we recur to the earliest periods of the history of our globe, we observe the first dawn of medical science in the employment of those productions which, springing up in such abundance,
and aftbrding
man
as they did to primeval
the chief, if not the
only article of food, were naturally resorted to as the most suitable remedies for disease
Through every suc-
and pain.
ceeding age, plants have attracted a large share of attention, and
have formed the chief resources of the healing art for a time disregarded, in the rage for minerals
schemes of treatment, stitute
the
which the physician still in
may
it
most potent,
some degree envelope
are dispersed, their
and though
be safely affirmed, that they con-
tractable,
acquainted
is
;
and visionary
;
and valuable agents with and, as the
their qualities
importance
will
clouds which
and mode of action
become more eminently
conspicuous. It is a trite
remark, but not the less true, that the indigenous
plants of Britain are too
much
neglected
great measure, the result of that is
of
:
this is doubtless,
undue preference
in
for all that
novel and rare, and difficult to be procured, so characteristic
human
nature
;
to
which may be added, that partial and
disingenuous spirit of criticism which condemns without investigating,
because
and would deprive an object of it is
all
its
excellencies,
sanctioned by the voice of antiquity or the home-
liness of rustic practice.
work
Tlie immediate design of this
description of
is,
to furnish an accurate
the medicinal plants indigenous to Britain,
all
which appear entitled to that character, from the estimation which they were held by the greatest and most
in
judgement
is
apparent from the
after
many
used by modern practitioners.
understood
fully
lately
in 1725,
been restored with
it
is
is
to sink in oblivion,
well exemplified in effects
century
in the sixteenth
How many more discovered,
This
more prominent
London Pharmacopoeia
the
their
have again been successfully
years' neglect,
history of Foxglove, the
of the
in
that several of the plants
fact,
which they recommended have been allowed
and
skilful
That they were generally correct
old physicians.
;
it
the
of which were
was admitted
into
discarded in 1746, and has
more than
its
pristine
honours.
" blest secrets of the earth " remain yet to be
impossible
to predict
;
but
if
these pages
should succeed in calling attention to one such plant, the labours
of the Authors will be abundantly recompensed.
We
must not omit
suggested by Mr.
good
"British Domestic
practical work, containing
digenous
illustrate
:
the
was
Herbal," a
a judicious selection of in-
medical plants, illustrated
familiar species to
to state, that the idea of this Flora
Waller's
by
figures
of the less
the best of these plates have been chosen
present
work,
considerable additions
improvements being made, and new figures of equal number being expressly engraved.
To
and
at least
an
the letter-press
of the above-mentioned volume, we are merely indebted for
some extracts interspersed through the following pages. When we add that the synonymes of each plant have been carefully arranged,— its botanical character,
its
utility in the arts, or in
and domestic economy, copiously described,— and its medicinal properties adduced from the best authorities,— we rural
may
fairly assert,
that
this
work has a
originality, at least, as far as the
whose chief value consists
legitimate claim to
term will apply to publications
in the ability they discover
in af-
fording a record of the experience of the past.
Tliroughout these pages popular view, and an attempt has been
made
utility
to
has been kept
in.
render them available
reader: for this to the general as well as to the medical will be purpose, a complete glossary of the terms employed found at the end of the work. Medical science, we are assured, rests
on too firm a basis to fear the exposition and general and while no countenance should be its principles
diffusion of
;
cirgiven to the pernicious practice of tampering with drugs, remedies cumstances often render a knowledge of simple
highly important vidual
sonable
may
and
useful,
dispense to the
relief,
whereby the benevolent
indi-
indigent and suffering, that sea-
without which the other offices of charity are
incomplete and imavailing.
For the same reason, the more and easy of
familiar of medicinal plants cultivated in gardens, access,
Britain
are introduced; are
particularly
the
poisonous
vegetables of
Great
described, and directions given for
counteracting their baneful effects.
In conclusion,
we acknowledge
ourselves peculiarly indebted
the Medicarainum of Murray Flore Medicale of M. Chaumeton; \Voodville"s Medical Botany Iromus Smith and Sowerby's English Botany; De Candolle's Prodi to
the
valuable
Apparatus
Regni Vegetabilis, &c.
;
CONTENTS. VOL.
I.
Page
Abies communis
Acanthus mollis Aconitum Napellus Acorus Calamus jEsculus Hippocastanum
=
309
Page
Carum Cami
134
1G2
Centaurea Cyauus Chelidoniura majus Chenopodium olidum Colchicum autumnale
iEthusa Cynapium Agrimonia Eupatoria
32G
Conium maculatum
11
Convolvulus sepium
61
Ajuga Chamaepitys Ajuga reptans
369 113
Coriandrum sativum
Allium sativum
347 IIC
Cuscuta europaea
216 236 263
Anchusa officinalis Anchusa tinctoria
Anethum
graveolens
48 1
313
16
260 18
Angelica Archangelica
Anthemis
nobilis
Anthriscus Cerefolium Aquilegia vulgaris Arbutus Uva-ursi
Arctium Lappa Aristolochia Clematitis
57 166 1
207 45 119
Arum maculatum
67 24
Asarum europseum
29
Asparagus
officinalis
Aspidium Filix-mas Bellis perennis
Berberis vulgaris
Beta vulgaris Betonica
officinalis
Betulaalba Borago officinalis Bryonia dioica Calamintha officinalis Cardamine pratensis
33 298 244 42 55 58 63 83 97 131
232
Cuminum Cyminum Cytisus Scoparius
Daucus Carota Dianthus Caryophyllus Digitalis
purpurea
Eryngium maritimum Erythraea Centaur ium Eupatorium cannabinum Euphrasia officinalis Foeniculum vulgare
Fumaria officinalis Galium Aparine Geranium robertianum
Geum urbanum Glechoma hederacea Helleborus foetidus Helleborus niger
Hyoscyamus niger Inula Helenium Iris
Pseud-Acorus
Lamium purpureum Leontodon Taraxacum
Linum catharticum Linum usitatissimum
80 148 361
187 385
93 139
183 332 285 153
392 288 .291
344 178 404 36 366 51
379 395 275 317 377 249 324 320
CONTENTS OF VOL. Page
Lithospermum officinale Lolium temulentum Melissa
officinalis
Menyanthes
trifoliata
Nepeta Cataria Ophioglossum vulgatum
364 254 39 104 145 9
Paris quadrifolia
401
Peucedanum
407 124
officinale
Pimpinella saxifraga
Polygonum Bistorta Polygonum Hydropiper
70 73
Potentilla reptans
I7I
Primula veris Pyrethrum Parthenium Ranunculus acris
221
Rhamnus
catharticus
Ribes nigrum
Rubus
fruticosus
303 226 109 240 86
Page
Ruscus aculeatus
128
Salvia pratensis
173
Sambucus nigra
269 372 306 374
Scolopodendrium vulgare Scrophularia aquatica
Sisymbrium officinale Smyrnium Olusatrum Solanum Dulcamara
14
76 358 266
Solidago Virgaurea Spiraea Filipendula
Symphytum
211
officinale
Teucrium Chamaedrys Teucrium Scordium Trigonella Foemim-groecum.
.
.
.
352 355 295
Tussilago Farfara
201
Ulmus campestris
280 89
Veronica Beccabunga
LIST OF PLATES,
AND DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER.
Plate
1 to face
2
P^g^
2.
15. .
.
-i".
24.
36. 55.
6
70.
7 8
76.
9 10
116-
11
145.
93.
134.
12
152.
13 14
174.
15
221.
184.
16
248.
17
...266.
18
281.
19
292.
20
303.
21
326.
22...
352.
23 24
374.
25
404.
386.
THE
BRITISH
FLORA MEDIC A I.
ACONITUM NAPELLUS. Common
Wolf s-hane
Aconite,
PoLYANDRiA.— Oz-f/er
Class XIII.
Nat. Ord.
Gen. Char.
Calyx
stalks,
;
Trigynia.
petaloid, irregular
;
the upper leaflet
petals or nectaries
Upper
lateral
leaflet
of the calyx arched at the
ones hairy on the inner side.
Germens
Leaves divided down cuneate lobes, furrowed above.
to five, smooth.
three
on
concealed beneath the helmet.
Spec. Char.
back
III.
RANUNCUlACEiE.
The two upper
helmet-shaped.
long
or Monk's-hood.
,
petiole into five
to the
SYNONYMES. Greek
a,tcovirov.
. . .
Theoplirashis, Dioscorides.
fAconitum coeruleum seu Napellus. Latin... i
Bauh. Pm. 183.
Tourn,
^"^^-425.
Aconitum Napellus. Lin. Sp. PL 751. £nff. Fl. iii. p. 31. LAconitum vulgare. De Cand. Syst. vol. i. p. 372. AconitNapel; Coqueluchon Capuchon de moine Madriette. I
Fretich.. Italian
. .
Spanish..
Danish Swedish
;
.
Matalobos deflor azul. ; Blaue Monchskappe ; Stui-mhut ; Wolfswurz; Eisenhutlein, Blaauwe Monnikskap ; Blaauwe Wolfswortel. Blauemunke ; IMunkehcette ; Stormhat.
.
Stormhatt.
German...
Dutch..
;
Aconito Nappello. Aconito Napelo
,
Description.— The root is perennial, napiform, fleshy, of a dark colour without, whitish within, and sending off numerous fibres. The stem is erect, simple, subangular, smooth, and
;
The
vises to the height of three or four feet.
nate, palmated,
and deeply divided
leaves are alter-
wedge-
into five elongated
shaped segmewts, which are irregularly cut and toothed and fur-
rowed on stalks,
their
upper surface
the lower leaves have long foot-
;
but the upper are nearly sessile
;
the whole are dark
The
green above, paler beneath, smooth, and shining.
flowers
are arranged in a long cylindrical spike at the top of the stem
each flower
The calyx resembles
at the base. violet colour
;
supported on a pedicel with two small bractese
is
it
:
a corolla, being of a deep
consists of five unequal leaflets or sepals
;
the
uppermost arched, helmet-shaped, concealing the petals; the lateral ones broad and nearly round the lower oblong, divaricating. ;
The two
petals or nectaries stand on long incurved stalks,
are concealed beneath the helmet
;
each petal
a hooked spur and an oblong bifid limb.
is
and
furnished with
The stamens are The pis-
numerous, converging, and support whitish anthers. tils
are generally three in number, each furnished with a simple
and reflexed stigma.
style
(Plate
seeds.
The
capsules are
containing numerous black,
oval, smooth,
usually three,
angular, wrinkled
1, fig. 2.)
This plant can scarcely be considered a native of England, but it was found on the banks of the river Teme, in Herefordshire, in great abundance, by Sir J. E. Smith. It was first cultivated in the English garden about the year 1596, where well in moist and shady situations, flowering in
thrives
it
June or July.
grows wild in several of the Alpine regions of Europe, viz. mountains and hilly pastures of Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, Spain, Italy, and France *. The etymology of the term Aconitum •\ is rather doubtful. It
in the
Some have derived to the
rocky
soil in
it
from
which
ocnovirog, it
devoid of dust, in reference
grows, others from mkouv a javelin,
because the savage nations poisoned their darts with *
De Candolle considers
to be the
the species which he has
one described by Storck
;
corj-mbose spike, pale bhie flowers, lateral sepals
aliqui
from the above in
its loose
more convex acuminate hebnet, and
smooth within.
f " Aconitum Aconitum
differing
juice
its
named A. paniculatum,
nascitur in nudis cautibus, quas Aconas nominant
;
et ideo
aliqui dixere, nullo juxta
rationem nominis attulcre.
ne pulvere quidem nutriente. Hanc Alii quoniam vis eadem in morte esset,
quae cotibus ad ferri aeiem deterendam, statimque tiretur. "—P/jny.
admota
velocitas sen-
THE
FLORA DOMESTICA. I.
ACONITUM NAPELLUS. Common
Aconite^ Wolfs-bane,
PoLYANDRiA.
Class XIII.
oi'
Order
Monk's-hood.
III.
Trigynia.
Ranunculace.-e, Helleeore.e.
Nat. Ord.
Ca/y.^ petaloid, irregular; the upper leaflet
Gen. Char.
helmet-shaped.
The two upper
petals or nectaries on
long stalks, concealed beneath the helmet.
Upper
Spec. Char.
back
;
lateral
three to
five,
leaflet
of the calyx arched at the
Germens ones hairy on the inner side. Leaves divided down to the smooth.
petiole into five cuneate lobes, fuiTowed above.
SYNONYMES. Greek
. .
.
axovirtDi.
Theophrastus, Dioscorides.
/conitum cceruleum seu Napellus.
French.. Italian
. .
Spanish
German Dutch
Bauh. Pin. 183.
Tourn.
Inst. 425.
Latin,
.
.
. .
Aconitum Napellus. Lin. Sp. PI. 751. Aconitum vulgare. De Candolle. Aconit Napel Coqueluchon ; Capuchon de moine ;
Aconito Nappello. Aconito Napelo ; Mataiobos de Blaue Monchskappe
;
Blaauwe Monnikskap
Description.
—The root
;
Madriette.
flor azul.
Sturmhut ; Wolfswurz; Eisenhutlein. Blaauwe Wolfswortel. ;
is
perennial, fleshy, of a dark colour
without, whitish withiTi, fusiform or turnip-shaped, and sending
out numerous
fibres.
The stem
is
erect, simple,
The
rises to the height of three or four feet.
smooth, and
leaves are alter-
nate, palmated, and deeply divided into five elongated wedgeshaped segments, which are irregularly cut and toothed and fur-
rowed on stalks,
their
upper surface
the lower leaves have long foot-
;
but the u'^per are nearly
sessile
;
the whole are dark
green above, paler beneath, smooth, and shining.
The
flowers
are arranged in a long cylindrical spike at the top of the stem,
they appear in June
two small
;
each flower
is
supported on a pedicel with
The calyx resembles
bracteae.
a corolla, being of a
the upit consists of five unequal leaflets deep violet colour permost arched, helmet-shaped, concealing the petals the late:
;
;
ral
ones broad and nearly round
The two upper
;
the lower oblong, divaricating.
petals or nectaries are curved
neath the helmet
;
each petal
is
and concealed be-
furnished with a hooked spur
The stamens are numerous, conand an oblong bifid limb. verging, and support whitish anthers. The pistils are generally three in number, each furnished with a simple style and re-
flexed stigma.
Capsules three to
five,
numerous black, angular, wrinkled
oval, smooth, containing
seeds.
(Plate
I., fig.
2.)
This noble plant cannot be considered a native of England, but
it
has been found growing on the banks of the river Teme,
abvmdance, by Sir J. E. Smith. It was introduced to the English garden about the year 1596, where it thrives well in moist and shady situations. " The plant is usually propagated by divisions of the roots, as when raised
in Herefordshire, in great
The from seed it rarely flowers before the third year." * Monk's-hood grows wild in several of the Alpine regions of Europe, viz., in the mountains and hilly pastures of Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, Spain, Italy, and France.
The etymology of the term Aconitumf is rather Some have derived it from uyJviro;, devoid of dust, in to the rocky soil in
which
it
doubtful.
reference
grows, others from Ukuv, a javelin,
because the savage nations poisoned their darts with
its
juice;
* Miller.
f " Aconitura nascitur in nudis cautibus, quas Aconas nominant ; et ideo aliqui dixere, nullo juxta ne pulvere quidem nutriente. Hanc
Aconitum aliqui
rationem nominis attulere.
Alii
quoniam
vis
quse cotibus ad ferri aciem deterendam, statimque
tiretur."— /'/jny.
eadem in morte esset, admota velocitas sen-
A/^(5
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