British Flora Medica Vol 1

December 5, 2017 | Author: Andrew Lange | Category: Petal, Flowers, Fruit, Sowing, Plants
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ACT DIRECTS. TUBT 1 .ISmES-KUZ. COiS' THOMAS'S STREET. SOU'l-HWARK.

TO HIS MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY,

WILLIAM THE FOUKTH, THE MUNIFICENT PATRON OF SCIENCE AND LITERATURE,

THIS WORK, ILLUSTRATIVE OF BRITISH MEDICINAL PLANTS, IS,

BY PERMISSION,

MOST HUMBLY INSCRIBED, BY HIS majesty's rAITlU'UL

AND DEVOTED SERVANTS,

THE AUTHORS.

^Of?0/VTc

PREFACE.

The

great importance of the vegetable kingdom, whether

it

be

considered as affording aliment, clothing, or medicine to the

human race, is so obvious as to require no demonstration. If we recur to the earliest periods of the history of our globe, we observe the first dawn of medical science in the employment of those productions which, springing up in such abundance,

and aftbrding

man

as they did to primeval

the chief, if not the

only article of food, were naturally resorted to as the most suitable remedies for disease

Through every suc-

and pain.

ceeding age, plants have attracted a large share of attention, and

have formed the chief resources of the healing art for a time disregarded, in the rage for minerals

schemes of treatment, stitute

the

which the physician still in

may

it

most potent,

some degree envelope

are dispersed, their

and though

be safely affirmed, that they con-

tractable,

acquainted

is

;

and visionary

;

and valuable agents with and, as the

their qualities

importance

will

clouds which

and mode of action

become more eminently

conspicuous. It is a trite

remark, but not the less true, that the indigenous

plants of Britain are too

much

neglected

great measure, the result of that is

of

:

this is doubtless,

undue preference

in

for all that

novel and rare, and difficult to be procured, so characteristic

human

nature

;

to

which may be added, that partial and

disingenuous spirit of criticism which condemns without investigating,

because

and would deprive an object of it is

all

its

excellencies,

sanctioned by the voice of antiquity or the home-

liness of rustic practice.

work

Tlie immediate design of this

description of

is,

to furnish an accurate

the medicinal plants indigenous to Britain,

all

which appear entitled to that character, from the estimation which they were held by the greatest and most

in

judgement

is

apparent from the

after

many

used by modern practitioners.

understood

fully

lately

in 1725,

been restored with

it

is

is

to sink in oblivion,

well exemplified in effects

century

in the sixteenth

How many more discovered,

This

more prominent

London Pharmacopoeia

the

their

have again been successfully

years' neglect,

history of Foxglove, the

of the

in

that several of the plants

fact,

which they recommended have been allowed

and

skilful

That they were generally correct

old physicians.

;

it

the

of which were

was admitted

into

discarded in 1746, and has

more than

its

pristine

honours.

" blest secrets of the earth " remain yet to be

impossible

to predict

;

but

if

these pages

should succeed in calling attention to one such plant, the labours

of the Authors will be abundantly recompensed.

We

must not omit

suggested by Mr.

good

"British Domestic

practical work, containing

digenous

illustrate

:

the

was

Herbal," a

a judicious selection of in-

medical plants, illustrated

familiar species to

to state, that the idea of this Flora

Waller's

by

figures

of the less

the best of these plates have been chosen

present

work,

considerable additions

improvements being made, and new figures of equal number being expressly engraved.

To

and

at least

an

the letter-press

of the above-mentioned volume, we are merely indebted for

some extracts interspersed through the following pages. When we add that the synonymes of each plant have been carefully arranged,— its botanical character,

its

utility in the arts, or in

and domestic economy, copiously described,— and its medicinal properties adduced from the best authorities,— we rural

may

fairly assert,

that

this

work has a

originality, at least, as far as the

whose chief value consists

legitimate claim to

term will apply to publications

in the ability they discover

in af-

fording a record of the experience of the past.

Tliroughout these pages popular view, and an attempt has been

made

utility

to

has been kept

in.

render them available

reader: for this to the general as well as to the medical will be purpose, a complete glossary of the terms employed found at the end of the work. Medical science, we are assured, rests

on too firm a basis to fear the exposition and general and while no countenance should be its principles

diffusion of

;

cirgiven to the pernicious practice of tampering with drugs, remedies cumstances often render a knowledge of simple

highly important vidual

sonable

may

and

useful,

dispense to the

relief,

whereby the benevolent

indi-

indigent and suffering, that sea-

without which the other offices of charity are

incomplete and imavailing.

For the same reason, the more and easy of

familiar of medicinal plants cultivated in gardens, access,

Britain

are introduced; are

particularly

the

poisonous

vegetables of

Great

described, and directions given for

counteracting their baneful effects.

In conclusion,

we acknowledge

ourselves peculiarly indebted

the Medicarainum of Murray Flore Medicale of M. Chaumeton; \Voodville"s Medical Botany Iromus Smith and Sowerby's English Botany; De Candolle's Prodi to

the

valuable

Apparatus

Regni Vegetabilis, &c.

;

CONTENTS. VOL.

I.

Page

Abies communis

Acanthus mollis Aconitum Napellus Acorus Calamus jEsculus Hippocastanum

=

309

Page

Carum Cami

134

1G2

Centaurea Cyauus Chelidoniura majus Chenopodium olidum Colchicum autumnale

iEthusa Cynapium Agrimonia Eupatoria

32G

Conium maculatum

11

Convolvulus sepium

61

Ajuga Chamaepitys Ajuga reptans

369 113

Coriandrum sativum

Allium sativum

347 IIC

Cuscuta europaea

216 236 263

Anchusa officinalis Anchusa tinctoria

Anethum

graveolens

48 1

313

16

260 18

Angelica Archangelica

Anthemis

nobilis

Anthriscus Cerefolium Aquilegia vulgaris Arbutus Uva-ursi

Arctium Lappa Aristolochia Clematitis

57 166 1

207 45 119

Arum maculatum

67 24

Asarum europseum

29

Asparagus

officinalis

Aspidium Filix-mas Bellis perennis

Berberis vulgaris

Beta vulgaris Betonica

officinalis

Betulaalba Borago officinalis Bryonia dioica Calamintha officinalis Cardamine pratensis

33 298 244 42 55 58 63 83 97 131

232

Cuminum Cyminum Cytisus Scoparius

Daucus Carota Dianthus Caryophyllus Digitalis

purpurea

Eryngium maritimum Erythraea Centaur ium Eupatorium cannabinum Euphrasia officinalis Foeniculum vulgare

Fumaria officinalis Galium Aparine Geranium robertianum

Geum urbanum Glechoma hederacea Helleborus foetidus Helleborus niger

Hyoscyamus niger Inula Helenium Iris

Pseud-Acorus

Lamium purpureum Leontodon Taraxacum

Linum catharticum Linum usitatissimum

80 148 361

187 385

93 139

183 332 285 153

392 288 .291

344 178 404 36 366 51

379 395 275 317 377 249 324 320

CONTENTS OF VOL. Page

Lithospermum officinale Lolium temulentum Melissa

officinalis

Menyanthes

trifoliata

Nepeta Cataria Ophioglossum vulgatum

364 254 39 104 145 9

Paris quadrifolia

401

Peucedanum

407 124

officinale

Pimpinella saxifraga

Polygonum Bistorta Polygonum Hydropiper

70 73

Potentilla reptans

I7I

Primula veris Pyrethrum Parthenium Ranunculus acris

221

Rhamnus

catharticus

Ribes nigrum

Rubus

fruticosus

303 226 109 240 86

Page

Ruscus aculeatus

128

Salvia pratensis

173

Sambucus nigra

269 372 306 374

Scolopodendrium vulgare Scrophularia aquatica

Sisymbrium officinale Smyrnium Olusatrum Solanum Dulcamara

14

76 358 266

Solidago Virgaurea Spiraea Filipendula

Symphytum

211

officinale

Teucrium Chamaedrys Teucrium Scordium Trigonella Foemim-groecum.

.

.

.

352 355 295

Tussilago Farfara

201

Ulmus campestris

280 89

Veronica Beccabunga

LIST OF PLATES,

AND DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER.

Plate

1 to face

2

P^g^

2.

15. .

.

-i".

24.

36. 55.

6

70.

7 8

76.

9 10

116-

11

145.

93.

134.

12

152.

13 14

174.

15

221.

184.

16

248.

17

...266.

18

281.

19

292.

20

303.

21

326.

22...

352.

23 24

374.

25

404.

386.

THE

BRITISH

FLORA MEDIC A I.

ACONITUM NAPELLUS. Common

Wolf s-hane

Aconite,

PoLYANDRiA.— Oz-f/er

Class XIII.

Nat. Ord.

Gen. Char.

Calyx

stalks,

;

Trigynia.

petaloid, irregular

;

the upper leaflet

petals or nectaries

Upper

lateral

leaflet

of the calyx arched at the

ones hairy on the inner side.

Germens

Leaves divided down cuneate lobes, furrowed above.

to five, smooth.

three

on

concealed beneath the helmet.

Spec. Char.

back

III.

RANUNCUlACEiE.

The two upper

helmet-shaped.

long

or Monk's-hood.

,

petiole into five

to the

SYNONYMES. Greek

a,tcovirov.

. . .

Theoplirashis, Dioscorides.

fAconitum coeruleum seu Napellus. Latin... i

Bauh. Pm. 183.

Tourn,

^"^^-425.

Aconitum Napellus. Lin. Sp. PL 751. £nff. Fl. iii. p. 31. LAconitum vulgare. De Cand. Syst. vol. i. p. 372. AconitNapel; Coqueluchon Capuchon de moine Madriette. I

Fretich.. Italian

. .

Spanish..

Danish Swedish

;

.

Matalobos deflor azul. ; Blaue Monchskappe ; Stui-mhut ; Wolfswurz; Eisenhutlein, Blaauwe Monnikskap ; Blaauwe Wolfswortel. Blauemunke ; IMunkehcette ; Stormhat.

.

Stormhatt.

German...

Dutch..

;

Aconito Nappello. Aconito Napelo

,

Description.— The root is perennial, napiform, fleshy, of a dark colour without, whitish within, and sending off numerous fibres. The stem is erect, simple, subangular, smooth, and

;

The

vises to the height of three or four feet.

nate, palmated,

and deeply divided

leaves are alter-

wedge-

into five elongated

shaped segmewts, which are irregularly cut and toothed and fur-

rowed on stalks,

their

upper surface

the lower leaves have long foot-

;

but the upper are nearly sessile

;

the whole are dark

The

green above, paler beneath, smooth, and shining.

flowers

are arranged in a long cylindrical spike at the top of the stem

each flower

The calyx resembles

at the base. violet colour

;

supported on a pedicel with two small bractese

is

it

:

a corolla, being of a deep

consists of five unequal leaflets or sepals

;

the

uppermost arched, helmet-shaped, concealing the petals; the lateral ones broad and nearly round the lower oblong, divaricating. ;

The two

petals or nectaries stand on long incurved stalks,

are concealed beneath the helmet

;

each petal

a hooked spur and an oblong bifid limb.

is

and

furnished with

The stamens are The pis-

numerous, converging, and support whitish anthers. tils

are generally three in number, each furnished with a simple

and reflexed stigma.

style

(Plate

seeds.

The

capsules are

containing numerous black,

oval, smooth,

usually three,

angular, wrinkled

1, fig. 2.)

This plant can scarcely be considered a native of England, but it was found on the banks of the river Teme, in Herefordshire, in great abundance, by Sir J. E. Smith. It was first cultivated in the English garden about the year 1596, where well in moist and shady situations, flowering in

thrives

it

June or July.

grows wild in several of the Alpine regions of Europe, viz. mountains and hilly pastures of Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, Spain, Italy, and France *. The etymology of the term Aconitum •\ is rather doubtful. It

in the

Some have derived to the

rocky

soil in

it

from

which

ocnovirog, it

devoid of dust, in reference

grows, others from mkouv a javelin,

because the savage nations poisoned their darts with *

De Candolle considers

to be the

the species which he has

one described by Storck

;

corj-mbose spike, pale bhie flowers, lateral sepals

aliqui

from the above in

its loose

more convex acuminate hebnet, and

smooth within.

f " Aconitum Aconitum

differing

juice

its

named A. paniculatum,

nascitur in nudis cautibus, quas Aconas nominant

;

et ideo

aliqui dixere, nullo juxta

rationem nominis attulcre.

ne pulvere quidem nutriente. Hanc Alii quoniam vis eadem in morte esset,

quae cotibus ad ferri aeiem deterendam, statimque tiretur. "—P/jny.

admota

velocitas sen-

THE

FLORA DOMESTICA. I.

ACONITUM NAPELLUS. Common

Aconite^ Wolfs-bane,

PoLYANDRiA.

Class XIII.

oi'

Order

Monk's-hood.

III.

Trigynia.

Ranunculace.-e, Helleeore.e.

Nat. Ord.

Ca/y.^ petaloid, irregular; the upper leaflet

Gen. Char.

helmet-shaped.

The two upper

petals or nectaries on

long stalks, concealed beneath the helmet.

Upper

Spec. Char.

back

;

lateral

three to

five,

leaflet

of the calyx arched at the

Germens ones hairy on the inner side. Leaves divided down to the smooth.

petiole into five cuneate lobes, fuiTowed above.

SYNONYMES. Greek

. .

.

axovirtDi.

Theophrastus, Dioscorides.

/conitum cceruleum seu Napellus.

French.. Italian

. .

Spanish

German Dutch

Bauh. Pin. 183.

Tourn.

Inst. 425.

Latin,

.

.

. .

Aconitum Napellus. Lin. Sp. PI. 751. Aconitum vulgare. De Candolle. Aconit Napel Coqueluchon ; Capuchon de moine ;

Aconito Nappello. Aconito Napelo ; Mataiobos de Blaue Monchskappe

;

Blaauwe Monnikskap

Description.

—The root

;

Madriette.

flor azul.

Sturmhut ; Wolfswurz; Eisenhutlein. Blaauwe Wolfswortel. ;

is

perennial, fleshy, of a dark colour

without, whitish withiTi, fusiform or turnip-shaped, and sending

out numerous

fibres.

The stem

is

erect, simple,

The

rises to the height of three or four feet.

smooth, and

leaves are alter-

nate, palmated, and deeply divided into five elongated wedgeshaped segments, which are irregularly cut and toothed and fur-

rowed on stalks,

their

upper surface

the lower leaves have long foot-

;

but the u'^per are nearly

sessile

;

the whole are dark

green above, paler beneath, smooth, and shining.

The

flowers

are arranged in a long cylindrical spike at the top of the stem,

they appear in June

two small

;

each flower

is

supported on a pedicel with

The calyx resembles

bracteae.

a corolla, being of a

the upit consists of five unequal leaflets deep violet colour permost arched, helmet-shaped, concealing the petals the late:

;

;

ral

ones broad and nearly round

The two upper

;

the lower oblong, divaricating.

petals or nectaries are curved

neath the helmet

;

each petal

is

and concealed be-

furnished with a hooked spur

The stamens are numerous, conand an oblong bifid limb. verging, and support whitish anthers. The pistils are generally three in number, each furnished with a simple style and re-

flexed stigma.

Capsules three to

five,

numerous black, angular, wrinkled

oval, smooth, containing

seeds.

(Plate

I., fig.

2.)

This noble plant cannot be considered a native of England, but

it

has been found growing on the banks of the river Teme,

abvmdance, by Sir J. E. Smith. It was introduced to the English garden about the year 1596, where it thrives well in moist and shady situations. " The plant is usually propagated by divisions of the roots, as when raised

in Herefordshire, in great

The from seed it rarely flowers before the third year." * Monk's-hood grows wild in several of the Alpine regions of Europe, viz., in the mountains and hilly pastures of Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, Spain, Italy, and France.

The etymology of the term Aconitumf is rather Some have derived it from uyJviro;, devoid of dust, in to the rocky soil in

which

it

doubtful.

reference

grows, others from Ukuv, a javelin,

because the savage nations poisoned their darts with

its

juice;

* Miller.

f " Aconitura nascitur in nudis cautibus, quas Aconas nominant ; et ideo aliqui dixere, nullo juxta ne pulvere quidem nutriente. Hanc

Aconitum aliqui

rationem nominis attulere.

Alii

quoniam

vis

quse cotibus ad ferri aciem deterendam, statimque

tiretur."— /'/jny.

eadem in morte esset, admota velocitas sen-

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