Assignment 2 Palinpinon Geothermal Power Plant On

 

Pal alinp inpin inon on Ge Geoth other erma mall Pow ower er Pla Plant  nt  Assignment 2: Power Plant Assessment Daryl Marc G. On

 

Palinp alinpinon inon Geoth Geothermal ermal Pow Power er Plant  •

Valencia, Negros Oriental

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Green Core Geothermal Incorporated

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Palinpinon Palinpin on Geothermal Power Power Plant consists consists of two power

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stations – Pal Palinpi inpinon non I and and II Single Flash Type

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The thermal efficiency of geothermal electric plants is low, around 10-23%, because geothermal fluids are at a low 1

temperature compared with steam from boilers

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_electricity

 

Palinp alinpinon inon Geoth Geothermal ermal Pow Power er Plant 

http://www.negroschronicle.com/?p=11065

 

Palinp alinpinon inon Geoth Geothermal ermal Pow Power er Plant 

http://www.alternat1ve.com/biofuel/2009/09 http://www.alternat1ve.com/ biofuel/2009/09/03/green-core-geothermal-to-op /03/green-core-geothermal-to-operate-palinpinon-tong erate-palinpinon-tongonan-geothermal-pow onan-geothermal-powererplant/

 

Company Objectiv es Objectives •

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to carry on the general business of generating, transmitting, and/or distributing energy derived from any and all forms, types and kinds of energy sources for lighting and purposes and whole-selling the electric power to power corporations, publ pu blic ic el elec ectr tric ic ut util ilit itie iess an and d el elec ectr tric ic co corp rpor orat atio ions ns;; to enter into contracts either alone or jointly with other companies of persons for the purpose of carrying out all busi bu sine nesse ssess un unde derr wh whic ich h th this is co corp rpor orat atio ion n is or orga gani nizzed ed;; to acquire, build, construct, own, maintain and operate all necessary and convenient buildings, structures, machinery, su sub -st tion ti tran on line oles ires and othe thin anbd-s dteavi vic cons, ess, , atr nansm d tsmis o aissi csion qu ireli anes, nds,hpool ldes, w,aw teir res anan d fdloot waher ger rth iging htgss, and to acquire, lean, hold, occupy, or use land rights-of-way and an d ea ease seme men nt th ther erei ein. n.

https://ireport.sec.gov.ph/iview/

 

Significance •

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Geothermal energy is relativ relatively ely environmentally friendly. Pollution in the form of fumes are not produced although usually drilling of the earths surface takes place. The surrounding environment envir onment is not harmed with the exception of the land required for the power plant and transport links. Unlike wind power, geothermal power can be relied on as it provides constant power. The use of conventional polluting fuels such as oil and coal can be reduced if geothermal and other alternative energy forms are used (reducing pollution). Geothermal power can take different forms. For instance, it can be used to produce electricity or the hot water can be used directly to heat homes and businesses.

 

Generating Processes Wells Are Drilled A production well is drilled d rilled into a known geothermal reservoir reser voir.. Typically, Typically, an injection well is also drilled to return used geothermal fluids to the geothermal geother mal reservoir.. Hot geothermal reservoir geother mal fluids flow through pipes to a power plant for use in generating electricity. Steam Turns the Turbine •

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Hot, pressurized geothermal fluid, or aor secondary working is allowed to expand rapidly and provide rotational rota tional mechanical energyfluid, to turn the turbine blades on a shaft. The Turbine Drives the Electric Generator Rotational energy from the turning turbine shaft is used directly to spin magnets inside a large coil and create electrical current. The turbine and generator are the primary pieces of equipment used to convert geothermal energy to electrical •

energy. Transmission - Power Lines Deliver Electricity Electricity Electrical current from the generator is sent to a step-up transformer transformer outside the power plant. Voltage Voltage is increased in the transformer and electrical current is transmitted transmitt ed over power lines to homes, buildings, and businesses. •

 

Process Flowchart 

wells are drilled

steam turns the turbine

turbine drives the generator

transmission of power

 

Palinpinon-1 Plant Layout 

http://www.geothermal-energy http://www .geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandar .org/pdf/IGAstandard/WGC/2005/1312.pdf  d/WGC/2005/1312.pdf 

 

Equipment Specifications Unit

Installed Capacity

Commisioning Date

Palinpinon I (Unit 1-3)

3x37.5 MW = 112.5MW

1983

Palinpinon II (Nasuji)

20 MW

1993

Palinpinon II (Okoy 5)

20 MW

1994

Palinpinon II (Sogongon 1)

20 MW

1995

Palinpinon II (Sogongon 2)

20 MW

1995

Palinpinon I (Unit 1-3)

Fuji Electric

Palinpinon II I I (Sogongon 2) 2)

Fuji Electric

Palinpinon I (Unit 1-3)

Fuji Electric

Palinpinon II I I (Sogongon 2) 2)

Fuji Electric

Technical Specifications: Turbine:

Generator:

http://www.psalm.gov http://www .psalm.gov.ph/for%20bid%20plant%20pr .ph/for%20bid%20plant%20profile/profile_palinpinon.html ofile/profile_palinpinon.html

 

Equipment Specification Specificationss Component

Measured Values

Production Well Pressure

3.2 MPa

Production We Well Flow Rate

382.8 kg /s

Separator Pressure Turbine Inlet Pressure

0.68 MPa 0.63 MPa

Turbine Outlet Pressure

0.0153 MPa

A. Aqui, J. Aragones Aragones and, A. Amistoso, Amistoso, Optimization of Palinpinon-1 Production Field Based on Exergy Analysis – The Southern Negros Geothermal Field, Philippines (Proceedings World World Geothermal Congress 2005 Antalya, Turkey, Turkey, 24-29 April 2005) p. 3.

 

Generating Processes

http://www.technologystudent.com/ener http://www .technologystudent.com/energy1/geo4.htm gy1/geo4.htm

 

Material and Energy Balance INPUT •

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OUTPUT

Water CO2 H2S CH NH43

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geothermal fluid

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Electricity Water and other components are re-injected back to earth

Power Plant

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fluids are re-injected back to earth

Electricity

 

Single Flash System

Fig. 12.8,9, El-Wakil, Powerplant Powerplant Technology

 

Efficiency state 1: P1 = 3.2 MPa, x1 = 0 h1 = 1029.60 kJ/kg state 2: P2 = 0.68 MPa, x2 = 0.163 h2 = 1029.60 kJ/kg state 3: P3 = 0.63 MPa, x3 = 0.169 h3 = 1029.60 kJ/kg state 4: P4 = 0.63 MPa, x4 = 1.0 h4 = 2758.9 kJ/kg

state 5: P5 = 0.63 MPa, x5 = 0 h5 = 678.77 kJ/kg state 6: P6 = 0.0153 MPa, x6 = 0.823 h6 = 2179 kJ/kg state 7: P7 = 0.0154 MPa, x7 = 0 h7 = 225.91 kJ/kg state 8: P8 = 0.0154 MPa, x8 = 0 h8 = 225.91 kJ/kg

m1 = m2 = 382.8 kg/s (from production wells) m3 = (x3)(m2) = 64.7 kg/s (steam after separator)

 

Efficiency Wnet = h4 – h6 = 2758.9 – 2179 = 579.9 kJ/kg qA = h1 – h4 = 1029.6 – 225.91 = 803.69 kJ.kg m = 382.8 kg/s m13 = 64.7 kg/s ηth = m3 Wnet / m1 qA = (64.7)(579.9)/(382.8)(803.69) ηth

= 12.2 %

 

Pollutants •

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Fluids drawn from from the deep earth carry a mixture of gases, notably carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, and ammonia. The pollutants contribute contribute to global warming, acid rain, and noxious smells if released. Existing geothermal electric plants emit an average of 122 kg of CO2 per megawatt-hour megawatt-hour of electricity. In addition, hot water from geothermal sources may hold in solution trace amounts of toxic chemicals, such as mercury, arsenic, boron, antimony, and salt.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_electricity

 

Safety Record Securities and Exchange Commission 2010 Annual Report SEC Form 17-A (as of December 31, 2010) •

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EDC ’s power plants located in various sites across the country EDC’ attained a total of 2,606,464 safe man-hours in 2010

The Safety and Health Association of the Philippines Energy Energy Sector (SHAPES) gave recognition for “No Lost Time” to Southern Negros Geothermal Project last December 10,2010

 

Costs and Profits Securities and Exchange Commission 2010 Annual Report SEC Form 17-A (as of December 31, 2010) •

GCGI employed 106 for Managerial, Professional, and Technical, and 89 for Rank & File for a total of 195

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Revenue = Php 1,2 1,208. 08.7 7 Millio Million n

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540.7 .7 Mill Million ion Operation Cost = Php 540

 

Corporate Social Responsibility •

Environment •

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Education •

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The yearly yearly Energ Energy y Camp - the company’s customized summer camp The “Leyte Schools for Excelle Excellence” nce”

Livelihood •

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protect watersheds and forestry

The Tongonan Farmers’ Association (TOFA)

Health •

medical, dental and optical outreach programs

 

Improvements: Equipment  •

Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transfer process waste heat to the atmosphere •

classification by use: HVAC and Industrial Cooling Towers

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classification by heat transfer: Dry and Wet Cooling Towers

Dry Cooling Tower operates by heat transfer through a surface that separates the working fluid from ambient air and does not make use of evaporation Wet Cooling Tower operates on the principle of evaporation – the working fluid and the evaporating fluid are one and the same

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower

 

Improvements: Equipment  Air flow generation methods: •

Natural draft

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Mechanical Draft

Air-Water Flow Crossflow •

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the air flow is directed perpendicular to the water flow

Counterflow •

the air flow is directly opposite to the water flow

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_tower

 

Improvements: Equipment  The rate of heat removed from the the water dq is equal to the rate gained by the air: dq = G dh a = L Cp Cp dT where, G = mass flow rate of air (kg/s) L = mass flow rate of water (kg/s) Cp = specific heat heat of water water (4.184 kJ/kg kJ/kg °C) dh = differential enthalpy of air dT = differential differential temperatur temperature e of water in simpler form,

t  cooling tower efficiency:   



t 

  o t i  t wb i



100%

to increase the efficiency, 1. increase the difference of inlet temperature t i  and outlet temperature t o 2. decrease the difference of inlet temperature t i  and wet bulb temperature t wb • •

[eq 19.1, Refrigeration and Air Air Conditioning 2nd Edition (ME 183)]

 

Improvements: Equipment  A pump is a device used to move fluids. It displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action. Pumping Pum ping Po Power wer:: P = power (W) ΔP = difference in pressure (Pa) Q = fluid fluid flowr flowrate ate (m3/s) η = pump efficiency (given by the manufacturer's information)

[eq 7.4, Refrigeration and Air Air Conditioning 2nd Edition (ME 183)]

 

Improvements: Equipment 

ΔP = 0.5ρ(v 22 -  v 12) + Δz ρg + Δpstatic v 2, v 1 = velocity of the fluid going out and going in, respectively (m/s) Δz = change in elevation (m) g = gravity (9.81 m/s2) ΔPstatic = static pressure (Pa) ΔP = difference in pressure (Pa)  ρ

= density (kg/m3)

To increase the pumping power, 1. increase ΔP 2. increase Q 

 

Improvements: Processes •

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A significant fraction of the potential useful work from the waste brine, the steam injected back to earth, can still be recovered to augment the output capacity of the plant. separator or will produce Introducing a second flash separat

additional steam steam prior to its disposal back to earth.

 

Benchmark  Geysers Unit 5-20 Geothermal Plant CA USA o

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The Geysers geothermal field, located 75 miles north of San Francisco, California, is the largest producer of geothermal electricity in the world. Commercial geothermal power has been generated continuously at The Geysers field since 1960, the present generation level being about 900 MW of clean, base load electricity.

operated by Calpine Corporation 2 o 17% thermal efficiency o

2http://www.nrel.gov/innovation/pdfs/49152.pdf 

 

Geysers ers Unit 5-20 Geothermal Plant CA USA Geys

http-//www.thegga.org/overvie http-//www .thegga.org/overviewmap.tiff  wmap.tiff 

 

Gey Geysers sers Unit 5-20 Geothermal Plant CA USA

maps.google.com

 

Gey Geysers sers Unit 5-20 Geothermal Plant CA USA

maps.google.com

 

Unit Information

http://www.energyjustice.net/ http://www .energyjustice.net/map/displayfacility-63936 map/displayfacility-63936.htm .htm

 

Conclusions and Recommendations •

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Optimization of the Palinpinon Optimization Palinpinon geothermal plant plant becomes an urgent requirement due to the increasing power demand of Central Visayas Power grid and declining steam supply due to effects of injection returns, pressure drawdown and mineral blockage. Mineral blockage can be overcome by acid stimulation, however it does not present a long-term solution. Drilling of make-up and replacement wells has high uncertainty and is highly susceptible to the reservoir prevailing reservoir processes affecting the production sector.

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Harness the remaining useful work of the brine, a better alternative to optimize the operation of the geothermal plant, as this is less susceptible to the effects of the prevailing reservoir processes. use a double flash system to increase the thermal efficiency

 

References •

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http://en.wikipedia.org http://en.wikipedia.or g /wiki/V /wiki/Valencia,_Negros_Oriental alencia,_Negros_Oriental http://www.rechargenew http://www .rechargenews.com/ener s.com/energy/geothermal/article227 gy/geothermal/article227657.ece 657.ece http://www1.eere.energy.gov/geothermal/g http://www1.eere.energy .gov/geothermal/gpp_animation.html pp_animation.html http://www.erc.gov.ph/new/genco_palinpinongeothermalpowerplant1 and2(genco).htm http://www.energy.com.ph/wpcontent/uploads/2011/07/EDC_IASR2010.pdf  http://balita.ph/2009/10/26/negros-oriental-officials-welcome-edcsubsidiary-as-new-operators-of-palinpinon-geothermal-power-plants/ http://www.energy.com.ph/news/ http://www.energy .com.ph/news/edc-unit-seals-7-new-power-supplyedc-unit-seals-7-new-power-supplydeals-with-visayas-electric-cooperatives/ http://www.alternat1ve.com/biofuel/200 http://www .alternat1ve.com/biofuel/2009/09/03/green 9/09/03/green-core-coregeothermal-to-operate-palinpinon-tongonan-geothermal-power-plant/ http://www.negroschronicle.com/?p=11065 http://www.doe.gov.ph/ER/geothermal.htm