An Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Gardening
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Walter Page Wright...
Description
^ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA o/GARDENING """ WALTER
LONDONPUBLISHED
lyJMDENT"SONS-E? ANP
IN NEW
BYE-PDUTTONSCO
YORK
Unit library, UCSanteCraz2002
FIRST
ISSUE
REPRINTED
THIS
OF
EDITION*
1911 1913
....
All
.
rightsreserved
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HS W7
INTRODUCTION THE
placedwithin
has
Everyman's Library
the
reach of all
by the wisdom of every age. It benefiting that hitherto treasures unlocked storehouses of literary every sphereof human open only to the rich. Almost
classes has were
of
means
a
activityhas been considered. addition of
The
a
volume
on
the trend of modern recognise and agreeablerecreation, as made as
a
a
well
in recent
notable advance
Readers
find
a
happy
as
a
source
years.
others
pleasantpastime, many
decision to
Gardeningmarks a taste. Gardeningas
association in
as
a
of
a
income,has
Thousands means
plantsand
healthful
follow it
of livelihood.
books.
Poets
Artists learn that the making from flowers. gaininspiration beautiful pictures. of gardensis an aid to painting including The present volume providesplant growers generally, amateur gardeners,with a guide to the culture of popularplantsand to gardenpractice. all the flowers, Its scope embraces fruits, ferns, vegetables, palms,trees,and shrubs in generalcultivation. The term popularplants has a real meaningin my mind. has always before The writer of a gardening encyclopaedia He fears to omit an his eyes the spectre of incompleteness. of the volume with a taste obscure plantlest an irate purchaser This nervousness for rarities should be aggrieved. respecting "
"
omissions
grows,
plantswhich Thousands or
are
of
leads
and of
real
no
are species
the collections of
a
to
the inclusion of hundreds
of
importance. never
seen
outside botanical
handful of virtuosi. To vii
gardens
include them
viii
with
the
popular of
things them,
of
Encyclopaedia
valuable in
except
in
object
The
work
which
large
number
every of
present
Special Fruit,
attention
Greenhouse,
considerable
plants
amount
a
and and
large the
that
means
space,
kinds themselves. has
and of
The been Kitchen
detailed
or
latter
devoted
produce
to
alternatives
the
inadequately
of
treatment
volume.
being
afford,
can
important
really
adequate
prevent
case
rob
they
expensive
present
one
Gardening
a
has
Bulbs,
Garden,
under
treating
number
been
to
information
of
limited
practical
a
quately ade-
chosen. Flower which been
has
together. WALTER
a
P.
WRIGHT.
Garden, heads
gathered
a
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
GARDENING Abele
White
(abe-le),the (abe-lia,after
Tree
Abelia
which
shrubs
Dr.
Poplar, Populus alba. Abel. Ord. Caprifoliaceae)
are
house Green-
"
.
sometimes
in mild
outside
grown
districts.
a propagated by layers in spring and by cuttings under bell glass in summer. and Loam sand, suit them. peat, with with Floribunda, a purple flowers, is the most spring bloomer rosy the Botanical popular species. See Magazine, t. 4316. Abies, Spruce Firs (a-bies,from abeo, to rise, in allusion to the tall habit. Ord. now ferred reConiferae). Several important species are to other now Albertiana, botanists, Tsuga notably by genera Mertensiana; Pseudostuga Douglasii; excelsa, now Douglasii, now Picea excelsa ; Mertensiana, now now ; Morinda, Tsuga Mertensiana These Picea Morinda. Picea and now Smithiana, Morinda; species
They
are
"
still appear the most
catalogues of many Abies important species kept under by Abies
under
in the
Of
nurserymen. botanists may cephalonica, concolor
be
Gilead; (also known nordmanniana, as pectinata lasiocarpa), grandis, nobilis, for all good. Conifers, suitable are (SilverFir) and Pinsapo. These
the
and
garden,
soil is poor barrowload of loam
closely
drooping They are
the
with
ought
be
in autumn
given
or
The
upright
of
If the with
start
a
winter.
have
instead
leaves
fertile soil.
deep, to
Piceas, but
the
flat, soft
and
in
trees trees
young Plant each.
connected
cones,
of
handsome
make
natural
are
Balm
the
balsamea,
named
instead hard
round,
a
Abies of
ones.
evergreens.
Abronia
Ord. abros, delicate. (abro-nia, from Nyctaginae). A of perennial trailingplants,suitable for rockeries. small genus They like sandy soil, and Sand Verbenas. tings Cutknown are as commonly A strike in sandy soil in spring under stock be can glass. the raised in first place from in a frame be sown in seed, which may autumn. Arenaria, yellow, July; and fragrans,white, May, are procurable. Both sweet. Umbellata, are pink, spring, is also grown. Abrus Ord. The abros, delicate. (a-brus, from Leguminosae) is with is stove and of a climber, species precatorius purple flowers, "
"
.
interest used
rosaries, of
measure
of the
account
on
for
-^
of
the
(Greek Iteration]a sown
pretty also
and
fineness
name
scarlet
and
weights.
as
of
gold,
applied
to
white
is said
these
seeds, which
Carat,
a
proportional
derive
to
seeds.
are
They
from
retti
must
be
in heat.
Abutilon "
(abu-tilon, mallow-like, from Greenhouse plants, sometimes
planted out,
and
allowed
to
run
up
the grown
Arabic. in
rafters, walls,
Ord.
pots, or
vaceae). Mal-
but
often
pillars. They A
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
2
produce large evergreen
leaves, and bright,drooping, bell-shaped flowers. the With exception of Thomsonii, which is often mixed with floweringplants in the garden for the beauty of its mottled leaves;
also has and handsome vexillarium, which foliage and scarlet and yellow flowers, the specieshave been discarded in favour of the modern varieties. and The seeds. Propagated by cuttings former
(piecesof young, flowerless be inserted, and the removed) may heat in spring. They gentle bottom
latter sown, thrive in
third
out
the
of
be
peat may
shoots
have
shifts
the
as
lo-inch.
they are pots get filled with
Give
a
lower
leaves
in sandy soil sandy loam, but
tips,first,
in a
after
soon
rooted,
extended
If
the
the
and the resulting subsequently, when inches. This will make form side them a few to be grown in pots they must have successive
cuttings have
shoots.
Pinch
added.
with
wood
roots, say from love
light position. They
3 to 6 and from 6 to at the water, both
and over but not much the foliage, throughout the summer, will be required in autumn winter. The winter and temperature roots
be
may
Sanderianum
45".
Acacia
from (aca-cia,
Most
of these
white
flowers
leaves; but
a
beautiful in the few
the florists' shops Wattle. Armata,
beautiful
has
foliage. Ord.
sharpen.
akazo,
to
shrubs
and
have
trees
of small
form
Leguminosae)
globes or foliage. The well-known
have flat is Acacia dealbata, otherwise
Drummondii,
"
.
yellow, primrose, or with cones, feathery "
"
mimosa
known
the
as
of
Silver
lemon,
pretty foliage; yellow; leprosa,primrose, charming against a pillarwith the flowering shoots drooping; pulchella, deep yellow,one of the smallest growers; and habit; Riceana, verticillata, dependent graceful, yellow, in and in thrive all flower the greenyellow, cone-shaped, spring, house. taken the be few For cuttings,the tips of shoots should a after flowering,when weeks they are fairlywell matured, inserted in
advantage. are
prune
grown hard
wood,
with
after
flowering,and especiallyif they are
allowed the
will do in bell glass. Acacias one-third of leaf mould is an but sand, The soil should be made firm at each repotting,if they If straggly, in pots, but they are often planted out.
soil, and covered loam, lightened with
sandy
fibrous
to suffer for water
speciesnamed,
Acaena.
See
in
a
new
well
growth will break
syringed. They Winter
summer.
from
the old
must
temperature for all
45".
Flower
Garden
"
Rockery.
Ord. akalepe, a nettle. Acalypha (a-cal-ypha,from handsome for their Stove shrubs, principally biaceae). grown
Euphorleaves,
"
but hispida (sanderiana)has crimson marbled Macafeeana have and musaica in a by cuttings propagator in in
equal parts
be
not
of loam
and
spikes of bloom foliage. They spring or summer,
leaf-soil,with
in
summer.
may and
creased in-
be
thrive
sand.
(acan-thus,from akantha, spine. Ord. Acanthaceae) plants, generally represented by the species mollis Corinthian leaves style of architecture), suggested the (whose is finer. lusitanicus They grow about 4 ft. (latifolius) although but are chiefly high, and have white or pink flowers in summer, Acanthus
Herbaceous
"
.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia for their
remarkable seed in
a
in rich soil.
out
Acer,
Norway,
foliage. They may be in spring,and should
handsome
greenhouse
warm
or
frame
Subsequently they
may
be
increased
3 raised
from
planted
be
division.
by
portant Maple (a-cer,from acer, sharp. Ord. Sapindaceae). An imof the Common, Silver, trees, embracing Japanese, genus "
Scarlet
and
Maples, variegated Negundo,
well
as
as
the
Sycamore.
There
is
which,
although not quite hardy, partialshelter. The be named: Maple, Campestre, the Common followingspeciesmay with small divided leaves; there are varieties with gold and silver the Silver margins; dasycarpum, Maple; Japonicum, several varieties ; Negundo variegata,with green and white foliage,a small varieties; platanoides, tree; palmatum, the Japanese Maple, many the Norway Maple, many varieties; Pseudo-platanus,the Sycamore, the Scarlet Maple, with heart-shaped varieties; and rubrum, many varieties of the Japanese Maple, and Negundo The leaves. gata, variewell adapted for small are gardens, as they give welcome in places not colour and beauty of form exposed to cold winds or is hard frosts in spring. The Sycamore perfectlyhardy, and being cheap, as well as a rapid grower, is very useful, but it should not be planted too largely,as it is liable to be disfiguredby blotches. Propagated by layers or seeds, the choicer varieties also by grafts trees from and buds, but the small planterwill buy young men. nurserysoil is not suitable A stiff,damp for the majority, which loam, but the Scarlet Maple will thrive in wet prefer well-drained also
the
survives
winter
the
in most
districts if it has
soil. from Achillea, Milfoil (achille-a,
Achilles, who
it
medicinally. for plants, mostly suitable has hoary leaves, and bears white borders, but Clavennae, which in spring; and flowers which has tomentosa, woolly leaves and in flowers for the rockery also, are summer, good produces yellow ins. from 6 to 9 as they only grow high. Of the taller onesiMillifolium the red Milfoil, 2 ft. high, a summer and roseum, bloomer; Ptarmica, The Pearl, 2 ft. high, with double white flowers, are the best known. or Propagated by division of the roots in autumn spring,or by seeds if preferred. They are not at all particularas Ord.
to
used
Compositae). Pretty hardy "
soil,and
will thrive
in stiff,
cool
Sericea, ground. May, white, is pretty. Achimenes
ft.,
(achime-nes,from
cheimaino, sensitiveness Ord. Gesneraceae)."See Acis."
i
to cold.
Bulbs.
Section
Aconite,Winter Aconitum,
of pan
with
Achimenes.
(See ako Bulbs-"
See Bulbs.
(Eranthishyemalis).
Monkshood,
"
Wolf's-bane The
See
Bulbs.
(aconi-tum,
grown
Monkshood,
near
tum Aconi-
common Ord. Ranunculaceae) Napellus,is one of the most poisonous,yet most handsome, of for Horseradish, and hardy plants. The root has been mistaken it Some results. with eaten, people exclude highly unpleasant that b ut of its poisonous properties, from account their gardens on
Acona.
"
.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
4 ought
not
be
to
It grows in summer;
necessary. blue, helmet-shaped flowers Other handsome speciesare
ft., blue;
4
Wilsoni,
who
4
be trusted
may
leaving
division
Acroclinium Adam's
Maidenhair
Adiantum,
and
stove
of largernumber the Capillus-Veneris,
A
of
cool, substantial will grow
Roses,
generally hardy, grows variety of it; caudatum,
is
the
soil such
Monkshoods
to
Half-hardy.
"
immense
an
varieties. British
The
of
number
Maidenhair,
the
which, is
a
ful beauti-
good for baskets,
concinnum,
stove;
species, cipal: prinalthough
followingare
in Cornwall, imbricatum
wild
not
in view
position.
There
treatment.
still
a
about.
shaded
spring;
adiantos, dry. Ord. (adian-tum, from all requiring greenferns, nearly popular house
and
"
variety.
white
a
Yucca.
See
Filices).Beautiful or
a
in
"
"
is
bears
high, and
be done
(acroclln-ium). See Annuals
Needle.
ft.
by some responsible the dangerous practiceof carelessly
to avoid
Peas, and
perfection. They enjoy
there
it should
portionsof root
suits Dahlias, Sweet
as
4
Anthora, 2 ft. high, yellow; Fischeri, ft., pale blue; and Lycoctonum, 4 ft.,
yellow. Propagationis by poisonous nature of the roots person,
about
specieswhich has a charming variety called latum; cuneatable plant, as a tum, the popular Maidenhair, so greatly esteemed and for association with cut flowers, gracillimum, grandiceps, and a
stove
Pacotti
pretty varieties of it,it likes
are
a
greenhouse;
warm
Far-
leyense,beautiful, broad, tinted fronds, stove; macrophyllum, a largestove species;and pedatum, hardy. Propagation is by spores in a propagating case, and division. in heat, and Sow cover or with a bell-glass. But is easily propagated by splitting cuneatum it up, and Farleyense, which does not produce spores, is exclusively increased
in this way. Soil : 2 parts of loam, i each of peat and leaf have In the main the plantsmust shade, mould, and -Jpart of sand. When but it should not be dense; a soft, diffused light is best. in it has become cuneatum used should rooms rusty through being be cut annual
autumn in fact many make pruning an growers It may be kept fresh in a living-roomfor several months in watering, and, while if great care is taken giving it air, preserving it from cold draughts. All ferns like moisture, but the
right down, function.
soil should be
to
for
a
not
associated few
Adonis.
hours
Orchids, rose,
and
flowers, they be|ore being used, then
brown
flowers
Garden
flowers
air.
spring and
must
be reduced
or
summer
75"
to
roots
Evergreen white,
3 ft. high,is moist house.
in crocks
and
when
the
temperature, 85", but in autumn
of water
at the
in winter.
baskets
" .
bears
spring,and grows about Aerides require a warm,
range from Abundance less will suffice.
growing period,both
Orchidaceae)
which Fieldingii,
racemes.
growing, may the
Ord.
in late
principalspecies. The They may be planted in pans The
Rockery.
"
aer,
in
the
moss.
of Maidenhairs are be cut and laid in water they last better. fronds
should
(aerides,from with
When
kept sodden.
with
See Flower
"
Aerides
be
and
sphagnum plants are winter
10"
will be required throughout and in the air, but the supply
of Gardening Encyclopaedia (aes-culus,having
Aesculus, Chestnut
edible
fruit,from
5 the Greek.
Ord. Hippocastanum, is a Sapindaceae). The Chestnut, Aesculus in form British tree, handsome and well-known foliage,and very There several varieties, includinga in bloom. beautiful when are "
pink and white flowers, and one with variegatedleaves. is a handsome dwarf (small-flowered) specieswhich produces in spring. Propagated by seeds for the flowers white and by graftingfor the choicer varieties, but the small common, should winter, or buy small transplantedtrees in autumn, planter Soil moist : rich, loam, but the spring,and plant and stake firmly. double
with
Parviflora
to fair dimensions
will attain
tree
Aethionema.
Flower
See
"
Garden
but
is found
near
water.
in
a
such
stout
a
"
varieties
of it.
double.
i
decayed
borne
in
an
in
be stood
can
effect,it is grown
appropriatepositions,
indoors for the in for adornment of tubs the servatories. large congrown only speciesis umbellatus, but there are several
It is often
a
for outdoor
used
flightsof
of
top
winter.
The
flowers
3 ft. high. It is not perfectlyhardy, winter in mild districts when planted out
pass the More often, when or pot, so that it
the
at
as
blue
leaves, and
about
stem
to
largetub
Rockery.
"
Lily (agapan-thus,from agape, love, and Liliaceae). A beautiful Cape plant with long,
Ord.
sword-shaped, light green on
of soil.
kinds
African
Agapanthus, anthos, flower. umbel
in most
of them
Most
Propagated by
moved
blue, but there
division
leaf mould,
i
manure,
are
steps, and
in
and
spring.
are
well
sand, -J-
also whites, and
Soil:
3 mixed
parts loam, and
made
firm.
Agaricus campestris. "
coelestis.
Agathaea
"
Kitchen
See See
Garden
Chrysanthemum
Mushroom.
"
Marguerite.
"
form of flower. Ord. (aga-ve,from agavos, admirable with Handsome greenhouse plants, Amaryllideae) fleshy,spiny leaves, and greenish-yellow, funnel-shaped flowers. They are slow bloom and rarely. A tradition has grown growers, up out of the
Agave,
Aloe
"
.
latter fact that
they
flower
every
principalspeciesis americana, made
use
stood
in
of for the
garden,
100
and often
years, it is so
being
but
it is
an
error.
nearly hardy that in large tubs
The it is
and it will not b ut the winter in cold prominent positions, pass several varieties of it,notably picta and variedistricts. There are have Filamentosa has leaves the variegated leaves. gata, which grown
"
margins dwarf
of
which
grower
suckers, which and
potted.
and
are a
form Soil:
furnished
comparatively at the
3
with
parts
long
free
very
Sartori
in summer, but the supply must little given in the winter.
will take
be reduced
is
a
Propagated by be pulled off
of the plant,and may loam, i dried cow manure, base
J part sand, pressed quite firmly. They water
threads.
bloomer.
leaf mould, good deal of
i a
in autumn,
and
Ageratum (agera-tum, from a, without, and geras, old always bright. Ord. Compositae) Pretty dwarf plants,generallytreated as =
"
.
annuals, being raised
seeding in autumn. off to prevent seed
from seed in If desired the
formation, and
after spring,and thrown away flowers be can fading pinched the plants preserved through the
6
of Gardening Encyclopaedia in
winter which be
cool
a
be
may
in order
adopted
but
as
rule
are
preferred
a
frame
in
margins
house,
inserted to
they the
come
seed
spring, and borders,
to
be
subsequently increased by cuttings, or spring; this plan may make quite sure of keeping a variety true, Where pretty true from seed. seedlings to
either
in autumn
in a be sown may the seedlingshardened in mixed
or
beds.
greenhouse or and planted
heated out
as
friable, well-drained
Any
soil will do; the plants do not like a stiff, soil. Mexiwet, adhesive is the best-known canum but such species,and is much grown, varieties as Imperial Dwarf and Blue Swanley Blue are generally
preferred. coronaria
Agrostemma
(Rose Campion).
Agrostis.
See Grasses
Ailanthus
(ailan-thus,from
"
Ailanthus
rubeae). "
tree
which
Annuals
ailanto, tree
of heaven.
(or Ailantus)glandulosus is
Ord.
handsome liable to
close to the
back
them
of the
best
produce
See
"
plants
young in autumn.
in rich
which
leaves
Flower
Garden
At
injury if Kew
the
cutting followingspring
is selected, and
start
in due
small
soil and
In the
ground
shoots
beautiful
Ajuga. Alder
growing
Sima-
a
regarded as hardy, although may It loses its leaves in autumn. to cold winds. of
Hardy.
"
Annuals.
under
be
exposed plan is adopted the
See
"
to
on,
grown
course.
Rockery.
"
tree, Cupulifereae). A well-known but esteemed because parks gardens, great of its adaptabilityfor damp positions. The name Alnus from comes It will thrive in swampy and Ian, river-bank. al, near, places. It not
(Alnus glutinosa.
in
Ord.
for
demand
"
and
to do duty as covert. There be pruned annually, and made are may varieties with distinct of and of several these aurea, it, yellowfoliage,
is
of the
one
best
(allaman-da, after
Allamanda "
known. Dr. Allamand.
plants, which freely during summer.
Beautiful
flowers
produce
stove
Hendersoni
these
is the
All best
the
Ord.
Apocynaceae)
.
large, trumpet-shaped principal species and
known
"
flowers.
have
yellow be used as climbers, they may be trained on balloonbeing trained along the rafters ; or they may in trellises in shaped large pots. Propagated by cuttings spring, formed of the ends of partiallymatured shoots, inserted in sandy Soil: 4 parts loam, i each soil,and placed in a propagating case. The young and leaf mould, " sand. decayed manure plantsshould have into started be pinched when growth. They will they fairly but the supply when take a good deal of water growing in summer, in autumn. The in be reduced be pruned hard must plants may into will start late winter, and then growth repotted; they among Their
is
growth
so
vigorous
"
that
vigorously. Allium.
See
"
Allotments. men,
of
"
Bulbs. Small
pieces of land,
specialbenefit
in
suitable
for culture
districts, whether
the gardens attached to the where for cropping. Flowers, fruit, and
dwellings are
urban
small,
vegetablescan
or
all be
by or
ing work-
rural,
unsuitable grown
on
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
7
be kept on in some cases allotments, and pigs and poultry may the the fact that in of are view but generally held on plots them; the rule for holders to go to much a yearly tenancy, it is not expense for sun can
in
buildingsor fittings.Large structures, which might keep the for allotments from other plots,should not be permitted. Land in serious the without difficulty country, but generallybe got of trouble case parish councils have the power of acquiringland
for
the
is desirable
It
purpose.
that
it be fair
be
ground
the
land. agricultural
reasonably The
pieces parallelrectangularstrips. Twenty square a rods, poles,or perches (equal to an eighth of an acre) constitute It good average size, but it may vary according to circumstances. smaller plots. Much convenient to make is often more larger ones who is best avoided, as a man are followinga regular occupation cottages, and
the
near
should
be
cut
that
into
up
than rods clean and 20 hardly keep more councils instruction in the give county cropped. staff instructors. culture their cultivation allotment Deep through soil should The be double and correct dug manuring are advised. Bastard trenching)and manured (seeManures) (seeKitchen Garden vegetables should have most Except in particularcircumstances,
throughout the day well
can
of
Most
"
.
of
The space. (Broccoli,Brussels
.
the
principalcrops
Winter
Potatoes,
are
Greens
Sprouts, Kale, and Savoys), Onions, Cabbages, Peas, Beetroot, Carrots, Parsnips, Cauliflowers, Celery, Tomatoes, and Rhubarb. chokes, ArtiBeans, Turnips, Leeks, Vegetable Marrows, Salads Cucumbers, Horseradish, Spinach, Shallots, Herbs
(Mint, Sage, Thyme, and so It is a good plan to arrange grown This is not these in some order, and crop the ground in rotations. it is to small where plots, give up nearly half necessary easy on very the ground to Potatoes, but it is not altogetherimpossible. In into three groups: the first place,the vegetablesmight be thrown to Winter Greens latter be Potatoes and or planted between (i) (the in Potatoes after early summer) ; (2) Peas, Beans, Turnips,Celery, Leeks, Spinach, and Onions (the Turnips and Spinach going between the Peas and Beans, the Leeks and Celery followingthe early Peas Tomatoes. The in summer); (3) Beet, Carrot, Parsnips, and Sections taken 2 and together, may change places followingyear 3, (Lettuces, Radishes, etc.),and
with
Section
which
The
i.
Section
Section
i
provided be raised Onions.
3 had going back
in and
Cauliflowers Herbs
Peas.
in
allotments, and
early
with
the
as case
a
:
a
Peas
or
October
in
may Potatoes.
spring
Rhubarb,
Cucumbers
may
and Artichokes,
end of the raised in pots,
one
be
early Peas, to subsequently on Celery ridgesor between with
rule, wise
to
the
should
vegetables.
2,
ground cleared
on sown
place at
trees
ground
of Section
not
permanent
be grown all dealt
the
occupy 3 that
principalcrops Cabbages for spring may be
between
summer
It is not, in any
follows
planted in
have may and Marrows
Lettuces them. may various kinds are The
in this work.
as
for autumn
after
summer
plot. Vegetable and planted out succeed
2 year Section may first year, and Section to its originalplace. The
third
the
for may be arranged early in August and
of
planted
if desired.
also be
forth),may
If
under
Kitchen
plant much not
be
planted,they
fruit
Garden on
mixed should
small
discrimi up ineither
8
Encyclopediaof Gardening
form
a
at
group
intervals
of
end,
one
about
ft.
20
else be
or
Raspberries, and
bush
suitable.
of Strawberries
A
bed
Flowers, such main
apart from injury to permitted
Weeds
See
Almond.
The
"
in
cold
base,
to
they
The
and
is
it is
that
the
rarely
the
flowers
those
the
be
20
or
the
be
most
permits.
a
and
of
source
ground they
neat
are
clean.
useful
most In
spring. cover
of
flowering
districts it may
very
April, except in very from tip long branches cheerful There are object. the
Dulcis
who
want
will
grow of London alloch.
is the
Sweet
Propagation need hardly trees will purchase the
in autumn.
when
mild
later than
Almond.
Arabic
astonishment
may
kept
Almond.
Bitter
probably particular; it object in the suburbs
from (al-o-e,
a
common
necessary in the least
excite
be
of
one
flowers
number,
Aloe
whose
on
should
makes
tree
of
and Amara the Almond, be considered, because
often
man
early in
so
pale pink
varieties
common
would
if they seed, prove
may,
the
paths
Almond
The
so
several
stock
provided if
Calycanthus.
March,
parts.
be
than
it blooms
trees, because out
soil
allottees
to grow. "
Paradise
the
on
may space be grown in a border alongside the be tolerated never on allotments, as
should
robbing the other
Allspice.
be
Apples
annuals, may
as
path.
planted in straight lines at plot. Gooseberries, Currants,
the
across
Soil
:
almost
Almond
is not
It anywhere. large towns.
and Ord.
the
is
a
other
Liliaceae).The "
Aloes
in
planted out public parks. The the ground. They are used in
ft. above
30
and in winter, for cover sub-tropicalgardens in summer, put under of the not Several suitable for cultivation are hardy. species are they in greenhouses, notably striata, with spotted leaves; succotrina, with a rosette of glaucous leaves ; and variegata,the popular Soil: equal parts of variegated Aloe. Propagated by suckers. loam of with and shattered A temperature brick. a quarter peat, of about must 45" will be suitable in Winter, when very little water be given.
after Alonzo. (alonso-a, gracefulplants,including several
Alonsoa of
being
glass in a warm potted singly. They are under
sown
off and
Linifolia, Warscewiczii may
be
in this way.
treated
Alpine
Garden
Alstromeria.
W.
and
"
Althaea, Mallow
and See
Plants.
"
Ord. which
house
Scrophularineae).-A
genus be treated as annuals, may in winter, pricked frame or "
occasionally used in flower beds. compacta, all with scarlet flowers, Sandy loam suits them. See
Flower
Garden
"
Rockery.
Bulbs.
(althae-a,from includes
altheo, to
cure.
Ord.
Malvaceae).
the
popular Hollyhock, A. rosea important plant is frutex (seeHibiscus (see Hollyhocks). Another Ficifolia is the Fig-leaved syriacus); there are several varieties. The flowers. Althaeas and has handsome are fringed Hollyhock, thrive in and friable soil. shrubbery plants any good "
A
useful
genus,
without, and lyssa, rage = allaying a, (alyss-um, from dwarf Charming Cruciferae). plants, with bright in Maritimum is a fragrant great profusion. produced
Alyssum anger. flowers
which
Ord.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia annual, often
ii-T^fo white
the
under
grown variegated form
of
name
maritima.
Koniga
favour
as an edging great yellow-flowered perennial,and its variety comis highly popular for spring bedding, also for rockeries; and other a there are varieties, including a double variegated. Propagated by seeds or cuttings,the perennialsalso by division, and saxatile cornpactum are but maritimum generallypropagated the same in March to flower the former or April year, the by seeds, the flower or latter in May They are not June to followingyear. for a heavy, wet medium. very particularas to soil,but do not care
is
There
a
is
Saxatile
plant. pactum
is in
which
a
(amaran-thus, from
Amaranthus
a,
and
not,
maraino,
waste,
Caudatus, the durability. Ord. Amaranthaceae). Love-lies-bleeding;and hypochondriacus, The Prince's Feather, of out be sown are summer-flowering hardy annuals, and may a nd tricolor in spring. Melancholicus are doors ruber, salicifolius, handsome foliage plants. The first is not infrequentlyused as a
alluding
the
to
"
often
more
be
in
grown
on
sown
a
is wanted; from
rich leaf-colour
where
bedding plant
All
pots.
hotbed
near
a
raised
are
the
other
two
seed, which
are
should
house, the seedlings pricked off in a other, subsequently hardened
warm
each when they begin to crowd cool house, and potted as needed. They will appreciateabundance Soil: moisture. of root and loam, with a third of atmospheric of sharp sand. and a sprinkling decayed manure
See
Amaryllis. "
Bulbs.
American Blight. The various trees, but "
attacks
seriously,in well
as
examined
be
them.
on
of
power
with
fluff.
bring
forth
covering its colonies the
extracts
action, in part It fastens canker.
that
on
juice.
Schizoneura which
its direct
fell scourge, trees the branches, and young that there are to make sure insect is really a brownish The
ground for as
part by
Woolly Aphis, Apples, principally
Females
in autumn;
lanigera,
it often
by
damages
preparing
itself
on
the
the
roots
bought in should none
of the
always woolly tufts
has the aphis, which and It piercesthe bark in summer, livingyoung
former
termed are viviparous. In lay eggs tree easilyaccessible, paraffin of a slightattack on a part of the case be oil or methylated spirits cising applied with a small brush, exermay and
to
care
insects.
bring the
the
In
impracticable.
case
The
the
fluid to
of bad
bear
directlyon the bodies of the is on large trees this method be to apply water alone in a
attacks
first
step should preferablythrough
hose-pipe, in order to wash of the a aphides. Then expose away be applied,and this can be made by boiling paraffin emulsion may in -Jsoft soap in i quart of water, stirring i pint of good pint of and' it the taken is then off oil fire, directly paraffin churning up by of a syringe in 6 gallons of water. means Apply through a knapsack This the be while or on syringe. spraying put may sprayer powerful spray, the
trees
winter
i,
are
fluff and
in
spray
leaf.
the
If the
trouble
a
bodies
continues
use
the
followingas
a
"
% Ib. soft soap, 5 pints paraffin oil, 10 gallons soft (see4 below). 2, 3 below) ; 2 Ib. caustic soda soft in Dissolve the i i. gallon of water. soap
water
(see
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
I o
2.
Add
3.
Pump
4.
Dissolve
5. Add In
case
paraffinoil and through a spray
the
the
soda
in 9 and
the
Cowslip.
American
Cress.
"
"
See
forced
emulsion.
blight into the
by
on
the
roots,
soil
2
ft. from
of
a
Vermorel
means
2
the
of
oz.
stem,
injector.
Dodecatheon.
Kitchen
See
the
up
water.
apply.
early summer,
American
churn
American be
may in
up. and
gallons of rain
emulsion from of trouble
bisulphide of carbon avoiding the roots,
beat
nozzle
Garden
Salads.
"
from ampelos, a vine, Ampelopsis, Virginian Creeper (ampelop-sis, Ord. Ampelideae) The common opsis,resemblance. Virginian well-known is or hederacea, a Creeper, Ampelopsis quinquefolia is rightly fallinginto desuetude. It is rank, coarse, plant, which colour of Veitchii, now and lacks the beautiful called by botanistslatter is a fine natural Vitis inconstans. The climber, giving rich tints before It should losing its leaves in autumn. always be in preference to the common. planted Propagated principallyby be inserted in a greenhouse in September. cuttings, which may The plant will grow almost anywhere, and most soils suit it. and
"
.
as Anagallis (anagall-is) Pretty plants, mostly grown house greenannuals. Linifolia, blue, i ft. high, blooms freely in the The is often offered by variety Breweri greenhouse in summer. from in seed seedsmen. These raised be spring in the greenmay house, pricked off, and subsequently potted. Soil: 3 parts loam, and i leaf mould, J-part sand will suit them. "
.
Anchusa
(anchu-sa, from
anchousa,
cosmetic.
Ord.
Boragineae). Hardy annuals, biennials, and perennials,of which Italica,a blueand the Dropmore flowered variety, perennial,blooming in summer, latter the The is most should are popular. very rich in colour and Anchusas be preferredto the type. The are vigorous growers, and not be given manure. should Propagated by division in autumn in summer in root or cuttings spring,or by seeds sown spring,by flowers the to give following year. a
"
Andromeda The
number
(androm-eda, of
classical
a
speciesin
this genus them transferred
botanists, who have to the best known, floribunda, which
name.
has
to other
is
now
Ord. Ericaceae). greatly reduced by This applies genera. "
been
called
"
Pieris floribunda
Magazine, t. 1566). It grows 3 to 6 ft. high, and in spring. Of the rest, the most popular is which flowers about foot in June has a high, pink polifolia, grows in like well-drained and autumn. coloured soil of a foliage They position. Propagated by layers in sandy peat and a sheltered or autumn, by seeds. and sakos, buckler, form Androsace (andros-a-ce,from aner, man, Ord. of anther. Primulaceae). Charming little rockery plants, of which lanuginosa, 9 ins., carnea, 3 ins. high, pink flowers in summer; sarmentosa, rose, summer; 4 ins., pink, spring; and villosa,4 ins., sarmentosa. Chumbyi resembles spring; are four of the best. rose, in in sandy division inserted or spring, by cuttings Propagated by in Soil : peat, with a liberal admixture of summer. soil in a frame (seethe
bears
Botanical
white
flowers
"
of Gardening Encyclopaedia and
sand Small
in
squares
they get plenty be of glassshould
fixed for
Umbelliferae). "
Garden
virtues.
for
term
several
Ord. Orchidaceae) Tropical Orchids, beautiful and fragrant; citratum, a dwarf
Orchids.
Ord.
Herbs.
"
angurek, Malay
(angrae-cum, from
Angraecum
"
epiphytal of
which
.
both
are
Kitchen
See
growing
Bulbs.
medicinal
its
in winter.
wind,
anemos,
See
"
from
moisture.
off rain
throwing
Flower (anem-on-e, from Anemone, Wind Ord. Ranunculaceae). exposed places. named Angelica (angel-ica,
positionsamong
little overhead
but
of root
where
stones
in
best
thrive
They
rubbish.
mortar
1 1
is
flowers,
lemon-coloured
very dwarf, is also sesquipedale,2 ft.
perfumed. high, with
i"
Eburneum, white
ft.
white,
high, white;
winter
in
flowers
species with
Falcatum,
particularlysweet.
and
and
spring,
popular species. The latter, with its long spur, is particularly quaint and interesting. Propagated by offsets in spring. Crocks be of soil. The small instead used should and moss Sphagnum in the in baskets, and kinds are generallygrown larger pots. They in and establishments are love a moist, warm large temperature, in which the Indian a a high temperature and in East house, grown air The be maintained. saturated kept a atmosphere are may are
when
little drier
the
when
fatal to them
they
are
Anguloa (angulo-a,from "
These
Orchids
handsome
arid
flowering,but
plants are
making
their
Ord.
Angulo, a Spaniard. do
well of
in
55"
conditions
are
growth.
Orchidaceae).
intermediate
an
60".
At
that
house, i.e.,
they temperature be saturated and must avoided be kept fairlydry, a atmosphere may in spring,but while they are in bloom while they are making their of root and atmospheric they enjoy abundance growth in summer in crocks and should be moisture. Sphagnum moss. They grown f t. Soil is not required. Clowesii, i-Jhigh, yellow, is perhaps the and Ruckeri, i-J-ft., crimson best-known yellow, species; but There also esteemed. several are are and uniflora, i-Jft., cream, division. these varieties of both species. Propagated by with
one
Annuals. from
winter
a
"
Annuals
to
complete plants which within a year. seed-ripening, are
germination to
season
their No
life-cycle, experienced
they will have flower-gardener will neglect the annuals, because in the first him. to their worth place Bought proved very cheaply, that under shown will have a simple system of culture very they a long period. they are capable of giving beautiful displays over of the annuals, notably China Certain Asters, Ten-week Stocks, Phlox
Drummondii,
Godetias, Clarkias, and
Sweet
Peas,
are,
indeed,
be garden plants, yet they can from bloomed seed in a few weeks. They give beauty of flower, in some delicious cases neat habit, long duration, and perfume. it is convenient to divide the annuals into twoFor garden purposes the former out of and sections, hardy half-hardy, being sown doors where they are to bloom, the latter in a greenhouse or frame
amongst
and
the
most
valuable
of all
transplanted.
Sowing hardy annuals. beds, or for patches in
"
Hardy herbaceous
annuals and
may other
be
used
borders.
for
forming
It is not
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
1 2
that
often, perhaps,
whole
a
bed
annuals, but there is no reason Peas and tall thingslike Sweet
given up
the
to
beautiful
collection
a
it should
why
kinds
dwarfer
centre, and
the
is
be
not
pink
of
hardy With
done.
Lavatera
like Godetias, Nasturtiums,
towards
Clarkias,
the front, Larkspurs, Love-in-a-mist, Poppies, and Mignonette near In such would beautiful. of annuals be really bed a case a they in groups. The should be sown ground should be well dug, and
if poor; soil but it is easy to make a dressingof manure if the is fertile refuse for and mould burnt too some annuals, of superphosphate per square and a handful yard will be preferable The surface may be left lumpy when to dung. digging,and raked have
may
rich
fine
down it is
just
before
As
sowing.
particularly necessary
the
to prepare
of many fine tilth.
kinds
seed a
Early
is small, April is a
if the weather is favourable. Thought should be good time to sow It not to is to sow given prudent patches of different kinds space. foot each for their of plants within of other, making 110 allowance a that even if only a small quantity of seed Remember development. in each is sown there be patch. As a safeguard 50 plants may the different kinds which from being against crowding, prevents for the individuals, every distinct kind is bad well displayed, and be sown in a ring as far from its neighbour as that should plant The table able ring system of sowing is preferbelow). high (see grows for each it gives a defined to a broadcast area patch because of thinning. For reduces the labour time kind, and at the same is reserved for, say, a particular example, if a ring a foot across variety of Godetia, and the seed is sprinkled thinly in a shallow if a than less seed used circular drill, there is likely to be much with the with is kind foot of sown same ; moreover, ground square Yet fewer surplus seedlingsthere will be less thinning-out to do. It suffices the ring of plants will be just as effective as the patch. to
small-seeded
the
cover
larger with
inch.
kinds
In
with
half
thinning,act
inch
an
before
of
the
the
soil, and have
an plants grown large enough to get tangled and weakly. A preliminary run inch when the seedlingsare about with finger and thumb an over of lot the facilitates final it as gives a sturdy high plants singling," "
"
"
to
choose
from.
of
Similar near
the
ringsto front
sometimes
One
ground ; there four plants wdll
should make
those
be
only a
sown
better in
plant clump in
bed
a
be
may
"
draw
a
crowding
that
area.
small
area
on
than
in selected
sown
6 ins.
Three
or 100.
positions
of borders.
A Sowing half-hardy annuals. simple is fill shallow boxes to some hardy annuals
March,
annuals
50
sees one
shallow
drills from
back
to
of
method
front
raising
fine soil about
with 2
ins.
halfmid-
apart, sprinkle
The boxes put If in frame. shelf or a or on a stage, greenhouse may be hardened afterwards the plants must they are put on a hotbed in an unheated As soon frame. as they begin to crowd in the seed be pricked off 3 ins. apart in other boxes they must boxes, kept in a and watered t o light airy place, sufficiently prevent flagging. only will probably By the time they begin to crowd again the weather be mild enough for them be potted to be planted out, or they may the
seed
be
singly.
in
thinly, and
stood
a
small
label
to
each
row.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
I
3
outdoors. Summer treatment Half-hardy annuals may be planted borders. After they in mixed in beds, used as lines, set in groups treatment the as need same been have practically planted they is One have thinned. which been point hoeing, hardy annuals down it keeps weeds is beneficial to all classes of annuals; which "
with few of a only be needed about should the latter kinds, but when they plants begin to sprawl Flower Garden under be drawn together and supported (seeremarks If snails Herbaceous and are troublesome, freshly plants). slugs Most annuals the be at dusted slaked lime should over plants night. do for a longer period than bloom naturally if the they would flowers are gathered before they have time to ripen their seeds. and
soil.
the
aerates
Staking
will
"
GOOD
HARDY
NAME.
umbellata
Abronia
coronaria Agrostemma Alyssum, Sweet setosa Asperula azurea Bartonia
aurea
Calendula, Prince
of
Candytuft, White
Spiral
Orange
carmine ,,
Centranthus
macrosiphon inodorum, Chrysanthemum Robe
Bridal
Evening
Star
Morning
Star
,,
,,
Burridgeanum
Chrysanthemum,
Clarkia
elegans,double
Firefly
,,
,,
marginata dwarf pink
,,
bicolor
Collinsia
candidissima
"
,,
Collomia
coccinea
Convolvulus
major minor
Coreopsiscoronata Drummondii
Cornflower, Victoria
Erysimum
arkansanum
Eschscholtzia
crocea
Rose Eutoca
viscida
Gamolepis Tagetes Gilia dichotoma tricolor ,,
alba
Cardinal
ANNUALS
of Gardening Encyclopaedia COLOUR.
NAME.
Glaucium
luteum
yellow
phoeniceum
orange
Godetia, Bridesmaid
rose
of
Duchess
Albany
,,
,,
carmine
Albemarle
Lady Lady
,,
Rose
Satin
flore
Schamini ,,
white
and
white
rose
pleno
double
rose
white
Gypsophila elegans muralis
rose
, ,
Helichrysum (Everlasting) lonopsidium acaule Jacobaea (Senecio) amelloides
Kaulfussia
tricophila(scoparia) Larkspur, Butterfly Kochia
various violet various blue, crimson blue
Rocket
various
Stock-flowered
various
Dwarf
leafage
handsome
,,
Lavatera
pink
splendens splendens
rosea
alba ,,
white
Layia elegans Leptosiphon hybridus Limnanthes Douglasi
yellow
Linaria
various
various
yellow
grandiflorum see Love-in-a-mist, Nigella
scarlet
Love-lies-bleeding Lupinus Hartwegi
red
rubrum
Linurn
atrococcineus
hybridus
,,
blue and white scarlet and white red
grandiflora bicornis
white
white
albus Mai ope Mathiola
and
(Night-scented lilac
Stock) Mignonette,
white
Giant
red
!!
red
Machet
Tom
Nasturtium,
various
Thumb
gated-leaved varie,,
various various
tall
Nasturtium,
variegatedvarious
leaved
Nemophila
blue
insignis
white
alba
Nigella,Miss Oenothera
Drummondii ,,
Phacelia
blue
Jekyll
rose
rosea
campanularia
Poppies, double Shirley The
Mikado
umbrosum
nana
yellow blue
various various rose
and
white
scarlet,black
spots
of Gardening Encyclopaedia lemon
californicus
Platystemon
I
various
Portulaca, single double Feather
Prince's
HIGH.
FEET
COLOUR.
NAME.
various
4
red
3
yellow
'i
blue
i
yellow pink
I
white
i
pink
2
Scabious, large-flowered
various
2$
SchizopetalonWalkeri
white
Golden Rudbeckia, Salvia, Blue Beard
Sunset
Sanvitalia
procumbens
Saponaria
calabrica alba Vaccaria
Senecio, Silene ,,
Jacobaea
see
armeria
rose
pendula
pink
,,
,,
compacta
pink
alba
white
,,
"
Sphenogyne speciosa Statice spicata (Everlasting)
orange puce
Suworowi
rose
,,
Sweet
single Peas, see specialnotes
Sweet
Sultan
Looking-glass
blue
Venus'
Navel-wort
white
Viscaria
red, white
Stock
cardinalis
crimson
oculata
pink, purple eye
Wallflower, annual
various
Whitlavia
violet
grandiflora
Xeranthemum
(Everlasting)
Nemophilas, Silenes, and Saponarias September to flower in spring. GOOD Those Those
marked
p *
p Acroclinium
sown
are
(Everlasting)
are
good not
true
for pots. annuals. FEET
COLOUR. rose,
white
I
Antirrhinums
various
I
grandis
white,
mauve,
yellow Asters, China, Comet ,,
"
various
Chrysanthemumvarious
Bouquet p Asters, China, Dwarf Victoria p ,,
various various
"
* "
"
Quilled
various
HIGH.
I
blue
flowered
in
outdoors
Ageratum Arctotis
p
be
ANNUALS
HALF-HARDY
marked
may
NAME.
*
3 to 8
various
Venus'
Virginian
3 to 8
yellow yellow
Sunflower, double
and
to
2
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
i6
COLOUR.
NAME.
Asters, China, Ostrich
Paeony-flowered
,,
,,
Plume
p Balsam, Camellia-flowered (Swan River p Brachycome
various various
Daisy
p Carnation, Marguerite p Celosia plumosa aurea coccinea p
blue various
yellow red
,,
,,
scandens
Cobaea
(Cosmos) bipinnata (Indian Pink) Heddewigii
Cosmea *
various
Dianthus
*
",,
various various coral
Barberae
p Diascia
purple pink, white
aurantiaca
Dimorphotheca Eccremocarpus scaber Gaillardia, single
orange orange of orange
shades
various
double ,,
Gilia
coronopifolia
yellow
Feather
Golden
Helipterum (Everlasting) speciosa Maize, Japanese Striped
blue
Marigold, French
variegated leaves coloured foliage striped lemon, orange
African ,,
purple spotted
Martynia fragrans Mimulus tigrinus Nemesia
Suttoni
strumosa
lobata
Mina
Nicotiana
cream
white
Sanderae
shades
of red
various
foliage
Perilla nankinensis
dark
Petunia, single
various various
double ,,
Phlox
various
Drummondii
Rhodanthe
Ricinus
(Everlasting) Gibsoni
Statice
various
yellow
sinensis sinuata
,"
pink, white dark foliage various
p Salpiglossis p Schizanthus
hybrida
mauve,
white white, and
and
yellow p Stock, Ten-week Wallflower-leaved
Tagetes signata pumila Venidium *
p
yellow
various
affinis
Pansy
p
on
scarlet
cardinalis
p
yellow
Lobelia
Four-coloured
*
leaves
lilac,mauve
p Heliotrope *
scarlet
calendulaceum
various various
orange
Verbena
orange various
Zinnia, single
various
double "
various
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
17
Grasses A collection of ornamental which Grasses. Ornamental the treatment will thrive under given to hardy annuals as described ing above is a good and useful feature of the flower garden. The followB riza Avena be selected sterilis, maxima, : Agrostisnebulosa, may "
Eragrostiselegans,Hordeum jubatum, Lagurus ovatus, Pennisetum will be charming for longistylum, Stipa pennata. The sprays if gathered before they mature. vases Anomatheca.
See Bulbs.
"
Antennaria.
Flower
See
"
Camomile
Anthemis, "
easilypropagated
Camomile,
is
of the
about grow is pretty.
Nobilis, the
one
ft.
2
Anthericum
Rockery.
"
Ord. (an-themis, from anthemon, a flower. border plants,thriving in almost any soil, by division in spring. Tinctoria, the dyer's
Compositae). Showy and
Garden
bloom
and
high
several varieties; they there are in July. Aizoon, May, white,
best, and
has white
Camomile,
common
from
(anther-icum,
flower"
tall stems. Ord. Liliago,the St. Bernard's
kerkos,
hedge,
a
Liliaceae).Graceful
flowers. and
anthos,
plants, of
"
a
which
Lily; and Liliastrum, the St. Bruno's Lily,both growing 18 ins. to 2 ft. high, and bearingwhite flowers in There is a large variety of each June, are the two best known. called major. Propagated by division of the root after flowering. A fertile,well-drained soil is desirable. They are hardy, and may be planted in autumn or spring. Anthurium the
(anthu-rium, from our a, a tail, and anthos, a flower stove Aroideae). Handsome plants,with large and brilliant spathes, which be scarlet, crimson, rose, or may The best known which has Andreanum, species are a spathe and a white spadix; and Scherzerianum, which is all =
spadix.
leaves white. scarlet
Orel.
"
-
scarlet.
There
colour.
Veitchii
varieties
varying in size and two mental-leaved Warocqueanum principalornathe in crowns species. Propagated by dividing Soil : 3 parts of peat spring,each portion with roots at the base. in a fibrous, lumpy state, i part of leaf mould, i of Sphagnum moss, and i in equal proportions of broken crocks, charcoal, and sand. The
must
pots
are
many
be
thoroughly
plants enjoy moisture, given throughout the summer, This, combined
temperature
with
healthy growth. winter
a
each,
the
are
The
a
of
and
a
with
night
Shade
temperature
and
with
good
a
both
deal
at the
occasional minimum of
is
10"
drained
abundance of water
repotting as needed, 65", will insure free
required during
less will
and
roots
of crocks. should be in the atmosphere.
suffice, and
and and
hot sunshine. In less water will be
needed. from Antirrhinum, Snapdragon (aritirrhi-num,
snout,
in reference
to
the
form
of
in
developing the
anti,like,and
flowers.
the
rhin,
Ord.
Scrophumajus, as represented by its beautiful modern offspring,has developed into a florist's flower, and the varieties are grown under like Roses and Sweet Peas. specialnames, The in Scotland, where much plant is especiallyesteemed good a
lariaceae).Antirrhinum "
work has been colour only are
done
procurable,such
as
flower.
crimson,
rose,
Varieties
yellow, and
of
one
white; B
1
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
8
and
these
for groups
suitable
are
forms
beautiful
with
flaked
and
and
But
masses.
there bed
A
striped flowers.
also
are
of these
is
pink flowers, type, which There strain the Tom is dwarf called a high. grows about which ins. Thumb, high. Compact strains only grows 9 and the two between be can got, they are perhaps the most useful of in their all. lies almost much The of the Snapdragons value as long period of blooming, and their adaptabilityto nearly all kinds of soil, as in their beautiful flowers. They grow continuously for
both
bright about
several
interesting.The
and 2
ft.
thrive
will
They
luxuriate
almost
and
months,
buds.
has
in cool
clay.
well to raise
little side
every
in
shallow,
Propagated from
forms
shoot
flower
chalky soil; and they seeds and cuttings. by if
will
It is
is taken
to get quite likely to in February or March, If sown in a greenhouse or frame appear. the seedlings pricked off and close to kept sturdy by being grown the glass and given plenty of air, the plants will be in flower before midsummer. Cuttings may be inserted in sandy soil in a frame in It is wise to insert a few autumn. or summer cuttings of any from sure seed, in order to make speciallygood variety that comes
always it from
of
a
"
true
seed, because,
florist,good
well-known
increasinga Ants.
some
stock
Gardeners
care
varieties
new
are
of it.
dislike
ants
their
among
plants because,
they do any direct injury or not, they certainlyencourage aphides. They probably do direct as well as indirect injury, particularly is to best means to fruits. The of reducing their numbers
whether
with old bones, trap them will treacle; boilingwater
or
do
with smeared sponge oil also disturbs Paraffin
pieces of
with the
rest.
them.
plant flies). Aphides or sucking flies attacks one species or another of The almost class of Solarrums, Roses, fly plant. green every Beans; Tulips,and other plants; the black fly of Asters and Broad the blue fly of Plums, of aphis. If the all forms are aphides are to extent allowed to such to multiply they speedily increase as an of increase their rapidity the plants they attack, and all but smother Aphides (green familiar
are
is such For
this
to all
that
a
and
other
few
individuals
it is wise
reason
fortunatelythey
"
gardeners, because
are
soon
grow them
to attack
easy
to
kill.
to
as
thousands.
many
directlythey
Those
who
are
are
seen,
and
with
troubled
of the will find that fumigating with one aphides in glass structures and suit in to sizes sold various which are large vaporisers in horticultural dealers small and houses seedsmen, by nurserymen, of keeping them sundries, provides a ready and inexpensive means in a gallon of water An of washing soda dissolved down. ounce be syringed which heated forms to a simple destroyer, 150" may up of quassia, A decoction to outdoor on plants through gloved hands. made by soaking a handful of quassia chips in a gallon of water, will advertised are also destroy aphides. Various proprietary washes the directions to for the and be applied according may purpose, supplied with them. "
"
(aponoge-ton, from water). neighbour=growing near Aponogeton
"
apon, See
water
Flower
and (Celtic),
Garden
"
geiton,
Water.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Apple.
See
"
9
Fruit.
See Fruit.
Apricot. "
Plants.
Aquatic
I
"
See
Flower
Garden
"
Water.
natively aquila, an eagle (alterOrd. Ranunculaceae). ceous The is one of the most popular of hardy herbagraceful Columbine in it is not represented. which flowers, and there are few gardens well adapted best suited for borders, but a few are The majority are the of few for the rockery. The are a principalspecies following and hybrids: alpina, a charming blue rockery plant, i ft. high; caerulea, 15 to 18 ins., blue and white; caerulea hybrida, 18 to 30 of from colours, and the a seedsmen, ins., obtainable gives variety flowers have long spurs; chrysaiitha, 3 ft., yellow; glandulosa, blue, lilac,and white, i ft., an exquisitebut short-lived plant that several needs and there of which are renewal, frequent pretty varieties; pyrenaica,blue and lilac,only a few inches high, suitable for the rockery; sibirica, 10 to 12 ins., blue, good for rockwork; Skinneri, 2 ft.,red, green, and yellow; and Stuarti, 9 ins., blue and Columbines white, a charming hybrid. The begin to flower very for a long in May, and early, often being in bloom they continue for useful sown seeds, are cutting. They by period. Propagated in June, transplanted in August, and the following year. flowering Also by division. Soil: the strong kinds will thrive in almost any The weaker like glandulosa, pyresoil,from clay to chalk. ones, naica, and well-drained loam. Stuarti, should have a light,warm, from (aquile-gia,
/jquilegia,Columbine from
Arabis,
Rock
aquilegus, water-collector) a
"
.
Cress
(ar-abis. Ord. Cruciferae). Very cheap and in mild off and on flowering plants, spellsthroughout the winter, but at their best in spring,when they grow rapidly,and bloom as They are charming in the rockery, in bulb they extend. at the edge of basins of beds, at the front of mixed borders, and and both white-flowered much and albida, aquatic plants. Alpina little dwarfer and alike, but the former more a compact than the the two double white latter, are principalspecies; but the newer It is outdo flore bids fair in to both esteem. pleno, variety, public and lasts well. Lucida very graceful,having long spikes of bloom, variegata, which has pretty green and yellow leaves, is also a useful has Arabis. Aubrietioides Alba large pink flowers. variegata has a white-edged leaf. The are singlevarietie^ propagated by seed, in May outdoors sown or June for flowering the followingseason; division after flowering; the double or by cuttings, by by cuttings, which the be taken from clumps after flowering,and struck may in sandy soil in a frame, or in a shady spot out of doors. They grow "
easily grown
well in all soils,and Aralia
no
specialprovisionneed
be made.
(ara-lia. Ord. Araliaceae). Handsome foliage plants, The most requiring a greenhouse or stove. hardy, others Sieboldii called Fatsia or popular species,Japonica (now Japonica esteemed as a by botanists),is much greenhouse and room plant, for its large,dark being grown Elegantisgreen, deeply-cut leaves. sima and Veitchii two beautiful sorts, but gracillima are they house. remark The a warm to Kerchoveana same require applies some
"
Encyclopediaof Gardening
20
is hardy. of the Reginae. Racemosa Japonica and most species are propagated by cuttings of ripe wood, preferably Veitchii in bottom heat; by gracillimaby grafting; racemosa division. Soil: 3 parts loam, i leaf mould, i peat, % part sand. and
indoor
(arauca-ria,from
the Araucanos tribe. Ord. Coniferae). embraces the of which well-known Conifers, Monkey large genus of the few really hardy kinds, and spicuous cona Puzzle, imbricata, one object in the pleasure grounds of many places. Excelsa
Araucaria
"
A
important of the greenhouse species,and it has several as glauca, Goldieana, and variegata. They make nice table plants. All are Propagated by cuttings, evergreens. then the shoots start which the tops of plants being first struck, and in and leaf the root old stumps; loam from readily they sandy if leaf in Soil: i mould a kept shaded. greenhouse 3 parts loam, Puzzle is not mould, j-part sand for the pot plants. The Monkey very fastidious, but does best in a deep, well-drained, loamy soil. Arbor vitae (Thuya). greens, evereasily grown Cheap, hardy, and used for When well for individual effect. often as hedges, as be inserted about planted for forming hedges they should 9 ins. and have not Privet but so are as Thorn, cheap They quite apart. Arbor distinction. The American vitae little more a (Thuya occigated Propadentalis)is the speciesmost largely used for this purpose. tial, soil that is deep, substanby seeds or cuttings. Almost any will suit. See also Thuya. and well drained is the
most
varieties, such
"
Arbour.
"
See Flower
Garden
"
Summer-houses.
referring Arbutus, Strawberry Tree (arbu-tus,from arboise (Celtic) some Unedo is a handthe rough fruit. Ord. Ericaceae). Arbutus ,
to
"
shrub, growing from evergreen in September, which flowers somewhat resembling Strawberries.
15 ft. followed
are
There
bearing
high, and
8 to
white
by
are
fruits
scarlet
red-
and
pink
flowered varieties of it. It is hardy, be generally speaking, though it may in if winters severe injured planted in an exposed place in a cold district. in spring. Propagated by seeds sown sirable. is dewell-drained soil Warm, peaty
Arches.
Garden
Flower
See
"
"
Arches. Arctotis and
from arktos, a bear, (arcto-tis, Ord. ear=shaggy fruit.
an
ous,
Compositae).
"
See
Annuals
Half-
"
hardy. Areca.
"
See
Chrysalidocarpus.
Arenaria
A
plain galvanised wire arch.
from (arena-ria, Ord. Caryophyllaceae). Garden Rockery. "
arena,
See
sand.
Flower
"
Aristolochia, Birthwort locheia,
parturition. Ord.
(aristolo-chia,from Aristolochiaceae) "
.
aristos, best, and
Singular climbers,
of Gardening Encyclopaedia deciduous;
others
evergreen,
some
is
"
Dutchman's
One
tender.
others
hardy,
some
the
21
pipe,"
a hardy spring, and of the indoor species with handsome foliage. The most remarkable immense climber with is gigas Sturtevantii, stove an a greyish flower with furnished a long tail. Propagated by cuttings of young Soil: 3 parts wood with a heel, preferablyin a propagating case. leaf mould, for the indoor and sand, loam, i each decayed manure |kinds; ordinary garden soil for Sipho.
of
the
best
climber
known
curious
with
Armeria
(Thrift).
Arnebia,
Prophet
"
Arnebias
naceae). "
suitable which
for
grows
annual,
and
It likes
a
and
borders, and
high,
the
Garden
Artificial Manures.
with
about
grows
dots
five black
Flower) in late propagated by thrives in any good
Prophet age.
heat.
is
It
It
Water.
Garden.
See
"
"
former,
July, is an glass in spring.
Echioides
flowers
name
flowers
spring in
in
Kitchen
See
"
yellow the
hence as
Flower
See
"
has
The in
flowers under
seed from sown grown well-drained soil. gritty,
of Mahomet," (" marks spring; the spots fade cuttings or pieces of root soil if not dry
Artichoke.
yellow
Boragiplants,
pretty dwarf
for rockwork.
or
has
Ord.
name.
are
be
may
Arrowhead.
echioides
and
loamy, high,is a perennial,and
9 ins.
Rockery.
"
Arabic (arne-bia,
cornuta
in
late
flowers
Garden
Flower
Flower
ins.
18
yellow
and
See
frame
the
Sipho,
brown
Manures.
Arum
Ord. Aroideae). (ar-um, from aron, an Egyptian word. Arums The are distinguished by singular flowers, resembling those of the Arum leaves. cases Lily in form, and in some by marked about 18 and ins. Itaiicum, which high, produces greenishgrows white flowers in April, is perhaps the best-known species. It has with its poisonous variegated leaves, and is hardy. Maculatum, scarlet autumn Cuckoo berries, is the native pint. Palaestinum Black the sometimes called or Sanctum, Calla, requires greenhouse "
cultivation. The
Cornutum
flowers
is the
red, spotted with
are
It should
be
kept dry
Crinitum
has
immense
Dracunculus
has
Propagation nearly
is
suits ;
Arum white Calla is
now
the
winter
the
in demand particularly
which
needs
Monarch
of
the
stems
garden are
very
dwarf;
the are
East."
spotted.
protectionfrom
frost.
marked stems. spotted flowers, and stems, large leaves, and purplish flowers. in spring. good, moist garden soil Any
better
for litter
the
over
out
of
in winter.
roots
for
"
universally grown
several
and
and
red
division
are
black;
is remarkable Lily. This plant, which such spathe, is grown under various names, and Richardia R. aethiopica, aethiopica, the accepted botanical name. Although
pass almost
winter,
mottled
by
all
in
"
so-called
as
its beautiful
Lily of
Africana. the
the
Nile,
The
last
times plant will somehardy, and spring. It
it is not unharmed for flowering in winter and doors
for church
is is
decoration
at Easter. There are of it, notably Childsiana and grandiflora, Little Gem, form ; Pearl of Stutta miniature gart,
varieties
large; and
The
Godfrey,
another
miniature
form.
All
are
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
22 white.
There
also
are
Pentlandii.
and
Both
petioles.
latter
sorts
has
Lilies,namely, Elliottiana
Arum
yellow
two
The
dark
are
with
leaves
green
beautiful, but
much
reddish
expensive in spring.
more
than
Soil : Propagation is by division or offsets The Arum i part decayed cow manure, " part sand. and Lilies are often planted out in the garden in summer, potted up winter about of will in the middle do a minimum September, They heat bloom. for early winter temperature of 45", but require more white.
the
3 parts loam,
A
"
several
of Bamboos,
genus
Ord. Gramineae) a reed. notably Falconeri, 6 to 8 ft. ft.; Japonica, 6 to 8 ft. (also
from (arundinar-ia,
Arundinaria
arundo,
.
of which,
foliage; Hindsii, 8 to 12 as Metake) ; auricoma, 2 to 4 ft. ; humilis, 3 to 4 ft. ; Simoni and and its variegated form nobilis,8 to 10 ft. ; are hardy. but not are are handsome, quite hardy. Falcata and Veitchii very of Bamboos, other the Like two require a greenhouse. genera better for the and Bambusa are Phyllostachys, the Arundinarias of liable be to shelter when out are as doors, severely they grown When cut by cold winds. they They do best in a moist climate. Soil: loam, flowered have they die. Propagation is by division. peat, and leaf mould.
high, green
known
Bambusa
Arundo, Great Arundo Gramineae).
reed. Ord. a arundo, (arun-do, from white with its fine, silky panicles, conspicua, rival to the ft. high in August, is no mean
Reed
"
rise to 8 may It looks Grass.
which
Pampas
in
best
a
bed
on
Donax
water.
near
grass
is still taller, often attaining 12 paniclesare Although There is a dwarf off white. at first, they fade reddish variety of this called versicolor, \vhich has variegated leaves. Propagation is by seeds or division in spring. Any cool, moist garden soil suits; ft.
to
a
thin, dry soil is
good.
not
(Fraxinus).
Ash
"
The
trees, but is eschewed all run roots, which
graftingfor the
It is
of the
to
F.
This
rob
and
the
Excelsior are
the
the
of its
orange
is
greed
quite distinct
of the
Fraxinus
crops. Common
varieties
several
of timber
known
to
Ash, of each.
for the the
from
and
The
handles
species,by
the
ordinary Pyrus, species Aucuparia. for garden planttree, and is in great demand ing, and still account cut more on foliage, prettily different
a
handsome
account
bright
place
There
"
belongs
very
a on
Ash,
(Rowan).
Mountain
and
Ash,
best
tough and elastic; gardeners like it Propagation is by seeds in spring for varieties. Any soil.
is of Ash wood of their tools.
Ash,
the
over
of the
one
garden tree, owing
a
Ash.
Manna
the
F. Ornus
is
Ash as
White
is the
Americana
the
berries
which
genus
"
in autumn.
it bears
It does
not,
high is a good with several varieties; one, yellow fruit, is specimen. others called fructu-luteo are distinguished by particularlyerect ; or pendulous habit, or by variegated foliage. Although it loses its as
a
leaves trees
to very There are
rule, grow
in autumn, are
Mountain
Ash
for the
garden
(culinary). See
Kitchen
being
Asparagus
the
large dimensions;
chosen
"
a
should ; and
tree
not
25 ft.
be overlooked
it will grow
Garden.
in most
when
soils.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Asparagus
"
(aspar-agus, from
ornamental
spamsso,
23 to
tear, in
kinds. Ord. Liliaceae). The garden is sometimes pressed into in its and other service for ornamental species are season, purposes fact from the that still more ornamental, they are available at apart different periods. Plumosus and its variety nanus are particularly and esteemed for cutting,as they are graceful lasting. Popularly in favour known for as Asparagus fern," they rival the Maidenhair associatingwith cut flowers. Sprengeri and its variety variegatus is also good for this purare charming basket plants; retrofractus pose. Verticillatus is a graceful,vigorous species suitable for growing of red berries. glass, and bears abundance up a pillarunder is the called which Medeoloides Smilax, popularly plant grows trained when back cut to freely annually, perpendicular strings in will succeed in a a warm house, and syringed. All of those named and of loam leaf soil (equal parts) warm^ greenhouse in a compost seed and be raised from with s'and. They may division of the roots. allusion
the to prickles ordinary Asparagus of the
some
on
"
kitchen
"
Aspen. Poplar).
This
"
tree
The
to the
petioleof
of the
leaf
is
speciesof Populus (tremula, or
trembling Anglo-Saxon aespe. Owing leaf being flattened at right angles to the plane blade, a very lightwind suffices to move sequently, it; cona
from
comes
name
the
near
the
the
leaves
in motion
are
in
damp
it,includinga weeping
form.
a
good
tree
to
plant
the
when
places.
other
There
are
foliageis still. several
It is
varieties
of
Asperula (asper-ula,from asper, rough. Ord. Rubiaceae). The is commonly useful species is azurea setosa, which as grown It has blue flowers in summer, annual and an (seeAnnuals) grows white-flowered British plant called Sweet about foot high. The a Hirta forms a white carpet in July. Woodruff is Asperula odorata. "
most
.
Asphodelus, Asphodel (asphod-elus, as-phodel, from a, not, and ceae). sphallo,to supplant, a suggestion of surpassingbeauty. Ord. Liliaworth the of two the One in or Asphodels are including herbaceous border, notably ramosus, a tall, white-flowered plant in a shady place. Acaulis in spring, and blooms will grow is which much with flowers. Treat like dwarfer herbaceous a pink plant Garden. plants. See Flower "
from Aspidistra (aspidis-tra,
ring aspidiseon, a shield, possiblyreferwhich is direct the from flower, pushed up the soil. for just above Ord. Liliaceae). be looked must roots, and is about Palm the best of all plants for rooms The popular Parlour and almost corridors, as it will endure draughts better than any other occasional plant. Watering as needed, and an sponging, and Lurida its form keep it in good health a long time. variegata suits them. be loam Propagated by division Sandy may grown. in spring,at which should be season they they need repotted when to
the
form
of the
"
it,but
that
is not
often.
buckler. Ord. aspidion, a small Aspidium (aspid-ium, from which botanists of ferns to have added now Filices). A genus and Cyrtomium Polystichum, together with certain minor genera; as consequently, the ferns still commonly Polystichum grown "
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
24 P.
aculeatum, Shield, the
notably culture,
Shield,
There
Aspidiums.
and
Lonchitis
(respectivelythe Hard classed as Holly ferns), are now
the
several
are
aculeatum
P.
and
angulare,
Soft
forms
handsome
and
proliferum
of
the
first two,
graiidiceps.For
angulare
Ferns.
see
not, and Asplenium, Spleenwort (asple-nium, from splen, a, in value. A medicinal Ord. allusion to Filices). spleen, large and of for and kinds suitable cool warm ferns, including important genus and called gardens. The Lady Fern, once greenhouses, rooms, the classed with Athyrium filix-foemina, is now Spleenworts by the The botanists. following are principalspecies: "
"
nice form
bulbiferum,
best
Ceterach
is
acutum
a
species which produces tiny swarthy be propagated ; Fabifronds, by which it can is one of the are good varieties; bulbiferum
greenhouse
a
the
laxum
and
of
Spleenwort, hardy;
of it.
plantletson anum
Black
the
Adiantum-nigrum,
ferns.
room
(syn. Ceterach
ofncinarum),
the
hardy
fern,
Scale
falcatum, a greenhouse species, the filix-foemina, the Lady Fern, hardy, of which following are and Victoriae. forms: Barnesi, dissectum, good flaccidum, greenhouse, good for baskets. Nidus, the Bird's-nest fern, a graceful species requiring a warm
greenhouse. Trichomanes, For
Maidenhair
the
culture,
Aster, China
Spleenwort, hardy.
Ferns.
see
(Aster sinensis). "
See Annuals.
Aster, Perennial, Michaelmas
Daisy, Starwort (aster,from aster, the to a star, referring shape of the original Ord. Compositae). See Flower single form. "
Garden
"
Herbaceous
borders.
from not, (astil-be, a, brightness, flower not showy. would fragaceae). This genus
Astilbe
_'
"
were
PROPAGATING'PERENNIAL ASTER
(MICHAELMAS BY
The
dotted
DAISY)
CUTTINGS. shows
line
the
in
not
that
Milk "
A
monspessulanus, an
Saxi-
be
portant unim-
it includes
Thunbergi,
2
ft., a
spring bloomer,
be grown good species,with white flowers, and may moist division in places. Propagate by spring.
Astragalus, Leguminosae).
stilbe,
the
roots are popular Spiraea japonica, of which sold in large quantities by bulb dealers in for spring bloom. It thrives in the autumn bulb if given plenty of water it soil, and will throw white in beautiful plumes up abundance. It be put into rooms may when Astilboides, 3 ft. coming into bloom. rivularis, 4 ft.,a high, a spring bloomer; summer bloomer, good for the waterside; and
all
it
and
Ord.
Vetch
large
but
evergreen
are
in borders
the Greek. Ord. (astrag-alus, from not important Perhaps very genus. trailer which produces purple flowers
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
25
is the most be used for the rock useful, as it can early summer, garden. It may be propagated by cuttingsin a cold frame, sandy soil being used. Astrantia (astran-tia,from astron, star, and anti, comparison, the to Ord. Umbelliferae). alluding arrangement of the umbels. Hardy herbaceous perennials,thriving in ordinary well-drained, friable soil,and propagated by division in spring. Carniolica, with white, and major, with striped,flowers are perhaps the most in
"
esteemed.
Aubrietia,
Rock
Cress
after M. Aubriet. (aubrie-tia,
Ord.
Cruci-
ferae). Splendid dwarf hardy plants for the rock garden, and for form dense They are carpeting and margining beds. evergreen, the in and flower most of are tufts, Easily raised from seed year. "
in
June
planted in
and
soil.
Any
autumn.
Dr.
Mules, Leichtlinii,
Campbelli (syn.Hendersoni) rosea, Fire King, Lavender, Lloyd Edwards, argentea variegata,and Prichard's A See
also Flower
Aucuba
sun
marbled-leaf
and
bear
berries The
if both
kinds
plants.
are
good.
are
Japanese. which
Ord.
Useful
Cornaceae).
"
will grow
in almost
soil,
any
country,
or
of
abundance
sex-flowers
the
shrubs,
shade, in town
or
i
Rockery.
"
(au-cuba, from
evergreen, in
Garden
H. Marshall,
beautiful
are
planted.
on
different
Propagated by cuttings spring or autumn, and
in
outdoors
by seeds.
See
also
Flower
Garden
Shrubs.
"
Auricula, Bear's-ear (auric-ula, the shape of the leaf. Ord. Primulaceae) Although the show of the florists Auricula or stage from
"
.
"
"
hard
has
work
varieties
border
favour.
Stage of
band and
a
tend
round
the
they margin, in which in
to
a
selfs; border
the in
grow have
the
round
of
have
its own,
Auriculas
paste
unless
called
hold
margin
white
and
to
a
tube, AUCUBAS
PROPAGATING
grey, green, border colour,
yellow or case they varieties
dark
The
leaves
^
the
double
No lover purple, and blue. mixed packet of Alpine and border Auriculas strain is good, some charming varieties are be propagated and can good ones particularly after
soil. These in company
They is
a
may
more
flowering,and Auriculas are coloured with
rgmoved
^ line,
dotted
mostly
white. such
Alpine as
violet, fail to
should
of spring flowers
them
bg to the
size, and
the
and yellow, primrose, cream, rich colours, and flowers large
have
C
are are
of
shades
^^
cutting inserted
BY
spring.
every
run
culas Auri-
plum, sow
a
If the
Any dividing by kept in a cool spot in rich
sure
to
appear.
true
out planting them well adapted for rillinga
foot
be planted a delicate plant,and
Primroses,
apart should
spring bed Polyanthuses, and Oxlips.
in autumn. have
frame
The
show
culture
Auricula
all the year
2.6
of Gardening Encyclopaedia The
round.
they
exhibition
good
are
varieties
likelyto be
never
increase
but
fore slowly, therecheap plants. They are repotted in
have offsets which formed and removed are spring, when any into floweringplants. A comon post potted separately,to be grown and of loam leaf mould (4 parts), decayed manure, (i part sand used. A is suitable size of each),and pot for the old plants is is set to face north for the summer, The frame is fully and 5 -in. In autumn it is turned to the south, and ventilated. watering is little in winter. The reduced, very being given plants are looked is brushed off and over periodicallyfor louse, which destroyed. The following are good varieties: Green-edged, Rev. F. D. Horner and and John Garrett; grey-edged, Colonel Champneys George Bell. and Heather and Rudd; white-edged,Acme Selfs, Heroine Mrs. Potts. and Alpines, Celtic King, yellow; Masterpiece, maroon
late
botanical
The
yellow.
of the
name
Auricula
is Primula
Auricula.
Ord. (aza-lea,from azaleas, dry, referringto the habitat. of The the of is most Azalea brilliant one ing early-flowerEricaceae). for the flower under garden (seeShrubs plants. It is valuable Flower Garden) and also for the greenhouse or conservatory. Its culture as a pot plant is made simple by the skill of Belgian gardeners, the do Hyacinths. who Instead plant just as Dutchmen specialise of a bulb, however, they send a plant on a clean stem a few inches head which is well set with flower-buds. the of There is a long, in these trade Azaleas. The amateur Belgian recognised special who an through a florist or bulb dealer is not asked buys them exorbitant house, price. He places the plants in a mildly heated the when them waters gradually pots ring hollow, and sees them Azalea
"
into
break are
for
bulbs
or
special
of
sheet
useful
very
dwarf
a
for other
These
glowing bloom.
little standard
Azaleas
breaking the uniformity of a flat stageful plants,and they can be brought into the rooms
with person succession of bloom
occasions.
A
of
command
two
or
of
more
of them in by forcing some After the the others. blooms should than heat flowering greater be pinched off carefullyto avoid injuring the growth, and the plants leaves. outdoors in and make be stood will grow on They may will when watered fresh lot of set and as a required, they summer, like and be flower-buds. a peaty soil, successfully They grown may in a compost of 3 parts peat, i loam, and a good sprinkling of sand. in sandy be removed as cuttings a.nd struck Young shoots may is in the in bottom heat. done under a Grafting bell-glass peat houses
have
can
Souvenir the
The
garden Ghent
Comte Madame
of the
Indian Reine
and
Chinese
sections
for
Fleurs, single salmon; Deutsche double double violet; Perle, Andre, early white; and Simon de Prince Mardner, carmine Albert, double rose ;
Fielder's
Bernard
rose.
varieties
Good
nurseries.
pots:
a
de
white,
following are
single;
good
des
varieties
for
growing
in
peaty
soil in
:
"
Hybrid
Azaleas.
Flandre, Thibaut,
Unique, yellow.
carmine. cream.
Mollis
Azaleas.
Alphonse Lavallee, orange. Anthony Koster, yellow. of Portland,
Duchess
Glory
of
Boskoop,
cream
orange.
and
rose.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia babianer, baboon
(babia-na,from
Babiana the
bulbs.
"
(Dutch). Baboons Ringens, scarlet;
and
the
most
latter, are
of the
varieties
the
white, with
stricta,blue and
Bulbs.
See
Irideae).
Orel.
27 eat
popular. Balm.
Kitchen
See
"
Balsam, Annual. Gramineae).
Arundinaria,
Herbs.
"
See Annuals
"
Half-hardy.
"
(bambu-sa, from
Bamboo
Bambusa, Ord.
Garden
There
"
graceful plants, and
well
do
of
great genera Phyllostachys. The
are
and
Bambusa,
Indian
the
bambos,
three
Bamboos
are
placesin northern
in sheltered
outdoors
name.
Bamboos:
peaty. They do not thrive if exposed ing followbe propagated by division. The to cold winds. They may the are palmata, nana, aurea, principalspecies: arundinacea, called and metake both and tessellata. are Japonica pygmaea, aria ArundinSimoni is called Arundinaria Japonica by botanists now. Simoni. Viridi-glaucescens is called Phyllostachys viridiglaucescens. climes, especiallyif the
Bartonia
soil is
(barto-nia, after
Barton.
Dr.
Ord.
See
Loasaceae).
"
Annuals. Basil.
Kitchen
See
"
Bastard Beans.
"
See
"
Kitchen
of
The
"
few
the
Flower
See
Soil.
and
Calystegia.
Flower
Garden.
Beech, Fagus sylvatica,is
common
of
handsomest
Garden
Kitchen
See
"
"
Herbs.
"
Garden.
(Bindweed).
Bed, Bedding-out. Beech.
See
trenching.
Bearbind
and
Garden
park
large trees
trees, and
that
should
the be
one
of the
largest is
Purple-leaved Beech admitted
to
gardens-
one
See
Garden.
(Beetroot)
Beet
"
.
See Kitchen
Garden.
Ord. Begoniaceae) (bego-nia,after M. Begon. made has in strides public favour, both great plant The and kinds same are a winter-blooming plant.
Begonia brilliant summer
"
.
This as
a
not
resulting from hybrids between tuberous-rooted spring species are used for summer flowering, and the offfor winter. of fibrous-rooted We are employed see, species of which therefore, that there are two distinct types of Begonia, one does another which The not. tuberous produces a tuber, and American the have from South Boliviensis, species Begonias sprung Veitchii. Some Clarkei, Davisi, Pearcei, rosaeflora, and hybrids for both
used
have
and
been
now
The
and
following are
Varieties
between
are
semi-double
semi-tuberous.
selected
speciessocotrana, examples:
Cheer, carmine, semi-double soc9trana.
Julius,rose, These
raised
fibrous-rooted
the
Winter
purposes.
tuberous
tuberous-rooted and
they
are
varieties very
ful. beauti-
"
tuberous
white
orange-scarletvariety
variety and
socotrana.
28
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
The
tuberous
Begonias
garden culti in shallow be used outdoors chalky or ing is prepared to do a good deal of watersuitable
are
vation, but they should not sandy soils unless the grower in hot,
dry
REX
PROPAGATING i.
When
the
mixed
Veins
and
2.
refuse, is to be
Begonia
tubers
BEGONIAS
cut.
fibre
cocoa-nut
or
He
summers.
embed
should
Tubers.
to used
3. Tubers
check as
LAID
a
with
ON
short
SOIL.
SANDY
put in
a
manure
box.
the
evaporation of moisture. bedding plant, it is wise to buy
in leaf mould
them
and
pot
also mulch
LEAVES
BY
for
both
in boxes
in March.
If
kept in a frame or greenhouse they will break into growth, and by June will be well advanced. They can then be given a good water
PROPAGATING
BEGONIA
GLOIRE
DE
LORRAINE. A
plant which
has
being i.
Shoots
grown cut back.
of this kind
PROPAGATING LORRAINE DE
BEGONIA BY
GLOIRE
CUTTINGS.
again after
are
suitable
for cuttings.
ing to settle the soil about their roots, and planted out a foot apart. They will probably be at their best in October, unless early frosts When be lifted, the tubers they are over they may checjvthem.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia and
dried
be
in fine sawdust
stored
for the
winter.
Named
for
pots if desired, but mixed potted in 5 -in. pots in bulb
chosen
29
tubers
varieties
cheaper. may soil (see Bulbs) in be They may February or March, and brought on steadily in a greenhouse. Any be propagated by striking cuttings of the young good variety can in sandy soil, or the tubers shoots ing be cut in halves the followmay the be flowered same spring. These Begonias can year from seed if there is heat available for it to be is snuff-like, and a very fine surface must be shaded with glassand paper pan should
are
in winter.
sown
be
prepared
The for it.
until the seeds
germinate.
seedlingswill requirecareful watering (seeWatering) first pricking off. at the They will grow slowly
The
tubers
formed,
are
Begonia is the foliageas well plant
is
of the
soil,when
then
pink
abundance
as
faster.
much
beautiful
Gloire
The
de
and
until
handling their
winter-flowering
best
Lorraine, which
of flowers.
of its chief
seed The
has pretty of this splendid
habit
The
making it suitable for a hanging basket. It thrives in a temperature of 55" to 65" in winter, and when be kept somewhat After it has bloomed in bloom cooler. may it may be gradually dried off, pruned back to short stumps, and rested. With fresh watering and will shoots syringing in summer be taken off at and ins. struck as push, and these may long 3 Another method take of is leaves to mature cuttings. propagation before drying off, lightlynick the ribs, and lay them the surface on one
will form.
roots than
compact growth plenty
more
de
is
Gloire
are
de
pink flowers; is
Sceaux the
weeks
to
and
a
is beautiful
a
Sceaux,
moist
grand hybrid. and
down
keep
the
the
It may
house
mite
later.
winter-flowering
has handsome
brownish
should
flowers.
be
attacks
fumigated
Gloire
Lily. "
Bell-glass. "
A
sizes, used
has
place.
for
glass,fitted with a knob, covering cuttingsto exclude air
from Bellis,Daisy (bell-is, garden Daisies, varieties
bellus, pretty.
The
spring flowering. They are brightflowers, especiallyin Rob
Roy,
and
of Bellis
Ord.
planted or
as
lines;
and
Snowflake.
but they growers, of varieties such case
The
Hen-and
be
propagated by
from Berberidopsis (berberidop-sis, to
the
resemblance
to
the
division
Ord.
produce large, Alice, Longfellow, is a curious
Daisies
be may for beds, carpets
after
berberis,and
Berberis.
for
as
-chickens
The small secondary flowers. in ordinary garden soil, either as
may
"
esteemed
low the
made and till rooting
Compositae).
perennis,are
variety,producing in autumn
notably
Bulbs.
dome-shaped
in various taken
See
three
every
It lasts in bloom
it.
weeks. The foliageBegonias must not be overlooked, many Rex and decora. The former is a popular window plant. Belladonna
leaves
de pink from propagated by cuttings
be
which
While
atmosphere are good for piece artificial light. Masteris a white form, good
under
which
somewhat
come
bloom
Weltoniensis, with
and
in March,
base
leaves
cuttings, and
Hall deeper pink. Turnford another. beautiful Other grandiflora
a
Begonias and
It
Lorraine.
alba
and
of water
from
Plants
from
those
in full Gloire
charms,
flowering.
ring opsis,like,refer-
Berberideae) "
.
The
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
30
corallina, is a handsome only species grown, rambling evergreen shrub crimson the Botanical (see Magazine, t. 5343). It bears in spring. It is not very flowers at the ends of the branches cular partito soil, but likes a mild, sheltered be proas place. It may pagated in spring, or wood by cuttings of young by layering the branches
in autumn. Ber-
berbery's (Arabic). Ord.
from Berberis,Barberry (ber-beris,
berideae). Extremely
valuable
"
beautiful
and
the
of which
most
well
foliage
as
In
cularly partispecies,
shrubs,
evergreen have
handsome flowers.
pretty
as
Darwini, orange;
and
steno-
phylla, yellow (the latter branches hybrid), the in flowers
clothed
from
base
a are
to
in
The common tip spring. handspecies, vulgaris, has is sometimes fruit, which preserved. Aquifolium, often home
under grown of Mahonia
shrub,
the
older
name
aquifolia,is as
it grows
a
ful use-
almost
is and anywhere, evergreen, bears Darwini purplish fruit. and stenophylla give of their best HERBERTS
PROPAGATING
SUCKERS
BY
Roots.
Young
2.
from
They
ting cutbe
may
or propagated by suckers of ripe wood in autumn.
growth starting.
Insert to dotted
sheltered
winds.
IN-
AUTUMN. i.
when
tings cut-
line.
A name Bergamot. given to lightly rubbed, give a has ft. red flowers in high, 3 herbaceous plant. ordinary "
whose
didyma,
Monarda
It
grows
2
be
grown
as
bergamot-like odour. late summer,
and
may
(bet-ula,from
"
good weeping
a
forms
of
Celtic
it, such
Nice
planted long, straight stems autumn.
with
used
Ord.
name.
alba, is
of the
trees and
in
"
second
the
as
Biennial
Birch
Silver
pyramidal
Cupuli-
graceful tree, of gardens. There are (pendula), a cut-leaved a
heads
at
a
gated-leaved varie-
a
soils
can
be
low
cost.
if
bought
complete their lifeone year they their seed the and Several biennials next. are hardy ripen in the flower and value the flower Wallutmost fragrant garden, stands out prominently as an indispensable plant that is best
Biennials.
treated
betu, the
Silver Birch, Betula and the outskirts on
as weeping (laciniatapendula), a dark-leaved (purpurea),and in most (foliis-variegatis). They will grow
many
in
the
an
"
Betula, Birch
bloom
to
flower
or ferae). The common in worth planting parks
of
when
Garden. Beta cicla is sometimes (Beet). See Kitchen and seed in spring. be raised from garden, may
Beta for the
cycle
leaves,
a
plants year from
biennial.
The
are
those
which
germination.
Sweet
William
Sown
is another
useful
old
of Gardening Encyclopaedia thrives
that
plant
these
only
were
table
shows,
is to
treatment
section
the
two
there
biennials
the
with
for
of treatment
method
best
soil in drills drawn in well-pulverised
seed
the
sow
If there hardy biennial. be important, but, as the
a
would The
several.
are
as
31
in
June, thin, hoe, set out a few inches apart May apart in autumn. in and bed a July, plant in beds and borders spare and treated thus When sturdy, transplant well they are strong bear a long succession freely,and showery weather, branch a
in
foot
or
in of
flowers. BIENNIALS
HARDY
GOOD NAME.
Adlumia
cirrhosa lactiflora
Androsace Aster
Bigelovii pyramidalis
Campanula
alba "
,,
Bell
Canterbury ,,
Dianthus
Saucer
and
Cup
,,
Heddewigii
Foxglove (Digitalis) aggregata
Gilia
Michauxia
campanuloides Iceland
Poppy,
+
Stock, Brompton Sweet
Rocket
Sweet
William
Verbascum
olympicum
Wallflower
The
Dianthuses
Eschscholtzias Sweet
are
are
bloom
they seed
thrive poor
Wallflowers
practiceit
go for
in
all the
nearly
biennials.
garden
Pentstemons
wintered
autumn,
treated
biennials. when
the
sown
in boxes
planted out in spring; they thus as proving their worth following year, become perennial if left, but in regular
old is most convenient to discard in late spring and raise a fresh
following
in most
Antirrhinums
and
of flower
out
and
(seeAnnuals),
annuals, together with
as
admirable
are
frame
a
soils,but
Wallflowers
year.
they
are
the
best
and
of all
plants after supply
from will
Snapdragons hardy
flowers
for
limestone.
Bignonia (bigno-nia,after Brilliant train
annuals
as
always grown are although both
Scabiouses,
(Snapdragons) and in
often
almost
hothouse the
Abbe
climbers, with roof
of
Bignon.
compound
Ord.
Bignoniaceae) "
.
leaves, well
suited
to
pillars large They and a peat in equal parts, compost of fibrous loam with sand. They are propagated by cuttings of half-ripe side shoots kept close in heat; also by seed and layers. The principal species are magnifica, with purplish-crimsonflowers; speciosa or picta,pink; tweediana, yellow; and venusta, orange. Capreolata, up
planted
out
or
in
a
heated
house.
are
best
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
32 which
has
scarlet flowers, may
This
places.
be
species may
be grown
by
radicans, which has orange flowers, and called Tecoma Magazine, t. 485, is now
in mild, sheltered
outdoors
increased
root
cuttings. Bignonia
is illustrated
radicans
by
Botanical
in the
botanists.
Myrtyllus of botanists, a dwarf blue flowers in spring. Its dark called the Blaeberry or Whortleberry. Oxycoccus.
Bilberry. This is the Vaccinium hardy British shrub bearing pink "
berries The
edible.
are
It is also
is Vaccinium
Cranberry
after Billberg,a Swede. Billbergia(billber-gia, with thick, fleshy leaves plants,
Hothouse
"
and
stem,
of the
Bindweed.
of brilliant
Birch. Bird
See
main
.
short
bloom.
vittata, green,
and
species.
All
in autumn
bloom
violet,
red, and or
are
winter.
Calystegia.
Prunus
Padus.
friends
damage to various crops, they are gardener, through destroying large numbers
birds
Although
"
a
on
Betula.
See
"
Cherry,
Birds. the
best-known "
Bromeliaceae)
They thrive in equal and a good peat, with a little decayed manure is and blue suckers. Moreli, by Propagation
heads
dense
parts of loam and sprinkling of sand. thyrsoidea, scarlet; rose; three
Ord.
crowded
of the
do
in
Tits, swallows, robins, thrushes, caterpillars, grubs, and insects. starlings,wrens, flycatchers, whitethroats, cuckoos, and redstarts The most are cases damage mainly (insome wholly) insectivorous. and is done to finches, blackbirds, thrushes, starlings, by crops with fruit be must house and protected Seedlings sparrows. not be should The of Nature balance thread, netting, and scares. of
interfered be
birds
with, and
of prey,
with
preserved equally
Bird's-eyePrimrose,
as
owls
and
hawks,
should
song-birds.
Primula
Fern, Asplenium
Bird's-nest
such
farinosa. nidus.
Birthwort, Aristolochia. Prunus
Bitter Almond,
(Amygdalus)
Vetch,
Orobus.
Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus). "
See
Black
Fly.
Black
Thorn,
"
amara.'
dulcamara.
Bitter-sweet, Solanum Bitter
communis
See
Fruit.
Aphides.
Prunus
spinosa.
Senna, Colutea.
Bladder
Bladderwort,
Blanching.
"
Utricularia. See
Kitchen
Garden
"
Celery,Lettuce,
etc.
Ord. (blandfor-dia,after the Marquis of Blandford. for the plants, suitable house. greenLiliaceae). Pretty semi-bulbous They are propagated by offsets and thrive in the bulb soil (see Bulbs). The flowers are drooping and funnel-shaped. GrandiBlandfordia "
flora
(Cunninghami)
with ,
crimson
flowers
in summer;
and
flammea
of Gardening Encyclopaedia yellow, summer, high.
aurea, 1
8 ins.
of
two
are
Both
best.
the
33 about
grow
Ord. Greek. Filices). A The popular speciesSpicant large genus of ferns, allied to Lomaria. Lomaria is now called by botanists Spicant. It is a British plant, in northern and will therefore thrive outdoors climes, but it is worth For in the for cool culture, see Ferns. growing greenhouse. pots Blechnum
Blood,
(blec-num,
as
manure.
Bloodwort
"
Manure.
See
"
blechnon,
Bloodroot, Sanguinaria.
or
Blossom.
Bloom, Bloom
from
These
"
is also used
names
popularly applied to
are
flowers.
describe
the down-like covering on the skins " is used While of Grapes and other fruit. ".bloom generally as an " alternative for flowers, blossom is usually reserved for the inflorescenc to
"
of fruit trees. Bluebell." is
Scotch
The
Campanula
Blue-bottle
(seeBulbs) ;
Cornflower).
(Centaurea Cyanus, the See Annuals Hardy.
call it Bluets.
Bocconia,
is Scilla nutans
Bluebell rotundifolia.
English
"
The
the
French
"
Plume Ord. Poppy (bocco-nia,after Dr. Boccone. cordata Bocconia is a very handsome herbahardy ceous in moist, substantial soil,such as well-worked clay, of ft. The or height 4 foliageis expansive,and the 5
Papaveraceae) plant,and
"
.
attains
to
a
is in the
inflorescence
It may worth
be
place in
a
Bog
tall
a
in
spike
It does
border.
Greenhouse
Bolting. A term Celery, Lettuces,
used
"
"
not
care
It
for
Flower
dry,
shallow
Garden
soil.
Water.
"
Heating.
to indicate
etc.
of buff-coloured flowers. This fine plant is well
spring. "
See
"
the
of
division
See (Menyanthes trifoliata).
Bean
Boiler.
form
propagated by
is
the
running to due
commonly
seed to
of
Cabbages, See
drought.
Garden.
Kitchen
Boltonia
Ord. Compositae). (bolto-nia,after Professor Bolton. is a vigorous, autumn-flowering,hardy herbaceous with flowers which plant, pale pink might easilybe mistaken for a Michaelmas Daisy. It grows about 4 ft. high, and spreads freelyin most soils. It is easilypropagated by division in spring. It is well worth adding to any border, as its foliageis pretty. For Boltonia
"
asteroides
staking,etc., see Bones,
Flower
Garden.
See Manures.
"
Garden Herbs. Borage. See Kitchen annual Borage, Borago ofncinalis, is an "
"
The
blue-flowered hardy aromatic plant beloved of
The
leaves in salads, and used sometimes are for from It in be raised seed and thrives liquors. spring, may any soil that is not stiff and wet. bees.
Bordeaux service the
Mixture.
than
in
fungoid
Bordeaux
"
Modern
putting
diseases
Mixture,
at
our
flavouring in almost
agriculturalscience has done disposalcertain liquidswhich
of crops. Of these which originated in
the one
most
of
better
no
destroy
famous the
great
is the wineC
of Gardening Encyclopedia
34
districts of France,
growing
and
growers, viticulturists.
lime, and
water.
Fruit
For
Trees.
procured one pound with
diluted
is
When
wanted
for
till brought
water
water
important, and as it cannot always be to make stock solution a a good plan ingredientto a gallonof water, and keep it in
of each
vessel.
closed
gallonsof
100
it is
wanted,
of a
water
lime
stone
when
Potatoes.
14 Ib. bluestone gj-Ib. lime
gallonsof
white
Fresh
useful
"
8 Ib. bluestone 8 Ib. lime 100
found
been
by Potatofruit-growers generally,as well as consists of sulphate of copper (" bluestone "), The followingare suitable proportions:
It
For
has
and
Tomato-cultivators,
to
the
use
the
stock
strength
solution
advised
may above.
be In
preparing the stock solution, first dissolve the pound of bluestone in in a wooden half a gallonof water vessel, then place the fresh lumps of lime in half a gallon of water, and leave both for an hour. Stir them and of muslin the two together through a piece liquids, pour Air-slaked lime is not suitable for making to strain out any lumps. Bordeaux When Mixture, as it scorches the foliageof fruit trees. it first at the of Bordeaux Mixture, use sign an attack, applying very it in a dew-like will distribute state. employing a sprayer which well as the upper it should be applied to the under For Potatoes as One surface of the leaves. applicationat the end of June and of July suffice. at the middle another Border.
"
Borecole
See
Flower
Kale.
or
Garden See
"
"
Kitchen
Herbaceous
borders.
Garden.
Ord. (boro-nia,alter Signor Boroni. Rutaceae). New hair-like and with shoots which need roots, wiry plants this they are suitable in watering to keep healthy. Given much care not only pretty, but fragrant. for culture in a greenhouse, and are it has brownish One species,megastigma, is deliciouslysweet; flowers. Elatior, with rosy flowers, is also sweet. Heterophylla, with bright rose flowers, is the most showy but the least fragrant. in equal parts, with sand, suit. Peat and loam Propagation is by in soil under inserted of the shoots a bell-glass sandy cuttings young in August. Boronia
"
Holland
Bottle
Brush.
"
Callistemon.
See
(bougainvill-ea,after
Bougainvillea
Nyctagineae) B. glabra is well adapted for trainingup "
.
profusely,in of
a
in
a
and
fact
in the
wood,
and
winter a
Bougainvillea is cuttingsin sandy
Bougainville. Ord. plant of vigorous growth, a
greenhouse.
be
pruned
Blooming
useful plant. It may very soil under a bell-glass.
a
It blooms
quite covered
shoots may young will appear. crop
the
fresh
M.
with bracts, which are It is best planted out and of satiny texture. soil. After floweringit should be kept dry,
it becomes
lilac-rose shade of loamy border
a
handsome the wall of
be
to the old back in autumn, the
propagated by
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Bouvardia
(bouvar-dia,after prettiestof evergreen
Dr.
Rubiaceae).
Ord.
Bouvard.
35 "
be had in bloom may be and may in habit, bushy plants of loam in 6-in. in -in. a or compost successfully pots 5 grown They or leaf mould (i part),and sand. (3 parts),decayed manure
of the One in winter.
BOUVARDIA
A
TO i.
The
CUT
Mature
BACK
SHOOTS
YIELD
4. Collar.
are
shoots. 2. 5. Roots.
CUTTINGS. 3. Bud. to pot.
Stem.
A
BOUVARDIA,
CUT-BACK
which has produced a number of shoots suitable for cuttings.
Depth
in a frame be grown and brought into a
can
and
ING FLOWER-
AFTER FOR
6.
shrubs, and
dwarf
throughout
the summer, in winter.
or
even
stood
side, out-
Propagation may be with half an effected by taking piecesof the root and covering them be struck shoots under inch of soil; or young in a bell-glass may in watering (seeWatering) and minimum a care spring. With temperature of 50", the plants will give their pretty sprays of white After floweringthey may be or pink, fragrant flowers in winter. and back cut hard, syringed, when partiallydried off, then they warm
Dividing old Box.
house
A Shoot
of Box
and
depth
to
plant.
give plenty of young shoots suitable for cuttings. Pinch youngplants to make them bushy. Good varieties: PrioryBeauty, pink; Dazzler, scarlet; President Garfield, double pink; Alfred Neuner,,
will
double
white.
Box, Buxus Ord.
(bux-us,from pyknos, dense, in allusion to Euphorbiaceae). The speciesand varieties ol Box "
the wood. are
hardy
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
36
of which
some
"evergreens,
is in its appearance its It of drawbacks. spite
plant
it in
in
Dutch
old
allowed
to
Young
rooted
soil cut
down
scraggy pieces should the
Brachycome
(Swan
Brake
Pteris
Fern,
A
"
autumn,
"
in
Annuals
See
Daisy).
June. Half-hardy.
"
warm
The
but
little while
at
the
new
growing, very purple, fringed lip,is the most crossed with Cattleyas,giving
on
and
will
Orchida-
Ord.
in
pots, Sphagnum requirea great
Peat
plants
Fruit.
Brassavola.
thrivingeither
house.
compost.
while
of
aquilina.
of Orchids,
given a
pleasing.
soil trodden
and
annually
(brassavo-la,after Signor
for
used
be
done
trees.
straight edge
a
"
genus
if
baskets
spring or be
trained
it is not, however,
Blackberry (Rubus fruticosus).See
or
Brassavola
ceae).
River
and
hedges
planted against
in
spade
Yew
gappy
be
Clippingshould
against them.
Bramble
and
get
with
with
gardens,
impoverishes the favour, and causes people looks particularlyappropriate
likewise
slugs, and
its old-world
soil,but
When
Box
common
It harbours
bordering beds. to
the
shrubbery border, while edging, is used for
for the
used
are
sempervirens suffruticosa,
blocks,
or
in
should
moss
of water
deal
green and has been Brassocattleya, of
rest.
Digbyana, important species. It genus
which
Baron, Cliftoni,Holfordi, and Langleyensis are good forms; and with Laelias, resultingin the genus Brassolaelia, of which some is of the best representatives There are Clio, Helen, and Veitchii. the tri-genus even Brassocattlaelia, with rare and expensive members such as F^owleri, Lawrencei, and Wigani. Brassia
(brass-ia,after of
genus
popular.
most in in
a
Orchids,
and
spring. Being and Sphagnum
Peat
and
plants need
bloom
Ord. the
for culture
on
"
its
make
moss
suitable
a
regular suppliesof
little while
in
terestin Orchidaceae). An inthe is speciesverrucosa a large, deep Orchid pan
yellow,green, arching spikes they
produces
borne
growth
Brass.
of which
It is suitable
house,
warm
Mr.
water
and are
brown
graceful.
very
compost. are
flowers in
When
necessary,
but
the
at rest.
Brassica Crucibresic, cabbage (Celtic).Ord. (brass-ica,from for Borecole, Broccoli, Brussels ierae). This is the generic name Sprouts, Cabbage, Cauliflower, Colewort, Kohl Rabi, Rape, Savoy, and Swede, Borecole, Broccoli, Brussels Turnip. The Sprout, all sprung from Cabbage, Cauliflower, Colewort, and Savoy have which the wild Cabbage, Brassica wild on oleracea, parts of grows "
the
of Great
sea-shores
Britain.
See
Kitchen
Garden.
Bravoa
Ord. (bravo-a, after Sefior Bravo. Amaryllideae) A of which of the greenhouse bulbs, principalspecies is genus in July. It flowers geminiflora,which produces spikes of orange the be Bulbs. treatment. bulb See general given may "
.
small
Breastwood.
Fruit-growers generally speak spring from the front of the main "
shoots
which
trained
trees
shoots
generally,and
Such
frontal
as
breastwood,
shoots
may
but
speak be
of cut
some
use
the
front
shoots
out.
Only
term as
the
of
the
summer
branches to indicate
of flatsmall
fore-rightshoots. side shoots
should
of Gardening Encyclopaedia ,ined in, where
is wanted,
wood
young
in
as
37 See
Peaches.
Fruit. The common Brier, or Sweet, and Penzance. Brier, Common, stock for used is Rosa Roses, as a canina, being taken dog Rose, in and in budded summer the from autumn (see Roses). hedges The Sweetbrier, Rosa rubiginosa,is often used as an inner garden it diffuses which of the delicious odour hedge, chieflyon account of the parents The Briers are hybrids,one after a shower. Penzance of which is the Sweetbrier. They are strong growers in good soil, "
suitable
and pillars, scarlet by large
Robsart,
Rose
Bradwardine.
hips.
The
of large brilliant flowers,, followingare good varieties:
Merrilies, and lutea, is a pretty
Meg
of Geierstein, Lucy Ashton, The Austrian Brier, Rosa
Anne
Amy
abundance
bear
for
followed
plant with pale yellow flowers. Briza,Quaking See
"
minima
Broccoli.
See
"
(brodiae-a, after
Brodiaea
(the
Gramineae).
also
known
aa
Garden.
Kitchen
and
Brassica
latter
annuals.
both
are gracilis)
and
minor
and
Ord.
nod.
from brizo,to (bri-za,
Grass
Maxima
Annuals.
Liliaceae). See
Ord.
Brodie.
Mr.
"
Bulbs. Ord. Bromeliaceae) after Bromel, a Swede. (brome-lia, Bracherbaceous Handsome perennials,requiring a hothouse. the teata Aechmea), with pink genus (now referred by b'otanists to red flowers in spring, flowers in September; and Pinguin (Binotii), with a third of decayed manure two of the best species. Loam, are The plants and is suitable. some sand, Propagation is by suckers. ought to be kept on the dry side in winter. Bromelia
.
"
.
Broom.
Genista, it is
a
A
"
under
good plant to grow
is Ruscus
Broom
Butcher's
The
trees.
speciesof Cytisus,
certain
applied to
commonly The Spartium. name
and
Brooms
aculeatus;
are
useful
very
owing to their adaptabilityfor light,sandy soils. The earlyBroom C. albus; and the Spanib.i the Portuguese Broom, Cytisuspraecox; Still more some handshrubs. all Genista are Broom, good hispanica, Andreanus. and is the beautiful brown yellow Cytisusscoparius All these are worth plantingin beds or shrubberies. ,
Brussels
Sprout. "
See Brassica
Kitchen
and
(Menyanthes trifoltata).See
Buckbean
"
Garden. Flower
Garden
"
Water
plants. Buckthorn, Rhamnus. Buckthorn, Sea, Hippophae rhamnoides. "
Flower
Garden)
being inserted A the and
in
(seeFruit) and Roses (seeBrier and of budding, the buds propagated by means stocks in summer, preferablyafter a shower.
fruit trees
Both
Budding.
are
the
budding-knife,
proper flat tip of the without
kept moist; shrivel.
If
handle
tearing. if they are Roses
are
such the
as
edges
It is most allowed budded
sell,is desirable, as
seedsmen of the
bark
desirable to
can
that
get dry they
early they
be raised the
buds
will
turn
will often
with
quickly
should be black and
make
strong
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
38
the same but even bloom; year, and till the followingspring,when the stocks
shoots
grow
Stumps, united
which
to
the
growth
young
may
do
generally they be
may tied
be
not to
shortened
until
they
have
thoroughly.
Buddleia
(buddlei-a,after
Beautiful
Mr.
cases shrubs, in some in outdoors sheltered
Buddie.
Ord.
Loganiaceae). "
suitable
to be
for
nearly hardy as places. B. globosa (also called
so
planting capitata)bears
its inflorescence in an ball in spring,and orange well flowered is an interestingand beautiful object. B. variabilis and its variety Veitchiana bear of rosy long,Lilac-like bunches flowers in July and lavender All be these may August. planted when
In
outdoors.
ft. high. They soil they may 20 15 or grow under in a by cuttings propagated handlight September.
be
may
Buds.
A
"
rich
of buds
study
case
of fruit trees,
leaf
buds, which
which
(Ajuga reptans).
Bugle Garden
"
See
Bugloss. "
is
die
of the
in
The
Some
flowers.
Bulbocodium
wool,
between
blossom
See
rockery plant.
allusion
bud
with
and
the
underground
an
annually.
typicalbulbs.
base
useful
difference
the
conical, and
in the
buds, Flower
Anchusa.
bulb
A
"
of which as
A
and
important
Rockery.
"
Bulb.
to know
generallythin globular.
and
it is
and interesting,
it is necessary
as
are
thick
are
is
Onion
plants form
bulbs
fleshyscales,the roots Tulip may be instanced on
the
stems
or
at
the
See Bulbs.
kodion, bolbos, a bulb, and (bulboco-dium, from to the woolly covering. Ord. Liliaceae). See "
Bulbs. Bulbs.
popular on account garden greenhouse culture, bulbs their adaptabilityfor culture in bowls Always
"
and
valuable
for every
class of flower
specialpredilectionfor
any
of their have has
lover.
the
usefulness
both
for
in
favour since grown been proved. They are Those
who
glowing Tulip
or
to the charm succumb of the Daffodil may of the Iris. Cheap, easilygrown, floweringin
Hyacinth
feel
may
not
the
brilliant the
or
ment refine-
spring,when the of welcome blossoms after are long, doubly dreary months gay command of The at bulbs the are one. winter, majority of every know bulb lovers only of such popular kinds as Hyacinths, Tulips, Daffodils, Crocuses, and bulbous
First, however,
Irises,but these, and
besides
flowers
few
a
words
about
there a
the
are many list of them
principalkinds
Bulbs
the
for
garden. "
Bulbs
extremely
are
be planted when decoration, because they can the ground is cleared of are over. Thus, when bedders covered
beautiful be
and
given.
the
best
of culture.
methods
ready
other shall
(seeFlower to
in.
go the
Garden It is true
ground
"
may
plant clumps
of Wallflowers
plant
the
various
Bedding-out) another
set of
when
the
the
for several
Moreover,
eyesore bare ground
for
summer
that
is left bare
if it is cultivated.
useful
the
bulbs among
those
bulbs
are
weeks,
but
who
garden flowers summer
plants is planted and
soil is not
an
strongly object to widely separated groups and them ; or they may plant dwarf
in
of Gardening Encyclopaedia 1 Arabis, Aubrietia, and things hings like the
that
bulbs
plants
summer
the finishing,
verges,
and
bulbs
may
between
be
12.
3 each
the
the
well
the
same
with
the
the fork.
from
up
time
when
dug
soil crumbled
thrown
with
the
at
be well
should
the
grass
shears.
Separate groups The number concentric lines. per clump The bulbs each composing clump may
than
to
9 ins. from
foot
and
away, soil should
better
from
vary
stand
Forget-me-not beds
neatly trimmed
these
look
The
cleared
are
Before of
in.
put
are
39
other, and
should
there
various
be
clear
a
It is
of
space
a sprinkle good plan groups. lightdressingof decayed manure, mented suppleof half a pound per with basic slag at the rate square covered be yard, will suffice for enrichingthe soil. Crocuses may with inch of soil; Hyacinths, Tulips, and the small-bulbed an It should Narcissi with with be 2 ins.; large Daffodils 3 ins. somewhat in grouping that the remembered large Narcissi are the Hyacinths and taller than of the early Tulips,but that most later than not in are flowering May-blooming Tulips only any of the The order of blooming is: preceding, but are also taller. (i) Crocuses; (2) Hyacinths; (3) Dutch Tulips; (4) May Tulips. There is not much difference between (2) and (3). The drawback to planting bulbs in borders Garden Herbaceous (see Flower is the that the of for out are borders) plants sight greater part of the year, and careless workmen them in other plant things over them in or are: autumn, injure digging. The remedies (i)labels, be renewed which must and then; (2)careful digging. When now bulbs in autumn unearthed it is found that they are are rooting and have when commenced freely top growth; replanted at once they sustain no injury. Bulbs in grass. It is common to plant bulbs in turf nowadays. Daffodils are particularly and suitable, and Crocuses Snowdrops are also good. Hyacinths and Tulips should be kept for open soil. The bulbs may be planted in autumn, either by taking up piecesof turf here and there, stirring the soil,adding a little sand and basic slag,and replacingthe turf; or by using a specialbulb-planter,an implement which obviates liftingthe turf. All the Narcissi look nice in grass, and the Poet's must ing. not be forgottenfor late bloomIt is not advisable to plant in tennis lawns, or in grass close to the house, as cuttinghas to be deferred, for the sake of the bulbs, a
in the
sand
some
holes.
to
A
"
"
tillthe
middle
long and
and wild
or
of
end
tangled.
June;
Bulbs
may
and be
by that time the grass has grown
planted freelyin
woodland
the
garden.
Bulbs in pots. Every greenhouse-owner learns the value of bulbs in winter and spring. They give him charming material for his stages. Despite a little stiffness,Hyacinths are pre-eminent; but beautiful All love too. a Tulips and Daffodils are gritty, "
loamy soil; mould, not
and
^
sodden
6-in., latter
the
for
and
a
splendid compost
part sand, all well The
state.
former 3
October, and hard, round
for
Tulips the the
or
soil
is 3 parts loam, and in used
mixed
sizes
i a
part leaf moist
but
of
flower-pot are 5 -in. and i Hyacinth or Polyanthus Narcissus, the Daffodils. The in be done potting may should be pressed firmly,though not quite best
bulbs, the tipsof which
may
be
left
protruding.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
40
By standing the inches for
on
a
or
tipsshould
of cinders
bed
covering with a few can safely disposed of will not want watering. The fibre will action has developed, which is desirable.
fibre refuse, the
8 weeks. They top-growth till root
6
check
The
pots
of cocoa-nut
extend
not
than
more
the
and
bulbs
be
be
inch
in the
fibre,however. kept quite cool, or subjected an
brought plants can is wanted. Strong gentleheat, according as late or early bloom With is not desirable. twice heat water, staking,liquidmanure a will when the be buds week show, and a light,airy place, plants be successful. Tulips and Daffodils may planted out after they if desired, but of bloom have out Hyacinths are not worth gone keeping. modern of growing bulbs in bowls of fibre. This Bulbs method from the has much to recommend it,especially point of view of the light, and gives results room-gardener. It is clean, interesting, dark those from to Wide-mouthed, bowls, pots. equal green China to to suitable. a e ach, are size, according shilling costing threepence When
out
to
"
material
It should
used.
in the
about
threes
in
6-in.-wide
be used
also.
near
they a
be
fire is not
allowed may
should
to
be
remain
Hyacinths Bulbs
in
Tulips and Daffodils, used in Liliums Hyacinths and bulbs may from protrude slightly
process.
well.
look the
made
be
in
stood
the
into
the
water.
a
a
As
firm.
"
soon
The 6
A
bowls
weeks
8 be
are
dry cupboard
fibre must
or
will
Stakes
light.
the
as
dark, cool place.
good ; a cellar is better. quite dry for long. In
brought and
thoroughly
tips of
should
fibre, which
filled
be
bowls, The
little charcoal, is the moistened while it is being
fine shell and
mixing
turned
may the
with
fibre, mixed
Peat-moss
be
never
bowls
the
for
needed
the
largerDaffodils. culture
Water
is not
practisedmuch
that
now
good, but Hyacinths may be grown in glassesif loves her few glasses on The to have desired. a cottage widow find interest sisters also her and better-placed great window-ledge, All bulb dealers and most and pleasure in this system of culture. only need filling supply suitable glasses,which crockery makers with clean water containing 2 or 3 pieces of charcoal to be ready fibre has
proved
bulbs.
for the
so
in
A
water. just above moving freely,and then when
needed
will be
bulbs
firm-based
Even, the
few
the
weeks
plants
should in the have
can
be
and
chosen,
will set the
dark
light.
Wire
set
roots
supports
plants bloom.
the
dealing with bulbs in for transplanting. When with shallow boxes fill two it is a good plan to or one autumn Tulips for bowls and Daffodils, as it often happens that placescan be found Bulbs
in
boxes
in
spring which
of bulbs be
can
shifted
"
are
not
successfullyfrom
in
vacant
the
boxes
The
autumn. when
they
are
plants in
bud,
fresh, neat, over they packed round into bloom. they come pretty when in bowls Bulbs also be grown in bowls Bulbs of water. may then and clean filled with filled bright, pebbles up with partially in this nice done look The water. Polyanthus Narcissi way. very Joss Lily/' so popular a few years ago, belongs to this class. and
if
moss
natural,
and
is
them
look
and
"
""
Bulbs
for
in window-boxes.
window-boxes
when
"
All the the
summer
popular kinds come occupants are
in very cleared
useful away.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia hints
The
planting. of bulbs.
Selections
"
of bulbs:
kinds
important Achimenes.
A
genus the at the root, to which "
already given
selections
following are
The
distance
and
of bloom,
height, season
on
guide in
will
41
of
the
most
"
tubercles-
plants,forming
of Gesneraceous
and
in autumn,
plantsdie back
from
which
able again the followingspring. They are particularlysuitthat in soil is in bulb will thrive and baskets, kept hanging started be intoThe tubercles of basket may by a lining moss.
they
start
for
the
in winter, and frame house in a warm or boxes when the baskets they are 3 ins. potted or put 3 ins. apart round and moist like The a atmosphere plenty of water plants high. be in full bloom When while in growth. hung in a cool they may in pans
growth
or
good varieties, Admiration, violet-magenta;. yellow; Dazzle, vermilion; be Rose named. and (Seealso page 3.) Queen, rose, may Ads. (see Leucojum). TheClosely allied to the Snowflakes is white, autumnale, rose, growing about tinged principalspecies It does best in sandy peat ort 6 ins. high and blooming in summer.
house.
Among
many
Verschaffelt, white, netted
Ambroise
"
the
rockery. Winter
Aconite,
blooming plant Plant
6 ins.
(Eranthis hyemalis). "
with
apart
a
and
an
frill round
green inch
winter-
pretty, low,
A the
pale yellow
flowers.
deep.
Moly, Neapolitanum is the best known; and are white, rose; drooping, triquetrum, yellow; Ostrowskyanum, also good. thick about These Alstroemerias. a yard high and make grow clumps, bearing flowers streaked and spotted with orange, red, and: good species. yellow. Aurantiaca, Chilensis, and Pelegrina are Allium.
white
The
"
"
is
There
a
variety of
white
beautiful
The
Amaryllis. "
leaves
of their
in advance
They
Hippeastrums.
are
of handsome 9 ins. across, in and rest to summer, go
in
Plant
last.
the
a
foot
apart.
large-floweredhybrids
which
are
pot plants,having
handsome form
in winter
houses
warm
coloured. brilliantly
and
bloom called
now
flowers The
6 to-
bulbs
in batches in autumn re-started may of bloom. Grow in 5 -in. in order to get a succession and winter in is Belladonna sheltered and 6-in. pots. Amaryllis a lovely be lifted and place out of doors in September. The plants may
potted
when
the
plant
is
The
called
Jacobean Lily, a plant which May and is well adapted for the
purpurea,
Vallota
otherwise fine
Lily,a
plant
leaves
after
the flowers. are Lily. There
come
Belladonna
the
in tint and forms, differing
several in
bud.
show
they
beautiful
This
be
is Amaryllis formosissima produces bright crimson flowers unheated greenhouse. Amaryllis size.
purpurea, for a cool
is the
brilliant scarlet
greenhouse
or
room
borough Scar-
window.
spring,but a good deal in Very often summer. Sternbergia)lutea is a beautiful Amaryllis (more with little Crocus-like bulb bright yellow flowers in early autumn, is needed
little water
borne be
in
planted
sarniensis treatment
is as
in
late
the the
and
for the garden; it should Amaryllis (more correctlyNerine) lovely Guernsey Lily, which requires the same of the
advance
in winter
leaves, suitable
summer.
Belladonna,
We
see
that
the
Amaryllises are
Encyclopediaof Gardening
42
good for both greenhouse and garden, but they are chieflyvaluable yieldingbeautiful flowers in the greenhouse. Anemones Crocuses, together with (Windflowers) These, Winter and Irises, Ranunculuses, Cyclamens, Gladioli, many Aconites not are are bulbs, botanically speaking, but generally
as
"
.
Anemones them. "classed with useful of garden plants, and
are
the
among
kind
one
or
other
brilliant and in bloom
most
be had
can
round The by using cool frames part of the year. year Annulata, singlescarlet; King of fulgens class is very beautiful. Scarlets, double scarlet; Rose de Nice, double pink; and Snowball, The tubers may be planted double white, are gems in this section.
all the
in late summer,
borough
winter.
and
autumn,
large strains
are
of
The
St.
of the
Brigid and which
Anemone,
Poppy
bear
Alder-
single,
varied and in Seeds be colours. sown spring,or roots planted 9 ins. apart may The in spring or autumn. A. japonica, is a Japanese Anemone, with This flowers late summer on plant, large long stems. grand double
and
semi-double,
in the
flowers
most
brilliant
Jobert, white; Charlotte, pink, semi-double; Silver and double Whirlwind, white, are popular varieties. Of the smaller of Anemone, species Apennina, blue; Robinsoniana, blanda, deep blue, a dwarf winter bloomer ; nemorosa and blue form of the Wood a Pulsatilla,silky purple,are Anemone; be grown
may
herbaceous
Ardilaun, white; white; Vase, double
Lady
perhaps
the
growing
6
It should
The
"
to
Babianas
ins.
9
have
Honorine
Queen
These
best.
Anomatheca.
border.
good for the rockery. popular speciesis cruenta, a pretty plant in summer. flowers high, and bearing crimson are
all
most
spot on the rockery, and be grown in a frame. pretty Cape bulbs suitable for culture like Ixias
warm
a
are
(seepage 48). Brodiaea. with
bulb
"
This
is
a
very
lovers, although
charming known
not
rockeries
genus, to
the
and
a
great favourite
majority of
amateurs.
good greenhouses. Coccinea, plants violet; ixioides splendrooping crimson flowers; grandiflora, dens, yellow; and laxa, purple,are all good. There is only one Bulbocodium. important plant in this small is B. it little and the pretty purple-flowered,Crocus-like genus, which flowers in winter or early spring. It likes a sandy, vernum,
The
for
are
and
cool
with
"
loamy soil,and
a
sunny Propagation is
border.
spot on the rockery or at the front of the by offsets. There is a variety of it called
versicolor.
(MariposaLily) A lovelygenus, with flowfers as large beautifullymarked. They thrive in light,grittysoil in sheltered, sunny and be in pots. They should places, may grown be planted 9 ins. apart and Albus, white; 3 ins. deep in autumn. luteus, yellow; pulchellus, yellow; splendens, lilac; and venustus, white, are the best species. in May, border Useful for the herbaceous Camassia esculenta. Plant 2 ins. deep bearing handsome spikesof blue, starry flowers. Calochortus
as
"
.
Tulips and
"
and
9
ins.
apart in
autumn.
An of the Snow). exquisitelittle blue and in with the It is good winter white bulb, flowering Snowdrops. for the rockery, or for plantingin colonies at the front of the border.
Chionodoxa
(Glory
"
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Insert
inch
an
Gentian
but
none
dealers. and
The
their
know to
in most
one
time
best
business
plant a
Not
"
of the
foot
soils,and
to
take
beautiful
most
the
it with
be of
stainless
The
at Christmas.
flowers
(Helleborus orientalis)may
with
the
Christmas
succession. and
The
There
are
"
greenhouse gardeners esteem it
and
has
flowers, but
Clivia
great
doubt
variety, clumps can of a supply
a
colour,
it is not The
compost,
favourite House
and
affected bloom
ficial arti-
by
thrive
plants and
only bright
highly, not habit
handsome
because
bulb
no
fine
varied.
decoration.
room
the
illuminants. stock
it forms
more
A
(Imantophyllum).
for
because
a
varieties.
many
Clivia
larger and
are
is
Lenten
foliageis brighterin
flowers
the
who
considered
be
to which
Rose,
those
earliest bulbs, It thrives gone.
If the
so
Rose
and
bulb
by
their
Fourcade
Madame
enjoys shade.
a
plant,
handled
has
summer
flowers. both have is maximus; white covered with handlightsthere ought to be
and
bulbous
true
a
of those
September,
order
to
before
apart
it is
plant
care
is
Sardensis
typicalLuciliae.
the
(Helleborus niger).
Rose less
the
in autumn.
apart
from
quite distinct
blue,
Christmas
3 ins.
and
deep
43
in
the
when
best
.
pot-bound, so that they should I Drainage. 2 Soil, not be repotted frequently. When they are should be given, with growing freely large quantities of water its varieties Miniata be twice and week. a liquid manure may chosen. Propagation is by offsets. Colchicum (Meadow Saffron). Pretty autumn-flowering bulbs. Autumnale is the best known, but speciosum is a finer plant. They thrive in cool placesand make pretty clumps. most Crocus. One of our popular cheap early bulbs, good for beds, borders, margins, and grass, but not effective in pots. The birds by be protected from golden yellow is the best, but must the otherwise effect be black threads above it, spoiled. stringing may fine varieties; two are King of the Blues and King of the Whites Set 6 ins. apart when lines Purpurea grandiflorais a good dark. worth the of formed. are planting on the speciesare being Many and zonatus. Sieberi, iridiflorus, rockery, notably vernus, A Crown Imperial (Fritillaria imperialis). very handsome plant, the of totallydifferent habit, allied with but common Fritillary, growing 2 to 3 ft. high, and bearing a cluster of large,drooping be got, also a duplex variety flowers. A red and a yellow may called These are splendid plants for the Crown-upon-Crown. they
become
"
"
"
border,
should
and
Cyclamen. varieties in
of
"
The
be
set
Cyclamens
hardy
persicum
ins. apart.
18
which
we
decoration, but they be difficult fact, it would
flowers
more
politanum
charming established
than
in
a
are
see
just
are
smaller
much in
grown beautiful
as
pots in
than
for
find
house green-
their
anything in the way a colony of coum, europaeum, shady spot. To get the best to
the
of or
way;
hardy Nea-
result
a
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
44 dozen
or
should
corms
more
be
set 6 ins.
They like peaty soil, or
clump.
leaf mould
good
dainty little greenhouse varieties
these
i. 2
PLANT
the
following be
cool,
k
air
humid
kept
by Any
frequently.
which
should
show
out
when
the
plants
will
come
and
flower
into
in
in
a beauty greenhouse for several
raise
growers
every
year, plants after
treatingthem
main re-
warm
weeks.
stock
fresh
the
discard
and
be
mid-autumn,
picked
until
Most
Qr
~,
The
house.
syringing
gradually
they
frame
j
t
be
flowers
ing Dur-
weather
shady
should
6-in.
or
summer.
summer
hld
leaves,
4
5 -in.
to
when
pots or
3
transferred
hot
'3.
small
and DAFFODILS.
Baseof large bulb 5.ins from the surface Top ol larae bulb at ins. from the surface. Smaller bulb with top 1 1 in. from the surface.
be
very beautiful, and may raised from seed in late summer, are
put singlyinto made they have
TO
a
with
is also
rubbish
lime
;
for
plants.The
How
in
deep
thoroughly impregnated
loam
*"
3 ins.
and
apart
old
blooming,
thus
biennials
; but
as
plants after Cyclamens flowering. grow slowly in the seedling stage, because they have to form the others
old
the
keep
corm.
(Narcissus). The popular of all bulbs, and,
Daffodil most as
NARCISSUS
Early Trumpet Golden
*
Henry Irving
Trumpet
Varieties.
Emperor Empress Glory of Leyden
Madame Mrs.
de
alike
good varieties: Giant
Waveren's
Van
Victoria Black
well
C.
Backhouse
Narcissi.
J. *Cynosure Frank
Miles
Gloria
Mundi
Homespun Lady M. Boscawen *Stella superba Poeticus
Alfred
Walter
good
*Sir Watkin
*Horsefieldi
King
followingare
Chalice
Cernuus *
The
Daffodils.
*Obvallaris Later
seen,
for
beds, borders, rockeries, grass, bowls.
Spur
*
*
have
we
BULBOCODIUM.
pots, and
woodland,
"
Graaff T. Ware
Almira Ben
Jonson
Varieties.
"
of Gardening Encyclopaedia *Orna Tnatus
*Double
incomparabilis (Butter Eggs) *Orange Phoenix (Eggs and
(early)
*Pheasant's *Plenus
and
Eye
(double) Various
*Barri
Sections.
--
*Poeticus section
conspicurs,Barri
plenus
*Sulphur
Firebrand, Burb clgeisection John Bain, Lee Isiisection Seagull Duchess of Westminster, Leedsii
I
*Tohnstoni.
Narcissi.
Bathurst
section Rockeries. of Spain
Queen
plenus
Polyanthus
section
For
Phoenix
*Telamonius
Roman
*Double
Elvira, Poetaz
45
*Grand
Monarque
*Paper
White
White
Pearl
Jonqmls. *Campernelle
Minimus
Triandrus
*Double Double
Daffodils. plenus
Cernuus
choice
few
A
varieties The
inexpensivesorts.
Odorus
rugulosus *SingleSweet intermingled with
here
are
latter
are
the
popular,
*.
marked
is the well(Dielytra). The popular speciesspectabilis known Bleeding Heart, which has drooping,lyre-shaped,coral-pink It succeeds in sheltered flowers on long pendulous stems. places if roots in It is much used out of doors autumn. for are planted and if in soil well bulb in Autumn, answers greenhouse work, potted greenhouse, light, kept cool through the winter, and given a warm and formosa of water in spring. Eximia two are air, and abundance of Dicentra which in be herbaceous borders. good species grown may Tooth with Erythronium (Dog's Violet). Charming bulbs, quaint Dicentra
"
"
flowers, well adapted for cool, shaxlyspots in the rock
they in
will flower there
colour;
yellow spotted patches, deep and
in
spring. are
with
rose
9
and
white and
brown;
of the One and in winter "
blooming
common
Dog's forms
giganteum,
good species. They ins. apart in autumn.
are
Freesia.
The
may
all be
garden,
where
Violet
varies
Tooth
of
it.
Americanum, with
cream
planted
fragrantof bulbs and spring. By putting several
most
a
about
orange 6 ins.
real gem bulbs
an
for inch
in a frame apart in 5 -in. pots in bulb soil in autumn, placing them and (not plunged in fibre), bringingthem into heat in batches, it is of bloom. The plantsare nearly hardy, easy to get a long succession for and be used unheated an greenhouse. They like a light, may and plenty of water the buds have formed. once After airyposition, floweringthey should be dried off by degrees, and finallyspread on to ripen. Refracta ings, a shelf in the sun alba, white with yellow markis the originalkind. Leichtlini major has primrose flowers, and is a very Hybrids are being developed, and strong grower. be looked should out for by bulb lovers; Chapmanii, yellow,is one.
Fritillaria Fritillaria There
is
(Snake's Head Meleagris have
nothing
Lily). "
a
brilliant and
The
subdued
assertive
chequered lilac flowers composed appearance.
of
and
about
them,
but
they
are
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
46 and
quaint
foot about a in grass, and
pleasing. They droop from the ground. The
stems
Head
the
it may be grown on Well-drained sandy
border.
the
their
Snake's
on
rockery,
soil should
be put 4 ins. deep in autumn. bulbs may of Meleagris are procurable,and there
be
well
the
near
of
height
a
looks
or
very front
of
provided, and
White is
at
the
and
pink varieties yellow speciesnamed
a
aurea.
(PlantainLily). The bulb dealer thrives broad-leaved, Lily-likeplant, which Funkia
"
well
looks
be
may
in the
put
this
pretty,
places,and variegated
front
the
near
of the herbaceous border. The and rooms. well in pots in conservatories
varieties look
leaved
handles in shady
bulb
in autumn.
compost
Fortunei
-
They
and
subcor-
grandifloraare two of the best variegatais a pretty stripedsort. garden. Undulata
plain-leavedforms
data
Gladiolus. and
The
"
most
to which
one
of all the
beautiful
specialattention
devoted. it does
as
Combining, beautiful
colours
with
blooming
which
it
between
the
almost
Gladioli well
from
New
should
be the
under left
corm.
rough
3. 5. Old
broken
been
corms.
corm.
a
soot
or
up deeply If this is done
dressed
and
flour
bone
added.
with
This
at
the
should
be
Colvillei alba, in
bulb
flower names
autumn
are
and
He
should
also
get
them
put
wood
ashes
rate
of
dug
well
gcoi
for
treated
the
suits
of decayed manure coat in winter, the surface may
compost does not care gardener who buy mixed hybrids of may
Lemoinei.
on
It
to
Bride
like other
the
may
plants
smaller,
be may bulbs.
specialiseGladioli scarlet
yard
(delicatissima),
pots, and
is brilliant in colour, lasts long in beauty, and he wants collection of named varieties he a however, which
The
bloom.
be
phosphate super-
lb. per square in. The corms in April. The
Gandavensis, fine
which
to
"
planted a foot apart and 3 ins. deep before will need into they come staking early-blooming varieties, like Blushing the
free
best.
be
cardinalis, and
soil
and
not
soil and
top-spit. or
has
4. Small
if the
newly broken pasture-land they suffer severely from ground Well-drained pests. loamy
GLADIOLI.
Spawn. decayed
put
Black
under
Childsii,
and
Brenchleyensis, is cheap. If, might procure
"
Prince, violet
in
The
following:
Angele, tinted white Arrnagnac, crimson
it
difficult
not
grow drained
soil,and
i.
summer
but they wire- worm, like stiff, damp)
do
INCREASING
period brings
indispensable. are
plants to is
liant bril-
flowers,
autumn
is
y
a
of and
form,
and
graceful habit,
'
the
pseudo-bulbous plants,
be
should
for
Canicule, scarlet,lemon Halle, blush Hercules, scarlet
throat
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Marie
Therese,
lemon
white,
Safrano, yellow
Sanspareil,salmon-pink, white
throat
Pearl, white Pius X., pink, white, and These
47
throat
lemon
Van
Dael, pink
quality. It is well to take the corms up\. in a dry, frostproof early winter, and store them place till spring. Gladiolus lovers should look out for thethe inner hybrids of primulinus and Gandavensis, a modern race, whose of flowers make them look like? to over so as droops segment the Orchid Anguloa. The colours are shades of yellow. Guernsey Lily. See Amaryllis and Nerine. with
all of the
are
their
finest
labels, in
"
Helleborus.
See
"
Christmas
Hemerocallis
and This
Lenten Roses. short-lived flower
(Day Lily). fugacity by blooming abundantly, and well adapted for sunny positionsin planted
"
foot
a
apart
in
clumps
the
plant
the
makes up for itSr is a gracefulone, If border. effectivean
herbaceous
in autumn
it makes
and goes on floweringa long time. Aurandisplayin earlysummer, tiaca major is a fine orange-colouredvariety. Flava is a lemoncoloured species. Fulva is a largeorange-coloured speciesof which, there is a variegated -leaved variety; both grow 2^-to 3 ft. high and: need Kwanso is a double with bronzythan the others. more room of flowers ; there is a variegated-leaved this also. The Dayvariety Lilies may in division be increased by spring.
Hyacinth.
"
Perhaps
the
culture has already been selection of varieties
most
dealt
popular with,
of
it
and
all
only
The*
bulbs.
pot
remains
to
give a.
"
Varieties White and
for Forcing. Roman (pot in August successionally)
Italian, various colours Dutch Miniature, various colours
La
Grandesse
L' Innocence
Single Blush. Grandeur La
a
Franchise
SinglePink. Cardinal
SingleBlue.
Wiseman
Grand
Gertrude
King
Gigantea Jacques L'Ornement
Queen
Single Yellow. City of Haarlem King of the Yellows
Amy Robert des
Steiger Beiges
Baroness It is not dealers
Maitre, medium of the Blues, dark of the Blues, light
Schotel, light
Rose
SingleRed.
Roi
Merveille
Doubles.
Single White. van Tuyll necessary
to
La
Tour
Laurens
buy
first-size named
bulbs special-size
d'Auvergne, white Koster, blue
Hyacinths
in distinct
supply Grape Hyacinths (Muscari) are beautiful shady parts of the rock garden. Botryoides,blue; and conicum, Heavenly Blue, are all charming. The planted an inch deep and 3 ins. apart in autumn. as
for
bedding;,
colours. little plants for
cool,,
b. alba, white; bulbs may be*
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
48
yellow, musk-scented
with
Hyacinth (Muscari moschatus), iflowers, is an interesting plant which Musk
the
like
treated
be
may
Muscaris.
Hyacinth (Muscari plumosus), the blue Hyacinth (Muscari racemosus) and the Amethyst Hyacinth also be grown. (Muscari amethystinus) may of all the This is the noblest Hyacinthus (Galtonia) candicans. Hyacinths, bearing a flower-spikewhich rises to a height of 4 ft., A cluster of large,expanded, pendent, bell-shapedflowers. and a ft. and in or a bed, planted 3 a border, interspersed apart :group of it with the Brenchleyensis, looks very fine. cheap scarlet Gladiolus The
Feather
mauve
Starch
,
,
"
plants will
.Both
thrive
*be at their best in Iris. See Iris.
in
probably
will
soil, and
well-drained
any
August.
"
artificial-looking, bulbs, well adapted Pretty, if somewhat where in pots, but also thriving in sunny spots outdoors for cool useful well drained. a "the soil is light and are They greenbe put in a 5~mThree house, succeeding the spring bulbs. may generally. The leaves pot and given the bulb soil and treatment borne of and the flowers those are and like Gladioli, slender, .are long varieties "in Gladiolus-like : spikes. The following are pretty Ixia.
for
"
culture
.
"
Azurea, Brutus,
I
blue
Lady Slade, pink Queen of Roses, rose
yellow Bucephalus, carmine Lachenalia.
"pot culture, "be put in a wire
basket
"charming
white
Snowflake,
Viridiflora,green
Crateroides, scarlet
still more
for
6-in.
pot,
several
lined
with
or
moss
hanging ins.
2
with
filled
and
bulb
soil.
They
spring. The most are pendula, red, purple; Nelsoni, yellow;
and
Lilium.
"
A
giving
genus,
portant imvery beautiful
and
large
red.
and
tricolor,yellow, green,
and
a
are
kinds
popular green,
of
sides
in
greenhouses,flowering late
for cool
could
the
round
apart
bulbs
Five
baskets.
for
suited
Pretty, graceful,free-blooming bulbs,
"
and
us
plants for conservatory, greenhouse, and garden; and exquisiteflowers for
wreaths
decoration.
in
they
have
roots
above
OFFSETS i.
Fibrous
roots.
2.
Offsets.
the
when
"wise bowls
they may or pots
tdecoration
be
of
Liliums
treated
like
peat-moss should
be
the
the
of
bulb,
only
is that
culture
stem,
soil
The
stem
roots
Hyacinths.
They
fibre and
given
shell.
sheltered
When
as
producing the
at
lower
it is desirable
part in low place the bulbs rather and give a top-dressingof Pots"
LILIUMS.
ON
bulb
the
habit
a
true
are
recommended.
real difference
of
Liliums
thrive
and
bulbs,
already
table
The
in
church
and
and
appear.
to
the soil
Otherin
also
do
well
used
for
garden
places.
The
soil should
of Gardening Encyclopaedia well
be
mould, The
peat, and
sand.
varieties
best
if stiff, lightened with
and
drained,
They may pot culture
for
candidum,
for the
kinds
popular
white
the
the
Tiger Lily,and planted a
be
to
garden
Other
spring.
Madonna
or
Lily,
Turk's
Liliums
should forced
be
flowers heat
in
treated
a
with
the
in
"
dozen
them
in fibre like
them
in the
and
in.
It is of the
a
artificial to
flowering
crowns
in the
scented deliciously
equal
suffices
in
tips exposed
autumn
outdoors
as
with
give no
It
This
satisfied with
are
April need
whatever.
half
the
croceum,
variety; tigrinum,
inexpensive.
or
who
Those
both
grown
and
simple greenhouse plant success.
:
giganteum, very tall, pure white place; Henryi, orange; pomponium, yellow Turk's cap; and sulphureum, pale
the
be
cultivation,
may
Wittei
its double
are
"
It
and
cool, moist
a
favourite
The
Golden-rayed
cap;
its white
yellow. Lily of the Valley (Convallariamajalis). easiest
the
auratum,
are
with
Fortunei and splendens. From 3 to in look well. Candidum ought apart groups the end of summer, in autumn the others or
scarlet; pyrenaicum,
old
spotted
its varieties foot
good
flowers, likes
white
rubrum,
and rubro-vittatum, virginale,
Garden
towards
bought
depth.
own
Kraetspeciosum (lancifolium)
are
the scarlet variety; Chalcedonicum, Orange Lily; Martagon, purple, and 6 bulbs
their
longiflorum Harrisii, white.
its varieties
Japanese Lily,and
scrapings,leaf
road twice
covered
and
zeri, white; speciosum roseum and red; longiflorum, white; most
be
49
bulb
a
put "
5 -in.
pot
soil, plunge
Hyacinths, and put greenhouse a few weeks
They will remain with little or no sign of growth until the warm of and weather then spring comes, later.
will
into
come
is more, the on
the
in in
supply
of
by starting
maintained
be
can
the
crowns
from
month
the
dormant
kept
crowns
follow
heat
retarded
getting a
bottom advance
What
rapidly. will
When
flowers.
forced come
bloom
leaves
quickly
crowns
the
are
flowers
leaves.
By
that
"
cold the over
OFFSET
LILY
OF
THE
VALLEY.
is,
storage forcing, "
a
OF
within be had may the successions with
flowers and
long period.
The
crowns
may
be
for forcing,and
moist fibre refuse cocoa-nut or damp moss well up, then be kept in the dark until the spikesare put in with To succeed flowers show. the the and when light potted choose it is in the to Lilies of the Valley a moist, garden necessary will improve the shady place. A dressingof peat and leaf mould not It is well to buy specialclumps for planting in autumn, soil. is a fine variety. Berlin to rely on forced crowns. Fortin's Giant crowns are good for forcing.
put
in
should
Montbretia. and
which
"
does
A
quasi-bulbous plant which if bought and planted in
well
bulb autumn.
dealers The
handle, Mont-
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
50 bretias while
are
they
very useful, for they will thrive in almost like a cool, rather shady place, with
any soil,and abundance of
will
in most places. They form thick masses grow Iris-like leaves, from the midst of which of long,narrow, the flowerbe division in rise. stems propagated by They may spring. Most
moisture, they
yellow or large quantitiesover
of the in
sorts
are
Prometheus, Narcissus. Nerine.
late
houses
The
districts.
or
and
half-hardy sheltered
brilliant,glisteningflowers
borne
are
tender
able bulbs, suit-
places indoors in
borne
are
in
mild in
umbels
ance, Increasingslowly, and being impatient of disturbthan the of more bulbs, expensive majority
summer.
they
of genus for warm,
beautiful
for cool
the flowers
Daffodil.
See
"
A
"
and
varieties.
good
are
orange,
colour,
long period. George Davison, yellow; Sheaf, yellow; Pluie d'or, apricot; and
a
scarlet; Golden
Germania,
in
orange
rather
are
exorbitant.
Nerine
(Amaryllis) sarniensis, of the most of the genus, and beautiful Guernsey Lily, is one in it in late summer, the plants being there is a large trade done the bought with Roman Hyacinths when flower-spikesare rising their the bulbs. from They make growth after blooming, and until they show should be watered signs of going to rest in spring, the dried should be off for The bulb soil suits when summer. they in the same them. It is best to leave them pot until they get very but
the
rates
not
are
the
The frequent shiftingis bad. followingare beautiful corusca Bowdeni, pink; major, scarlet; Fothergilli major, crimson; and Salmon Queen, salmon. Star of through the pretty white Ornithogalum. Best known the O. flower often a on Bethlehem," umbellatum, fragrant grown the front of the border, hardy, and thriving in rockery or near ordinary soil if the bulbs are planted an inch deep and 6 ins. apart ; the other it likes a shady spot. Arabicum, on hand, prefersa warm, spot; it is a beautiful and fragrantspecies,the white flowers sunny in pots for be grown It may having a central boss of shiningblack. it is it is sweet and both and worth as a pretty spring flowering, and white with the in yellow anthers; greenhouse. Lacteum, place nutans, grey, are also popular. A beautiful white Pancratium. greenhouse bulb, with long in It the thrives usual bulb be grown soil, and may singly sepals.
crowded,
as
Nerines:
"
"
"
-
in
5 -in. scented.
6-in.
or
best-known
last
pots.
Calathina
and
species. be
may
Pancratiums
the
of
doors
is also in
agreeably
are
fragrans,white, sweet,
Maritimum
out
grown
of
Most
perhaps good deal. are
a
grown well-drained
the
The
soil in
sandy,
a
place.
sunny Ranunculus.
favour,
flowers are The Turban and
a
florists' flower
rarely bedded
symmetrical
foot
class
all like
a
and
lost
has
of its old-time
some
florists
as was once by brilliantlycoloured,
early bloomers,
are
and
may
be
the but
The
case.
stiff.
rather
planted
2
ins.
deep
the French and doAvnward, in autumn; bloom be planted in February or March. later, may soil. sandy, friable,well-drained
apart,
Persian, which
They
This
"
is
and
claws
coccinea Schizostylis
(scarletKaffir Lily)
brightlittle plant is that
"
.
it blooms
in autumn
The
great value
and
earlywinter,
of this when
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
5
r
Gladiolus, for might be called a miniature those it is, of the resemble Gladiolus; spikes and few smaller. It is much a however, quite hardy, clumps of it look very cheerful in the border on a winter day. They should be given a sunny, sheltered positionand left to spread. The Kaffir Lily is well worth growing in pots, and 3 plants put into a 5 -in. pot
flowers its
are
It
scarce.
leafageand
flower
greenhouse in winter. Scilla (Squill).JBrightlittle bulbs, charming in spring beds or on almost the rockery. They will grow anywhere and bloom early. Plant an inch deep and 6 ins. apart in autumn. They make pretty soil in autumn
in bulb
will enliven
the cool
"
The Scillas come into bloom margins, and also look well in grass. with the charming companions for those Snowdrops, and make flowers. little dark Bifolia, blue; and Sibirica, bright blue, dainty there white varieties of both. and dwarf are are species; pretty Hyacinth, is a taller plant, and there are Campanulata, the wood several good garden varieties of it,blue, white, rose, or lavender now in colour.
is the
Nutans
varieties
pink plant,and
of
it.
English Bluebell, the
Peruviana,
and
Cuban
there
are
Lily, is
a
white
and
handsome
pink varieties of this also. Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis). Pretty little hardy bulbs, the when than look nicer never Snowdrops hanging their bells above of the grass. course, good for margins, for colonies near They are, the front of a border, for rockeries, and also for pots. They like a there
white
are
and
"
cool, shady spot better established
themselves
than
a
they
should
dry, sunny be
one;
and
when
left undisturbed.
they The
have
bulbs
deep and 6 ins. apart. Both the common good, but Elwesii and plicatusare larger. the Snowdrops, Snowflakes succeed Snow flake (Leucojum). The aestivum in Both and and vernum early summer. flowering spring and white flowers tipped with green, and have are largerin bloom Vernum is the earlier in flower, and is the Snowdrops. taller than be planted 3 ins. deep and fragrant. The bulbs may 9 ins. apart, be
may
planted
singleand
2
double
ins.
are
"
and
a
shady spot
is desirable.
One
of the
finest of all the
Snow-
Vageneri,which flowers late in spring. Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum multiflorum). A distinct and ing gracefulplant,growing 2 to 3 ft. high,thrivingin shade, and bearIt is perfectlyhardy, greenishflowers on a long, arching stem. in but and be it in pots, using out autumn, planted grow may many bulb soil and it forcing gently. resembling Ixias, but flowering Sparaxis. Cape bulbs, somewhat rather earlier,and dwarfer. They are good for rockeries and the when thrive front of borders, and planted in light,well-drained, in pots like Ixias. The fertile soil; or they may be grown species from the others, floweringin autumn pulcherrima is quite distinct and growing several feet high. It is hardy in friable,well-drained
flakes is
"
"
soil.
richly-marked flowers, blooming late summer. They are fairlyhardy, thrivingin sandy, friable,welldrained soil in a sunny spot; but not reliable in cold, damp soil. Conchiflora, the shell flower, yellow spotted with red; grandiflora alba, white, spotted; grandiflorarosea, pink; and Pavonia, red with darker spots, are good sorts. Tigridias. "
in
Short-lived
but
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
52 Trillium
grandiflorum. The American distinct plant, admirably adapted
and the
woodland
borne
in
or
wild
garden.
The
bulbs
May.
The
beautiful
a
cool, shady positionsin large and pure white,
for
flowers
be
may
Lily is
are
planted
ins.
2
and
deep
ins.
9
in autumn.
apart
Triteleia.
dwarf
Pretty
"
for rockeries
good
and
bulbs, blooming in spring. front
the
of borders.
species; the white flowers a pleasant perfume. be variety. They may planted known
and
Wood
"
delicatelysuffused
are
have
Violacea 2
ins.
is
Tritonia
graceful
Crocosmia.
or
The
"
a
6
apart
indoor
which
species aurea,
lilac
with
ins.
like other
or
are
best-
darker-coloured
and
deep
treated 3 in a pot, and grown for floweringin winter under glass.
autumn,
They
is the
Uniflora
in
bulbs,
bears
long,
of
is a bright orange-coloured flowers in summer, and in welland popular plant. It is hardy in warm, spots, sunny in the cool for drained, friable soil. It is well worth growing pots and the be Crocata greenhouse, given generalbulb treatment. may is also an orange-coloured species. Tuberose bulb, (Polianthes tuberosa). A fragrant, pure- white racemes
"
with
long
flower stems,
in
winter
Hyacinths to
"asy
and
and
given
flowers
rise in
spring, and the
that
bulbs
They
treatment.
for
are
curable pro-
potted singly like
be
variety is Pearl, which
charming
are
The
summer.
should
general bulb
favourite
The
manage.
fragrant
which
quite
are
has
double, bouquets, wreaths, and
general cut-flower work. as a Tulips. The rapidly in favour Tulip grows every year the Daffodil for an garden flower, and runs increasinglyhard race Its great value lies in the fact that by making a choice supremacy. of varieties we have from can Tulips in bloom mid-April to June. have can Moreover, we plants with flower stems a foot high, and "
varieties the
3 ft. high. Few Tulip,but it does not
out
that
the
early
the
the
Tulip is
Dutch
have
give us
blue.
useful
very
for
a
wider
The
been
already pot culture, and in
of culture
method
of colours
range
It has
varieties, beginning with
suitable.
most
flowers
the has
Due been
this
than
pointed respect
Thols,
van
indicated.
are
The
plants sometimes
throw abortive flowers, but this rarely happens large,well-ripenedbulbs, unless there has been a serious error in culture, such as keeping the plants too long in fibre (seeprevious remarks sufficien to too hard, or as potting bulbs),forcing them giving inIt may be remarked that British-grown Tulips are water. with
good as Dutch, and the buyer must not be alarmed by loose The differs affect the from do not skins, as they Tulip flowering. the Hyacinth in bulbing freely after flowering, and consequently If the soil is good, and the season varieties should be kept. good any better the second not a very dry one, sometimes are they year than the first. It has been Flower that there noted are Garden) (see quite
as
plenty in
out on
the
noble Dutch
of
plants which June, so that no ground
colour
that
groups
be
may one
need
they occupy in
borders.
singleTulips,suitable
for
raised
in
hesitate
to
the The
readiness
for
planting plant Tulips freely beds too long. They make followingare beautiful early
pots, bowls,
late
and
beds:
"
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
53
Chrysolcra,yellow Cottage Maid, pink, dwarf
Keizer's
Couleur
Ophir d'Or, yellow
Due
very
de Cardinal, cardinal red
Thol,
van
also other
Joost van white
and
Pink
yellow,
striped,also
Thomas
form
followingare
good earlydouble
La
Moore,
Candeur, white red Rubrorum, Salvator Rosa, rose
varieties:
,,
Yellow
followingare
Rose,
bloomers:
splendidMay
Grand
Pride
Watsonia.
A
"
They
worth
are
Hyacinths, be
may
but
started
The
summer.
Bullace
Fruit
and
growing bulbs
the in
pots
flowers
are
sweet
"
T. Ware,
in
pots, and may not procurable
flake
rose
orange of which
Cape bulbs, have
pure- white be
"
potted singly,like
till earlywinter.
fruit
hardly
from
bous,
two
flowers.
spring if desired, and planted out in long,gracefulspikes. borne
A (Prunus insititia).
edge
crimson
Beauty,
Walter
edge
white
of Haarlem,
Summer
are
in
yellow
Krelage,mauve,
of beautiful genus Meriana O'Brieni,
small
sorts, Ardernei
worth
in
They early
growing.
See
Damsons.
"
Buphthalmum eye,
Mrs.
sweet Merveille, coppery, Tulipe noire, purple Reve, mauve
Le
and
Loveliness, lilac-pink Blush, white, rose
chocolate
Monarque,
"
yellow
Maiden's
La
orange
j Tournesol, red
Caledonia, cardinal Clara Butt, pink Gesneriana lutea, yellow La
white
Brilliant,scarlet Swan, white
Rex
The
yellow,
Vermilion White
The
and
and
Beauty, rose Proserpine,yellow
colours
Vondel,
red
Kroon, tall
in
(buphthal-mum,
allusion
to
disk.
the
Ord.
an
and
ox,
ophthalmos,
These
Compositae). "
are
tall,
hardy herbaceous perennials, suitable for the border, and thriving in ordinary well-drained soil in a sunny position. Propagation is in division The best salicifolium are by spring. grandiflorum, and speciosissimum(Telekiaspeciosissima), speciosum (cordif olium) ,
all of which
Burgundy is used
and
is used
about
grow
Mixture. for
ft. high and
2
"
This
is
a
of lime, and
yellow flowers
substitute in order
spraying Potatoes
instead
have
in
summer.
for Bordeaux to
off
keep
the
proportions are: Ib. washing soda, 50 gallonsof water. /-JFraxinella. Burning Bush, Dictamnus Butcher's Broom (Ruscus). A good shade bens and derives from box, kelem, holly; (Celtic),
6
Mixture,
blight. Soda Ib. sulphate of
copper,
"
also order
called
the
Box
Liliaceae,
and
Holly. grow
The
about
Brooms
Butcher's a
foot
plant. and
high. They
Ruscus
the
plant is belong to the are
grown
as
foliageplants. Butomus umbellatus Water plants.
Butterbur, Petasites Buttercup, Ranunculus
(Flowering Rushj. "
vulgaris. bulbosus, etc.
See
Flower
Garden
"
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
54
ButterflyFlower, Schizanthus. Butterwort. Buxus.
Brassica
See
Cabbage. "
Pinguicula.
Box.
See
"
Cactus.
See
"
is not
Cactus
"
to collectively
a
Kitchen
and a
but
genus,
The
class.
a
which
of genera
number
Garden.
have
is
term
applied
character,
common
a
Cereus, Echinocactus, Echinopsis,Epiphyllum, Mamillaria, Melocactus, Opuntia, Pereskia, Phyllocactus,Pilocereus, and Rhip-
such
as
of these
"salis. All
plants
originallygrouped in spininessof the first
one
The
Cacti.
are
called
genus,
member
majority
named.
so
They
were
allusion
in
Cactus,
of them
the
to
fleshyplants,
are
One or two, mostly of slow growth, thrivingin a cool, airy house. are plants. The Cactuses require good room notably Epiphyllums, with of shattered loam as a good sprinkling a, plain,gritty soil,such sand.
and
brick
dry,
"soil becomes
They
but
seeds
should
Kinds
with
be
may
form
that
in
hardly
in winter.
any
in very
sown
stems
a
may
the
when
summer
division.
gritty,porous
greenhouse in spring. be propagated by
growths, which should be laid in of the sap, few for a days to get rid of some they may damp off; they should then be
sun
otherwise inserted be
kept
be
they
cuttingsof the
water
pots, preferablyin
in well -drained
compost
given
seeds, grafting,cuttings,and
available
are
be
may
propagated by
are
When
They
in
divided
these
when
Epiphyllums Cacti
are
used
have
a
followingare
plants
habit
tufted
repotted
are
to
generallygrafted on
are
or
moist
the
Cereus.
Pereskia
Cereus
Speciesof
grittysoil.
to
As when
of the
some
arid but
dry atmosphere,
a
one
of
natives
in
may
spring. of
stocks
districts,
they
growing in summer. principalspecies:
may The
"
flagelliformis, pink
flowers
grandiflorus, white,
in
summer,
spring. a night
bloomer.
Macdonaldiae, white and red, summer. a night bloomer. nycticalus,white, summer, summer. scarlet, speciosissimus, Echinocactus gibbosus, white, autumn. nobilis,white, autumn. Leeanus, yellow, spring. summer. Echinopsis cristata, cream, ,,
, ,
,,
,,
DRAFTING
EPI-
AN
,,
ON
PHYLLUM
PERESKIA The
A
STOCK.
graftsare pinned with
on
from
spines
the stock.
,,
and red, summer. Pentlandii, white Epiphyllum Russellianum, rose, spring. ,,
(The
latter
is
brilliant flowers which several
comes
purple, summer.
purpurea,
,,
sweet. white, summer, Eyricsii, flore pleno,double.
a on
from
truncatum,
popular the edges of epi, upon,
in varieties, differing
the and
colour
springand
rose,
for
Cactus
rooms,
branches,
phyllon, from
the
and
summer.
its
produces
hence
the
leaf.
There
name, are
originalspecies.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia It is
but
The
into
put in
have
cool
a
insert
may and
cuttings.
about
greenhouse
warm
in summer,
house
winter.) red, crassispina,
Mamillaria
a
Pereskia
speciosissimusor stocks
no
in
started
be
plants may
water
who
those
Cereus
to
generallygrafted on
aculeata,
55
given
very
winter, midlittle
summer.
dolichocentra, rose, white echinata, yellow,summer,
spines,summer,
elongata, yellow, summer, longimamma, yellow, summer. Zuccariniana, crimson, early summer. communis, rose (Melon Cactus).
Melocactus
Opuntia decumana,
summer.
orange,
(GrizzlyBear
white, earlysummer (ursina),
leucotricha
Cactus) Opuntia Rafmesqui, red .
and
yellow,summer Pereskia aculeata, white, autumn (American Gooseberry). summer. crimson, Ackermannii, Phyllocactus varieties of Phyllocactus,of and (There are many hybrids the followingare which good: Agatha, rose; Brilliant,scarlet; Cooperi,cream; Epirus,pink; Niobe, deep red.) Pilocereus senilis,white spines and long white hairs (Old Man Cactus). RhipsalisCassytha, green and white, late summer. white, a good basket plant. sarmentacea, ,,
Caladium
kaladion, (cala-dium,from speciesargyrites,these
Except
for the
plants,
and
need
shield-like
size, borne show
to
which
humid
a
roomy
a
house
form
and
autumn,
to the
according sand
suit
Good
rest.
greenhouse
warm
a
they
tubers,
other
soon
lose
from
which
them.
They
varieties
plants in their glow.
they die they start
available.
heat
be
afresh
of division.
in winter
propagated by
or
mould
division
spring, (ipart), while
at
Roncador Rose
Duchess
Point
TUBER.
"
Argyrites(species)
Calanthe
x
CALADIUM
back
Clio
Ord.
A
(3 parts),leaf
Loam
may
in
tained. main-
be
can
with
which
to
to
as
so
beautifullycoloured.
huddled
small, dry
stems
atmosphere
When
They
in
best
the
on
and
advantage,
thrive
They
and
"
justiceto. They are grown is of great which their foliage,
entirelyfor
in
cup.
to be done
house
a
and
large pots
Ord. Aroideae). large-leaved, expansive
a are
of Fife
(calan-the, from The
Laing
Silver Cloud
kalos, beautiful,
Calanthe
is
of the
and
anthos, flower.
Orchidaceae). important of in addition to great beauty it has the advantage all Orchids, because It is what is called a of easy culture. terrestrial " Orchid, that is, Most in soil,not on blocks. it is grown of the speciesare evergreen, "
one
most
"
but
vestita
long
duration
is deciduous. of the
One
flowers, and
of
the
most
valuable
traits is the
fortunatelythis qualityis retained
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
56
and
cut
the spikesare when in winter, when no
put
water
more
the
keep towards
pots depth with
their
in
sand
equal
and
broken
filled
set
on
in
should
a
the
(or peat),and whole
charcoal.
The
house
warm
filled
crocks, and
parts, the
required to plants may
they
be
rest
should
be
to
oneup remainder
Sphagnum
lightened with material
should
nearly to the brim, and the plants to top. This plan allows a free run have the strong roots. The a light plants must *"! place,and be kept moist in a temperature of 65" When full grown the pseudo-bulbs are to 75". in house. drier cooler" a tion PropagaI'Compost' tlieymay S" of the is by division pseudo-bulbs when repotting. The followingare the principalspecies and varieties : ^_
be
The
growth
mould
leaf
loam,
moss
fresh.
kinds
is
than
winter, when
The
repotted. with
of
end
deciduous
given
fresh
into
the
third
be
pseudo-bulbs
started
be
The
in water. should
in
the
~"
",
:'
"
violet,winter bloomer ; Veitchii, rose, winter (syn.Limaveratrif olia,white, spring; vestita, pink and white, rosea);
Masuca, todes winter. There
several
are
varieties
good
oculata
gigantea, white,
crimson
and
Calceolaria form
of
the
red
There
white.
are
of the
blotch
last,notably nivalis,white ; on lip; and rubro-oculata,
also varieties
from calceolus,a slipper, (calceola-ria, referringto Ord. flower. Scrophularineae). There are two "
types of Calceolaria, the herbaceous to the roots at the end former dies back latter
holds
of Veitchii.
its
generally grown
stems
and
leaves.
annuals, fresh
as
and of the
the
growing
Herbaceous batches
shrubby. season,
Calceolarias
being
raised
from
the tinct dis-
The the are
seed
have raised beautiful strains, principalseedsmen which form with large, large plants under good culture, covered expensive, and richly-colouredpouches. The seed is somewhat with handled be should ing). small care (seeBegonias, and Waterbeing in spring. When the It may be sown seedlingsare fairly be repotted till they have 6-in. started they grow rapidly,and may will be in safe in bloom. which or an /-in.pots, they may They
every
The
year.
and be given a warm greenhouse in summer, may in autumn if early bloom is required, otherwise they will The is the Calceolaria do in a cool greenhouse. ordinary shrubby in is used flower It is a often which dwarf yellow gardening. brilliant plant,nearly hardy, but is subject to disease, which carries in summer. It should be planted a foot apart in off large numbers Mixture). Cuttings of the young April, and sprayed (seeBordeaux in October, be taken and shoots put in sandy soil in a cold may
airy frame greenhouse
frame,
over
or
cool
which
a
Golden Glory is the of more Calceolarias
mat best
may
be
thrown
in cold
Several
weather
in winter.
hybrid, yellow-flowered variety. have been vigorous growth than the bedders useful for raised, and flowering in greenhouses and they are in autumn, conservatories winter, and spring. Clibrani is a particularly being very bright. good one, blooming profusely and
of Gardening Encyclopaedia They
Burbidgei is also good. large,showy plants.
make
See Annuals.
(Marigold).
Calendula
and
rambling habit,
of
are
57
"
the Ord. Aroideae). Much kalos, beautiful. (cal-la,from most Lily, often called important plant in this genus is the Arum Richardia africana. called botanists but Calla aethiopica,, now by and Bulbs. See Arum Lily
Calla
"
See Coreopsis and Calliopsis(calliop-sis)'. "
Callistemon,Bottle
in
stamen, stemon, and attractive Singular
"
suitable
evergreens, in winter.
The
frost
from
kept safe
be
must
from ful, beautikalistos, most (calliste-mon, allusion to the long scarlet stamens).
Brush
and
Annuals.
for
cool
a
house,
spikes,with
close
but their
of Bottle
Brush. The have gained the popular name in sand. and with loam of a enjoys parts, equal plant compost peat in sandy peat in late It may be propagated by cuttings inserted (syn. semperflorens, spring. The principalspecies are lanceolatus
long stamens,
and citrina and M. semperflorens) also called Metrosideros of both have which called Metrosideros (also speciosa),
speciosus crimson,
flowers.
from beautiful, and! kalistos, most Callistephus (callisteph-us, Stephanos, crown). The China Aster, C. hortensis (syn.chinensis)is under the name of Aster seedsmen offered by some sinensis, and isflowers it blue worth well freelyin summer. growing,as produces large be grown See Annuals. It should as a half-hardy annual. "
Calluna, Ling, The
Ericaceae). British plant with "
from Ordkalluno, to adorn. (callu-na, Heather is Calluna or vulgaris,a Ling flowers. It is well known as a wilding,, purplish
Heather common
dwarf ; white; Hammondi, white; pygmaea, for esteemed are more leaves, gardens. argentea, silvery They like will in but most soils. good garden Propagation ispeaty soil, grow its varieties, alba,
but
by cuttings.
For
the
best
Heaths,
see
Erica.
swelling at the base of a severed shoot, which springs, It isthe cambium from layer at the junction of bark and wood. of rooting. Gardeners the precursor speak of cuttings callusing." Callus.
"
A
"
(calochor-tus,from
Calochortus in allusion
slender
to the
kalos, beautiful, and Ord.
leaves.
chortus, grass,,
Liliaceae). See "
Bulbs.
kalathos, a goblet. Ord. Caltha, Marsh Marigold (cal-tha,from Marsh is useful waterside The a Ranunculaceae). Marigold plant, several and are as bicolor, procurable, such good garden forms and flore pleno, large double; flore pleno, nana white; monstrosa "
dwarf
double.
division
in
They spring.
thrive
in
soil, and
moist
are
increased
by
from Calycanthus, Allspice(calycan-thus, kalyx, calyx, and anthos^ the coloured calyx). These plants are fragrant
flower, referringto both
in bloom
and
conspicuous,but June. are
It
several
"
-leaf.
they
is illustrated
varieties
The
are
in
brownish
flowers
of C. floridus
are
not
deliciouslyfragrant. They are borne in the Botanical There Magazine, t. 503.
of it, of which
and asplenifolius
variegatusare
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
58 of the
two
near
it is best
wall.
a
is sometimes
These
sweet.
very Britain, but
or
Occidentalis, which
best.
is also
They
to
grown
the
place in
in
of
name
August, in
Great
shrubbery gation Propa-
a
fastidious.
not
are
seeds
by
or
summer,
under
in
flowers
nominally hardy
sheltered
peaty soil,but
like
by layeringin
Oiimonanthus
plants give them a
red
bears
are
The
frame.
a
Calycanthus
plant is
praecox
fragrans. from kalyx, calyx, (calyste-gia, the from calyx being staga, a covering, Ord. Convolvulaceae) obscured by bracts. Bindweed
Calystegia,Bearbind,
and
"
.
While
of
some
relatives
these
beautiful
have
of
the
volvulus Con-
notably
flowers,
(pubescens),with rosy flowers in and early summer; sepium dahurica, with in flowers the as summer, genus rosy purple with whole be must a suspicion. regarded hederacea
When in
the
it is
keeping
it under
fast
they the
be
be
may
propa-
the
Camellia
is
northern
climes, and
southern
districts of
its leaves
white
varieties
The
double
The
one
are
does
on very is less serious
our
be
in warm,
brilliant
of as
ever, if, how-
it should
be
Calystegiasmay in spring, or by
after
Camellus, " .
One
shrubs, evergreen in cool houses grown
a
of the in
moist,
are
the
with difficulty
The
colours.
'
in texture.
quite wax-like
Camellias of
way shoots
the
Ternstromiaceae)
of it may
that
outdoors
of
serious
is its habit
best
look
ful England. It is a beautihabit pact, being bushy and comflowers its symmetrical, glossy, "
and
substantial,
Ord.
noblest
nearly hardy
plant, its
(camall-ia,
Moravian.
Scion
so
would
Quamash, the (camass-ia,from Ord. Liliaceae)." See Bulbs.
Camassia name.
2
footing
nuisance,
ground;
The
*
"
Stock
off
traced
be
can
out
fprfng the Indian iiHaie^sfof Camellia bCot"tkof4aterted i
above
appear
root
The
chop
a
a
seeds.
CAMELLIAS.
GRAFTING
it.
is to
altogether. propagated by division
pulled
Camellias
to
without
better
as
gets
become apt plants which many
garden twining round much
Bindweed
common
a
most the
castingits flower buds, slightprovocation. The than
popular. Camellia which
it
trouble with
pot planted-out watercorrect turns on PROPAGATING CAMELLIAS probably CUTTINGS. BY ing (seeWatering). Turfy loam and peat in equal parts, with broken charcoal and sand, The cuttingsmay consist of mamredyoungwood.and its growth The suit as compost. plant makes effected be after flowering. Propagation can bottom heat. in sandy soil in a shoots by strikingyoung in frame inarching are shaded July. Grafting, layering, and with
plants, and
practised in
the
nurseries.
Repotting
should
never
be
done
with
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
59
quite full of roots, and then it is best done directlythe buds set. Large plants in borders may varieties be pruned into shape after flowering. Good Lavinia Comtessa Alba Maggi, white, carmine plena, white; and white; stripes; C. M. Hovey, crimson; Donckelaari, crimson plants until
established
the
pots
are
"
of Exeter,
Blush, flesh; Marchioness
Hume's
Lady
rose.
(campan-ula, from campana, a bell, in A large reference to the form of the flower. Ord. Campanulaceae) for material alike valuable and greenhouse, giving good genus, (C. border, and rockery. The Canterbury Bell is a Campanula medium), and this, with C. pyramidalis,is best treated as a biennial in be grown kinds of these beautiful (see Biennials). Both may bury Canterthan the other the border The of best Campanulas pots. Flower
Bell
Campanula,
"
.
Bell
are
follows:
as
"
carpatica,blue, early summer, 9 ins. high. alba, white, early summer, 9 ins. high. venusta, lavender, early summer, 9 ins. high, 18 ins. high. glomerata, blue, early summer, 18 ins. high, dahurica, blue, early summer, ins. latifolia,blue, early summer, high. 24 macrantha, blue, earlysummer, 24 ins. high, ins. blue, summer, early high. persicaefolia, 24 alba plena, double white, 24 ins. high. Trachelium, blue, summer, 3 ft. high. ,,
,,
,,
in May, out of doors readilyraised from seed sown in be division spring. They propagated by may will thrive in ordinary well-drained soil. Pyramidalis and its white in spring for pot work, pricked off, potted variety should be sown in in a greenhouse. shifted to wintered -in., 6-in., and singly 3 The with blue flowers in summer; (syn. Barrelieri), speciesfragilis and white nice basket are plants. The isophylla,blue, summer, the than the of latter is For blue. even rockwork, variety prettier its varieties; garganica and its variety hirsuta; carpatica and portenschlagiana(syn. muralis) and the Bavarian variety; Allionii, and the F. G. be and Rained, Wilson, pulla variety pusilla may of these
All and
most
chosen.
are
of them
Flower
See
Campion.
See
"
Garden.
Lychnis, and
Agrostemma,
Flower
Garden.
canariense aduncum or Creeper, Tropaeolum (Ord. A in comes Geraniaceae). pretty yellow-flowered creeper, which
Canary
"
useful
for verandahs,
places. Although It is
annual.
palings,window-boxes, it
perennial generally raised under a
in
May,
but
if the
be
sown
out
of doors
Candytuft. The Candytufts which
soil is friable at the
-we
grow offspringof Iberis coronaria
plant,a
the
best
in the
native
of
Botanical
of the
hardy
and of
as
and
the
I. umbellata. bears
Magazine,
t. 106.
and
other
treatment and
as
planted
will flower
crimson,
in
out
summer.
and
(seeAnnuals) The
an
it may
positionsheltered,
annuals
Spain, and annuals.
to
glassin March
carmine,
hardy
balconies,
well
April,and
white,
pretty
"
old
end
answers
other are
the
latter is
It purple flowers. The Candytufts are
a very is trated illus-
among
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
60 Canker.
of the
One
"
old trees
diseases
commonest
particularly destructive
in
varieties,and
of certain
It
Apples.
to
of fruit
attacks
is
trees, canker
young
particularsoils.
well
as
For
as
remedies,
of chemical fertilisers has been following mixture in the trees under spread February and pointed in : good of 12 potash, 8 parts sulphate parts superphosphate, 10 parts nitrate of lime, 4 parts common salt, i part sulphate of iron; use 4 oz. per yard. square
The
Apple.
see
found
when
Ord.
a cane. (can-na (Celtic),
Canna in
grows
favour It
plant.
is
rapidly as
more
less used
perhaps
"
has
"
than
greenhouse in the garden
a now
culture
the
outdoor
an
because
tropical sub-
"
of
ceous herba-
hardy given gardening dwarf forms have finer flowers the than plants. The new make old race, and really beautiful plants in /-in. pots. They of develop large spikes brilliant flowers at about 2 ft. high, and the rich colours in
which
place to
as
Canna
The
Scitamineae).
well set off
are
is
varieties
some
by
the
abundant and
brown,
and in in
handsome
foliage, These
others
green. if desired.
beds
They 2 deep, rich planted pots, apart end of May. the soil towards They enjoy weekly soakings of in spring,and started manure. Young plants put in 6-in. liquid mould and loam in leaf of sand, will a compost (3 parts), (ipart), pots heat the roots be but with bloom well by midsummer, more can When the plants flowered earlier and started by the end of May. proof stocks the root be stored in a dry, frostin autumn die away can be when divided They may growth starts place like Dahlias. of
varieties
should
if
be
course,
may, started
in
Africa,
planted
Charles
scarlet;
yellow, spotted; yellow; Souvenir
out
and
varieties
Good
A.
in
"
Naudin, salmon; Fischer, vermilion;
Hermann de
ft.
out
required.
plants are
more
be
Elizabeth
Hoss, and
Italia, orange
Crozy, scarlet, yellow edge
Van
;
der
Schoot, yellow,spotted. Bell.
Canterbury
(can-tua,from
Cantua "
evergreen, tt thrives
mixture
sandy by cuttings under a
"
Cape Jasmine.
"
Caper Spurge. "
a
See
Cape Gooseberry.
a
and
Campanula.
Peruvian
(dependens)
4 to 6 ft.
growing in
cantu,
buxifolia
Cantua
ceae).
Biennials
See
"
is
Gardenia.
See
Euphorbia Lathyris.
capers." greenhouse in peat of mature
wood,
Capsicum. Cardamine, "
on
value, It
loam
inserted
See
in
of
spring.
the
as
white
Ord.
Cappari-
garden point of view, mercial speciesspinosa yields the com-
flowers, and
if desired.
sandy
(Arabic). the
soil
may
be
in
grown
Smock the
(cardami-ne,
from
kardamon,
flavour.
Ord.
Cruciferae).
hot
a
Propagation is by cuttings under a bell-glass.
Garden.
Kitchen
Lady's
account
has
and
in
be propagated
Physalis.
See
economic
"
greenhouse
bell-glass.
"
it has
handsome
a
Polemonia-
high, and bearing rosy flowers of peat and loam, and may
from kabar, caper Capparis (cap-paris, is from not This important deae).genus but
Ord.
name.
cress, water"
The
of Gardening Encyclopaedia its white
with
Lady's Smock,
common
6
lilac flowers
or
1
(" lady's
lovers pratensis. double white. They grow about 18 ins. high and bloom C. diphylla (Dentaria diphylla of the older botanists)is
smocks,
prefer the May. also pretty.
in
Cardoon.
a
May, and spot, and
be
may
18 ins.
about
grows
propagated
Garden.
Kitchen
See
"
cool
cardinalis.
Lobelia
Flower,
in
flowers
soil in
like moist
high. They by division. Cardinal
white
It bears
Garden
"), is Cardamine
white
all silver
keiro, to cut, in allusion
Carex, Sedge (ca-rex,from
the
to
sharp are good for edges. Ord. Cyperaceae). One or two the Water Lilies, and species Pseudogrowing in pools among connection. be in this It has mentioned particularly cyperus may the and at Plant about ft. same high. 3 triangularstems, grows of the
"
time
Water
the
as
See
Lilies.
Flower
Pinks.
Carexes
Garden.
represented by the tions; Carnahuge-bloomed, long-stemmed, highly perfumed American Carnations, Picotees, and
Cloves
this
garden,
of the
lovely genus
wins
laced
Pinks
Picotees, and
flaked
the
fragrant Malmaisons;
the
florists ; the
time
Whether
"
Pinks
our
admiration
and
or
;
have
of the
cottage
love.
tions, Carna-
Dianthus
from
sprung from
of old-
beloved
flowers the
border
caro-
Dianthus
plumarius. of years, it and specialisedfor hundreds the from their upward progress would be difficult to trace small, which the varieties to forms we early large,symmetrical irregular for have them Florists have worked on century to-day. patiently phyllus,
and
the
Carnations
after
with
Carnations.
self
one-coloured
or
perfect form
delicious
scent.
the
best
that
we
is that
at
command
our
an
lovely varieties.
of
Carnations
from
drawn
are
representativesof which
modern
brilliant
with
truth
have
we
garden
class, the
Would
fungi,but
that
assortment
The
"
combine and
result
the
embarrassingly rich
Garden the
been
have
century,
almost
Pink
white
common
colours
could
and
cases)
(in many from
freedom
add
insects from
Carnations, whether
modern
coddling propagation, or unnecessary It is best to start constitutionally vigorous. in clean and plant them spring, plants young,
over-fertilisation,excessive under
glass,
with in
not
are
a
collection tilled
deeply
road
wise
but
If the
soil is rich
flower
stakes
must
care
be
the
for
be
taken
be grown may beds several to
Picotees,
the
must
the
put
to bind
not
in fill
beds
or
in
might plants will be one
through,
summer
plants had to the
than
by and
rubbish,
scrapings,mortar
soil be stiff and heavy after frost, and adding digging and coal. both wood of ashes, the
be
better
plants stem
and
border
well more
Geraniums
be
as
set
18 ins.
the flower
tightly. clumps. Where devoted
varied, or
a
"
The
plants
there
Begonias, if that
are
and
interesting
more
are
rise,and
Carnations
to and
Neat
apart.
stems
stake
It must be remembered particularseason. and are as as they long healthy they evergreen, Diseases. Unfortunately, the beauty of the at
Friable, well-
soil.
manured
best; should it well
crumble
to
heavily
not is the
loam
drained, sandy it will be
of
less
the
brilliant
plants are
attractive.
silveryfoliageis
6
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
2
by fungi,which
marred
often
shrivelling.
and
which
per
has
arise from
may
leather
done
be
surface
plants with at the
of half
sign of
such
but caterpillars,
an
attack.
wireworm,
as
from
attack
an
in
water
rate
first
the
at
enemies,
underground
-jacketgrubs, and
blotches, rusty patches,
the spray been dissolved
of sulphur gallon,and this must
Ill-health
dark
cause
is to
remedy
liver
fresh
ounce
The
in puny generallyshown growth rather than patched and slices of Potato be set among the leaves. Mangel Traps may the The draw off should be grubs. pieces impaled on plants to examined sticks and frequently. Unwonted pallor in summer this
is
source
be due to may should be found
which
maggot
a
works
well
and
within
the
with
stems
its burrow
;
needle.
a long probed Propagation. If the plants are healthy and the soil good they be turned will produce strong, non-floweringside shoots, which can few inches into separate plants by making a slit along the stem .a in the root stock from August, and pegging them into a small heap In 6 or 7 weeks, when of sandy soil. they have rooted freely,the It and severed from old be the ones planted out. plantsmay young "
into small is, however, well to put a reserve in a cool frame, giving them plenty of air useful
may prove Summer
in
filling gaps
Carnations.
show
in
"
A
pots in
and
winter
them
fine weather.
They
spring.
good garden
self Carnation
is often
of exhibition good show variety too, but so high is the standard it has is which been reached that almost impossible to quality without the the in attain to it plants growing pots, and giving them shelter of glass. A light, airy pit or greenhouse is desirable; and a be maintained. With must a close, warm brisk, livelyatmosphere would fall disease. with the to air a prey Loam, a quarter of plants and a liberal dash of sand, makes a good compost. decayed manure in be -in. each 8 Two or stricted rea /-in. pot, and plants may grown a
to
one
flower
stem,
the
buds
wrhich
on
may
thinned
be
to
three. Winter
spring
and
spring
Carnations:
Carnations.
Tree,
the
There
"
and 3 sections of winter Malmaison. and the American,
the
are
Perpetual is less popular than it was, the larger flowers, having brought longer stems, and richer fragranceof the Americans into The this class (which is really a glorified Tree) greater favour. the kinds from both raised culture is practically tings cutas are same, in spring in a warm house or frame, potted as required, grown and in under flowered cool, airy conditions through the summer, the houses winter. be heated following They may gently grown
The
Tree
singly
in
or
pots, in
6-in.
5 -in. or for show
varieties.
a
similar
They
compost
should
be
to
that
staked
as
mended recom-
needed,
and as required in winter, and given regularlyin summer twice when week The weak a coming into bloom. liquidmanure but Malmaisons are treatment, they given substantially the same the others, and not so accommodating as are are easilyupset by a this in On account mistake they are not watering or ventilating. in mixed collections of plants, but left to large much are grown
watered
establishments
they
can
be
Carnations
where
put
in
from
separate house charge of a skilled a
seed.
"
In
days
when
be
can
devoted
to
them,
and
man.
there
is not
much
trouble
of Gardening Encyclopaedia from
disease
it is not
Carnation
every
will bind
who
lover
63 himself
varieties, propagated vegetativelyby layers cuttings; prefer to trust to seedlings,which, if they do not produce of the highest quality,judged by the exhibition standard, It is a good thing to sow beautiful and sweet. nevertheless a are florist in friable seed reliable from a spring,using sandy, packet of heat. In due soil, and aiding germination with gentle bottom in an unheated the seedlingsare pricked off,hardened frame, course in In then bed. ins. out and a apart September spare planted 9 like newly-rooted layers: i.e., planted out treated or they are A sowing of hardy border mixtures be potted for the winter. may and other biennials. made out of doors in June, with the Wallflowers Pinks Garden are propagated by pulling Propagation of Pinks. in moist, sandy soil the and from old shoots inserting plants young will in summer. thrive in almost and are hardy, healthy, They any soil with the simplest treatment. The laced Pinks cate, deliare more need and careful Carnation treatment; they are decliningin in the favour. selections various colours: The are following to
named
or
many flowers
"
"
Self
Carnations
and
Border
for
Bendigo, purple
Charlotte Mrs.
white
Hambro,
pink
Trojan, white Uriah
Pike,
crimson,
clove-
scented Bizarre
and
Flake
Carnations
Robt.
Thomas
Bronte, medium
edged Payne, heavy rose-edged Clio, medium rose-edged Ethel, lightrose-edged Favourite, lightrose-edged Chancellor, heavy purple-edged Zerlina, heavy purple-edged Robsart, medium Amy purpleedged Ann Lord, lightpurple-edged
Mrs.
Tree. Deutsche
Curzon, scarlet
bizarre
Houlgrave, scarlet bizarre
Mdlle. Uriah
Brant, white T. Franco, pink Pike, crimson
Robinson,
bizarre Fred, crimson bizarre Rifleman, crimson
Wm.
Sarah
Beacon, scarlet Britannia, scarlet Carola, dark crimson Enchantress, pink Lady Bountiful, white
Master
Payne, pink
and
purple
and
purple
bizarre Wm.
Skirving,pink
bizarre Gordon
red-
Gorton, lightred-edged William, light red-
for
Show. Admiral
flake
edged
Hildegarde,white Lady Hermione, salmon-pink Lady Nina Balfour, peach Lord Roberts, yellow Miss A. Campbell, primrose Queen of Bedders, Seagull,blush
flake flake
for Garden or Show. Brunette, heavy red-edged J. B. Bryant, heavy red-edged
Ghazi, crimson Exile, rose Firebrand, scarlet Garville Gem, heliotrope Gil Polo, crimson
Eric
rose
scarlet rose
Picotees
Ben
Mrs.
Roy,
Thalia,
scarlet
Banner,
Alisemond, Rob
Show.
Lewis, purple flake
James Douglas, purple flake
scarlet
American.
Lady
C.
Waring, yellow
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
64
Yellow
May Day, pink Mrs. Burnett, Winsor, soft
Picotees.
salmon Brodick
rose
Harold
Childe
Enchantress
White
and
Carnations
Ground
Gertrude ,
\
Pinks.
Garden
Gronow
Hidalgo
Boleyn, purple
Anne
pink
Ascot, Ernest
Mrs.
blush Ladhams, Sinkins, white
Rabelais The Carnations
colours. Double Border, mixed "Grenadin, a type growing about
Marguerite, year
if
Glitters
Lucy
mixed
a
sown
Perpetual Prize
a
foot
a
high, scarlet
warm
from
californica
flowers.
flowering
double,
place in late
Self, saved
or
Seed.
from
singleand
type,
in
Pilgrim
the
same
winter.
exhibition
varieties.
after (carpenter-ia,
Professor
Carpenter. beautiful shrub, which produces Saxifrageae). evergreen out of doors large,white, fragrant flowers in June. It may be grown Carpenteria
Ord.
A
"
in northern
it must
be
if it
climes
kept
in
a
be
given the shelter of a wall, otherwise greenhouse. It is well worth planting out in can
large conservatory. It is not particularas to soil, and in the propagated by cuttings. A plate will be found Magazine,
t.
6911. from (carpi-nus,
Carpinus, Hornbeam the wood head; The Hornbeam, used
a
be may Botanical
used
was
make
to
wood
car,
C. Betulus, of which
there
and pix, (Celtic), Cupuliferae).
Ord.
yokes.
"
several
are
varieties, is
find its fast hedge plant, particularly by nurserymen, growth, and habit of holding its leaves, useful for gettingdivisional shelters quickly. It thrives in most soils, and is easilyincreased by as
who
a
seeds, suckers,
or
layers.
Carpocapsa pomonella (carpocap-sa)
the
Codlin
Moth.
See Fruit.
"
,
Carrot, Daucus Cassandra
The
calyculata are a variety
2 growing about They like a peaty
often
shrubs
classed
now
of the ft.
called
They
summer.
an
Ericaceae). Allied to angustifoliaand "
the
are
evergreen
white
flowers
Chestnut The
spring.
shrub
"
about
(see
3 ft. high, and the Botanical
conservatory greenhouse and with third of leaf mould a 633). Loam, in seeds or cuttings spring. Propagation is by of commerce. other yieldthe senna species,and some
"
shrubs, in
The bestLeguminosae). produces yellow flowers in early
t.
Cupuliferae).
sidered being con-
American
Ord.
or
warm
Castanea,
former
soil.
kasian. (cass-ia,from is species corymbosa, which
It is
Garden.
North
producing
Cassia known
Ord. Andromeda
Cassandras,
as
latter.
high, and
Kitchen
See
"
(cassan-dra, mythological.
Andromeda. H.
carota. (daii-cus)
the
(casta-nea,from Horse
Chestnut
is
one
of
our
sand,
some
There
Thessalian most
requiringa Magazine, are
suits. many
town.
Ord.
beautiful
trees
of Gardening Encyclopaedia The
Chestnut They will
Sweet
esteemed.
keep
a
sativa,
long
Plant.
See
"
in
several
are
(seeAesculus). nuts
much and
are
dry sand,
varieties,differing
leaves.
Ricinus.
Catalpa (catal-pa,the Handsome is the most
its
and
if stored
time
There roasted. very tasty when in the form and colour-markingof the are
Castor-oil
varieties
several
and there are is Castanea
in full bloom,
when
65
trees, of which
Indian the
It is
Ord.
name.
North tree
American
growing
Bignoniaceae). speciesbignonioides to 30 ft. high, and "
20 important. in flowers July. There are several bearing white, purple-spotted and another with silver-variegated with varieties,includingone yellow It is a good town leaves. tree, as it does not grow to a great size,or run immoderately at the root, yet the head has a nice spread to soil,and will and the flowers are pretty. It is not particular as in is seeds towns. near spring or layers in Propagation by grow Cordifolia autumn. (speciosa)and Kaempferi are two other good hardy species. Catananche (catanan-che,from katanangke,in reference to its use also the name in love-potions, hence Cupidone, under which it is Ord. sometimes Compositae.) Caerulea, blue; and its grown. blue and white perennials, variety bicolor, are hardy herbaceous ft. in and The flowers to summer. 2 are flowering 3 high, growing not and to dried for winter use. be are as soil, They particular may propagated by seed or division. a
"
(catase-tum, from
Catasetum in allusion
and
kata, downward,
seta, a bristle,
Ord. Orchipositionof the horns of the column. of but not hothouse Orchids, large very important genus
to the
daceae). A generallygrown "
in baskets, but also available for pot of peat and some and a culture in crocks Sphagnum moss. They should be given a good deal of water while growing, but when growth is completed they should receive very little. Propagated on
blocks
or
fourth
division
by heat
and
when
moisture
fresh in
starts.
growth
summer.
The
rothii, which
has
white
Macrocarpum
and
splendens,with
abundance of They want popular speciesis Bunge-
most
flowers; there
several varieties of it. are their varieties,are also esteemed.
Catchfly." See Silene. Caterpillars.Caterpillars, hatching
from
the
of certain eggs kinds of plants. moths, very Several kinds attack fruit trees (seeFruit),while others infest green with Hellebore Garden). Dusting them vegetables (see Kitchen of is a means bushes of on simple destroying caterpillars powder "
butterflies and
small to.
size. Birds
are
destructive
to many
Hand-picking and syringingwith brine may eat and large quantities of caterpillars,
be resorted should be
encouraged in gardens. after Mr. Cattley. Ord. Orchidaceae) One Cattleya (catt-leya, of the most important genera of Orchids, giving noble flowers of and beautiful varied colours. either in pots They may be grown In the former the pots should case (alternatively pans) or baskets. be nearly filled with fibrous peat, Sphagnum and moss, crocks, and the plants set on the top. The be 3 parts filled with pots may "
.
E
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
66 crocks and of
begin with, then the plant should be set on a layerof moss, packed in with peat and Sphagnum in the proportion be done i respectively. Repotting may every other year, roots time is when best begin to push from the young
to
the
roots
and
2
the
and
like
growths. They spring heat of in
shade
but
60"
winter
a
70".
to
They
summer.
only enough
to
airy
prevent
the
55"
to
65",
and
is required,with
house
of water
abundance
have
must
of
temperature
An
pseudo-bulbs from
while
a
light ing, grow-
shrivelling
when be increased by restingperiod. They may in height and variation There is considerable fresh growths start. Of recent habit among hybrids have been Cattleyas. years many crossed with have been and generic. Cattleyas raised, both specific Laelias, and also with Brassavolas (seeBrassocattleyaand BrassoThe the are principalspecies; for the hybrids, catlaelia). following consult a of which there are large numbers, specialistsshould in
division
the
book
standard
Orchids
on
:
"
Aclandiae, 6 ins. high, late spring. citrina,6 ins. high,spring. intermedia, 15 ins. high,spring. labia^a
ins.
high, autumn. Lawrenceana, 9 ins. high,spring. Loddigesii,15 ins. high, late summer. Mendelii, 1 5 ins. high, late spring. Mossiae, 1 5 ins. high, late spring. Schilleriana, 6 ins. high,spring. Skinneri, 10 ins. high, spring. Trianae, 15 ins. high,winter. Warscewiczii (gigas), 15 ins. high,early summer. Cauliflower. Ceanothus
vera,
See
"
12
Brassica
(ceano-thus, from
Beautiful
the
blue; house
most
its fine
blue, and All
walls.
flower
of which
white,
de
Rhamneae).
hardy variegated variety;
Versailles; dentatus,
be they can early summer. is not heavy
as
spring or
"
deciduous
the
its
and
inasmuch
in late
Ord. are
variety Gloire
Veitchianus, blue;
and
Garden.
keanothus.
useful
shrubs, as kinds, such americanus, azureus,
Kitchen
and
utilised
for
They
like
and damp. aspect, and ordinary soil that sunny in winter. be late autumn or planted They may Propagation is by in under soil of side shoots a bell-glass sandy layers,or by cuttings in August. wall plants are Few charming capable of making a more
a
pictureon
dwelling than
a
Cedrus
Cedar,
a
healthy Ceanothus.
(ce-dar,ce-drus,
from
Judea. Ord. Coniferae). The The Mount Libani, an impressivetree.
brook and
in
the
"
Deodar
and There A
are
not
Indian
or
the least
several
Celandine. Lesser
wildings.
"
The
is
or
from
Cedron,
a
is Cedrus of Lebanon Atlas Cedar is C. atlantica; All are some, handC. Deodara.
Cedar
has a pyramidal habit. is atlantica, which varieties of each of the speciesnamed.
horticultural
deep, well-drained
the
so
Cedar
kedron,
sandy Greater
Celandine
is
soil is best. Celandine Ranunculus
Stiff,cold clay is unsuitable. is Chelidonium Ficaria.
Both
majus, are
and
British
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Celeriac,
67
Turnip-rooted Celery.
Celery,Apium
See
(a-pium) graveolens. "
Kitchen
Garden.
after Celmisius, a mythological being. Ord. (celmis-ia, as a Compositae) The speciescoriacea is not infrequentlygrown hardy herbaceous plant. It will thrive in ordinary soil,and produce and white Holosericea, white, yellow centre, is yellow flowers. with in winter. Cover glass Propagation is by seeds or pretty. division in spring. Celmisia
"
.
from (celo-sia,
Celosia
of the
appearance
kelos, burnt,
flowers. of this
Ord.
in
allusion
Amarantaceae)
to "
.
the
The
scorched two
most
cristata, the
and Cockscomb; annuals, greenhouse sub-variety,plumosa. They its yellow form, in pots, but plumosa, red, and generally grown
popular
members
genus
are
feathered
the
aurea,
are
in summer. in flower-beds These used two of cristata pyramidalis,the pyramidal Cockscomb.
sometimes
are
reallysub-varieties
are
under glassin late winter, pricked off, They should be sown in June. If kept in pots they may be potted singly,and planted out to 8-in. for large plants to 5-in. and then to 6-in., or transferred and and have doses should be of warm moist, weekly kept They the till when into flowers show, servatory cona they may liquidmanure, go is grown The Cockscomb in or flowering house." If the the be same come plants leggy they may practically way. decapitatedwith a few inches of stem and struck in sandy soil after if they are has formed the head kept close in a warm place under a the inwards With dwarf combs curl until the plants hand-light. the like of of loam reach the side a compost pot. They tipsnearly and sand. with a little leaf mould or decayed manure, "
Celsia
after (cel-sia,
small
allied
Professor
Celsius.
Ord.
Scrophularineae) (Mullein). The best-known genus speciesis Arcturus, a half-hardy shrub growing about 4 ft. high, in August (seethe Botanical and bearing yellow flowers Magazine, be propagated by cuttingsof the young wood in a t. 1962). It may greenhouse. Cretica is a half-hardy biennial, with yellow flowers seed in a greenhouse in spring. in July, and may be raised from A
"
.
to
Verbascum
much Ord. (centau-rea, from centaur. Compositae). Inasthe the Cornflower and this Sweet Sultan it us as gives genus C. Cyanus is the Cornflower, and there are is one of much interest. in addition is a hardy to the several colours This popular blue.
Centaurea
"
such as (seeAnnuals). Moschata grown seedsmen offer white and Sultan, of which purple Sweet varieties ; the latter is called odorata botanists, thus by some
annual, and
it
a
may
distinct is
be
species from dwarf
a Depressa perennial species are
which
in
is grown
blue
for its
the
annual
purple. Grow species. The
as
most
hardy useful
is the
yellow
making annuals. of the
Cineraria Cineraria, otherwise candidissima, is and raised seed in heat from leaves, silvery
spring; macrocephala, a tall yellow perennial; and montana, blue, 2 ft. high ; the white varietyof the latter is a good border plant, careful tying, as its habit but needs is hardy and free-flowering, be used to deal for its a straggly. Ragusina good silvery grown Cineraria maritima is a better leaves, but plant. The hardy
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
68
ordinary soil,and
in
perennialsgrow spring.
(centran-thus,from
Centranthus, Valerian anthos,
a
allusion
in
flower,
Valerians
The
aneae). Macrosiphon, red; "
grow about (Valerianarubra) is the
often naturalised itself by self-sown on
is
if
walls
few
a
be
must
seeds
in
kept
Ruber
summer.
hand,
from
spread selves them-
into crevices.
dropped
are
it will
or
will establish
variety. Both
(centropo-gon,
Centropogon
in
bloom
plants. good hardy
two
red Valerian, a hardy perennial It increases cuttingsin Great Britain.
white
a
a
common
seeds, and
There
much.
too
variety,are
ft. high and
2
chalky
on
and
bright
spur, and Ord. Valeri-
kentvon,
the base. free -blooming
at
spur
albus, its white
and
which
annuals,
the
to
are
in
division
propagated by
are
spur, and stigma. Ord. is Lucyanus,
kentron,
a
pogon,
a
the fringeround Campanumember The one a hybrid widely grown laceae). in It flowers be autumn. and ft. bearing rosy high growing 2 may in a warm greenhouse in equal parts of loam and peat, and grown shoots in bottom of the young heat under a cuttings by propagated soil. using sandy bell-glass, Dipsaceae). An unimportant Cephalaria (cephala-ria.Ord. the which for one speciesalpina (Scabiosaalpina), except genus, flowers in ft. and about summer. high, produces yellow 5 grows It will grow almost anywhere, and may be propagated by seed. in allusion
beard,
the
to
"
"
Cerastium of
seed
the
from keras, a horn, referringto (ceras-tium, vessel. Ord. Caryophylleae) The Mouse-ear
the
carpeter,and may spread without
weed
is useful
as
there
is
for it to
room
a
in almost
It will thrive
be
on
grown
the
encroaching soil,and
on
rockery more
shape Chick-
"
.
where
delicate
seeds
freely, springing and Biebersteinii tomentosum species up much be increased are alike, and both may by cuttingsor division wanted the self-sown in spring where a good many plants are ; or white flowers as well be transplanted. They have seedlingsmay on walls, and are useful as as silvery leaves. They may be sown edgings. plants.
The
in all directions.
any
two
Cerasus, Cherry (cer-asus,from Ord.
Rosaceae). "
botanists, but the old under the wild Gean;
The
genus
the
Cerasus
town
is
now
of that
name
put under
in Asia. Prunus
by
and
certain gardeners grow species avium (dulcisor domestica), notably
nurserymen
generic name,
common
Cerasus, the common Cherry; Laurocerasus, the Laurel; lusitanicus, the Portugal Laurel; Padus, the Bird
Cherry;
Pseudo-cerasus of
each.
;
serrulata.
and
There
are
several
good
Multiplex, double;
pendula, weeping; and Rhexii flore pleno is laciniata, cut-leaved, are varieties of avium. of Cerasus. ornamental is nice variety a variety a Argentea good varieties
of
Bird
the
cerasus,
and
winter.
The
Cherry.
be grown may be others may
planted in specialvarieties fruitingCherries, see
may The
be
Watereri, in
a
double
form, represents Pseudo-
be gently forced in where shrubbery, they grown soil. autumn, preferablyin light,well-drained and are propagated by budding grafting. For Fruit.
large pots in
the
to
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Cercis,Judas Tree
Ord.
by Theophrastus. which
from (cer-cis,
flowers
are
but
garden,
Cereus.
Cactus.
See
"
warm-house
and
may
grow a
old
an
Greek
The
cuttingsin sandy
soil in
"
popular speciesis aurantiacum, flowers in early summer, orange
most
produces high. It looks
to 5 ft. little peat and
Solanaceae).
Ord.
name.
which
shrub
with
Loam,
well
wall
against a
some
spring.
(cet-erach,from keterak, the Arabic name). As omcinarum, already seen, the hardy Scale fern, Ceterach called Asplenium ceterach It is suitable by botanists. rockery. Useful
as
applicationto
an
acid
sour,
soils.
is
now
for
See
by
have
we
"
"
pillar.
or
sand, suits. Propagation is Prune after flowering.
Ceterach
Chalk.
trees
life is Cercis
of Southern
Cestrum (ces-trum, Allied to Habrothamnus. a
reputed
several
his
ended
have
to
the
Among
"
is
named
so
Europe, which produces purplishin May (see the Botanical Magazine, t. 1168). The attractive, and the tree is worth planting in the flower in cold districts it should be given a sheltered place.
flowers
red
kerkis, a shuttlecock,
Leguminosae).
Iscariot
Judas siliquastrum,a native on
69
the
Manure
Lime.
and
Chamaecyparis (White Cedar). See Cupressus. chamai, dwarf, and Chamaepeuce (chamaepeu-ce, from peuke, leaves. Ord. pine, pine-like Compositae). Two plants are grown in the genus under this name, botanists although modern put them Cnicus. and the C. C. Casabonae former of are diacantha, They which is known the Fish-bone Thistle. as or Herring-bone They for their foliage, are being planted out in sub-tropicalgardens. grown in spring,and have house They may be raised from seed in a warm soil. ordinary garden "
"
Chamaerops (chamae-rops, from small twig literally, palm. Ord. "
C. humilis
gracefullycut. hardy,
that
so
mild
in
it may
districts.
will suit. It may
sponging Charcoal.
in
a
of the
The
"
a
be grown with
Loam,
Propagation
be grown
is
is
by
Palmeae). popular plant,and in
a
cool house,
of
and
or
is
burning
out
even
with
it will bowls
help are
keep good.
to
by
exclusion
such is almost is good for as pure carbon, and When broken composts for plants of almost all kinds. about the size of cob-nuts be put at the bottom it may
where
sand,
suckers.
watering and an healthy a long time.
charcoal
glasses and
of doors
some
careful
wood
a
palms, comparatively
a
with
rhops,
Fan-leaved
"
leaves, will remain
result
dwarf,
little leaf mould and seed in a warm house, or
and
room,
chamai,
the soil sweet. Orchid growers
A
few
make
sional occa-
of
air,
mixing with into pieces of flowerpots, bits in bulb considerable
of it.
use
Chards. been
"
used,
these
are
When
of the principal heads plants are cut back, and new about ft. high they are bound 2 the
earthed
to blanch
and
then
are
them.
called Chards.
In
about
6 weeks
Globe
Artichokes
growths break. round the
stems
with
straw
will be
have
When and
ready,
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
jo
Charlock, Ketlock (Brassica Sinapistrum. in the is common yellow-flowered weed be killed by an the invades garden. It may
This
stone
(sulphateof
copper)at the rate
of
Ord.
Cruciferae).
fields and
"
sometimes
applicationof bluegallonsof water.
5 Ib. per 40
1
from cheilos,a lip,and anthos, a flower, (cheilan-thes, the of Ord. form fructifyingorgans. Filices).A referringto the three species are two of ferns, of which or popular plants. genus is fragrans,a half-hardyperfumed species. Microbest known The require a warm phylla, myriophylla elegans and farinosa, which the last has powdery leaves also esteemed; house, are (seethe and of loam t. Botanical 4765). Equal parts peat, with Magazine, suitable make sand little and a a charcoal, Propagation compost. Cheilanthes
"
is
by
in
sown
spores,
Cheimatobia
a
moist
warm,
brumata
house.
(Winter Moth).
"
See
Apples.
(cheiran-thus,from cheir, the hand, and anthos, a as a flower, alludingto the popularity of the Wallflower nosegay. far of this genus the most Ord. Cruciferae). By important member Wallflower and is Cheiri, the -common Wallflower). (seeBiennials and ins. has which about yellow flowers in high 9 Alpinus, grows in flowers and Marshalli, i ft. high, orange May, are both May; popular plants,and may be used on the rockery. Allionii,orange, is beautiful mutabilis, bronzy orange, a hybrid, is also good. ; and They like a dry limestone soil. Propagation is by seeds, or cuttings in summer. under a shaded bell-glass Cheiranthus
"
from chelone, a tortoise, a fancied resemblance (chelo-ne, The Ord. Scrophularineae). Allied to Pentstemon. of the flower. is called Pentstemon best-known barbatus, now barbata, species about bears scarlet flowers in July. A which grows 3 ft. high and Lyoni, Register,t. 116. plate of it will be found in the Botanical in is flowers also ft., ft., purple, August, Obliqua, 4 purple 4 grown. seen. August, is sometimes They may be raised from seed in spring, or Ordinary garden soil. propagated by division. Chelone
"
Chenopodium foot,
in allusion
(chenopo-dium, from chen, shape of the leaves.
to the
and pous, a goose, Ord. Chenopodiaceae) a
.
of this genus to any are extent, viz. : Only two members grown ft. annual about an atriplicis (purpurascens) high, with growing 5 flowers used in ornamental and Bonusas an purple August, plant; shire Henricus, Mercury, or Good King Henry, which is grown in Lincolnis for Spinach. A newer as a substitute amaranticolor, plant, will It to arrest attention. ft. the same beginning high 7 year grow leaves from a springsowing in favourable conditions, and the young the pigment be cooked. They are brightred, and when rubbed may the in Britain. off It does seeds Great not comes on fingers. ripen "
,
Cherry. "
See
Cerasus
Cherry Laurel, another
and
Fruit.
name
for Common
Cherry Pie, Heliotrope. Cherry Plum, Chervil.
"
See
Prunus Kitchen
cerasifera. Garden
Laurel.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Chestnut.
"
Chickling called
Handsome
Vetch
(Lathyrus
Anson's
Lord
See
trees.
Pea,
Aesculus
and
71
Castanea.
sativus). Often, but erroneously, is Lathyrus magellanicus (syn. "
which
nervosus) .
Chickweed
media. Ord. Caryophyllaceae). A common (Stellafia under weed, easilykept by regularhoeing. Chicory. See Kitchen Garden. Chimonanthus, Japanese Allspice(chimonan-thus, from cheima, winter, and anthos, flower, in allusion to the season of blooming. Ord. There is but the one Calycanthaceae) species, deliciously bears perfumed fragrans,which yellow and red flowers (seethe Botanical Magazine, t. 466). There is a largervarietycalled grandiflorus. One of water, will perfume a fairly flower, laid in a saucer and It likes room. wall angle. Propaa sheltered large peaty soil, gation and is by layersin autumn, in a warm house by seeds sown in spring. Chinodoxa, Glory of the Snow (chinodox-a,from chion, snow, and doxa, glory. Ord. Liliaceae). See Bulbs. Chives as (Allium schoenoprasum. Ord. Liliaceae). Used a in spring salads. for young substitute Onions Ordinary soil. They seed or offsets in spring. from be grown may The Chlorophyll. The green colouringof leaves. granules must hence the whiteness of plants grown in the dark. have light, phyll Chloroacid. is able to decompose carbonic Chlorophytum (chlorophy-tum,from chloros,green, and phyton, a plant. Ord. Liliaceae). This genus is allied to Anthericum, and elatum gated variegatum, which is used in summer bedding for its varieis Anthericum often called foliage, variegatum. Loamy soil It is an and suits, and propagation is by division. evergreen, in the greenhouse. should be wintered after M. Choisy. Ord. Choisya (choi-sya, Rutaceae). The only speciesgrown, ternata, is an evergreen shrub, forming a dwarf bush in a sheltered place, and bearing white flowers in early summer. and The leaves are glossy. It likes loamy soil,and may be green either in a propagated by cuttings in sandy soil under bell-glass "
"
"
.
"
"
"
"
"
spring
autumn.
or
In
cold
districts it should
be grown
in
pots
in
a
cool house.
(choroze-ma,from choros, a dance, and of joy which followed the discovery a drink, Owing zena, in of water of the New the habitat near Holland. Ord. plant Leguminosae). Attractive greenhouse evergreens, likingpeat, with and and charcoal. third of loam sand a some Propagated by in in soil under a bell-glass summer. cuttings sandy They flower in for the summer. be put out of doors spring,and may They will deal not much of water but in winter. a then, When require good and be start they pruned growing they may repotted. Angustifolium, with red and yellow flowers; cordatum, red, and its variety scarlet (seethe Botanical splendens; and Henchmanni, Magazine, the principalkinds. Flavum t. 3607), are and superbum are the Chorozema
or
Chorizema
to the
"
same
as
cordatum.
dance
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
72 Christmas
(Helleborus niger). See Bulbs.
Rose
"
stage of insect life before the perfect study of chrysalidsis interesting, which various on things they are laid to escape the Those of recognisedgarden pests should be destroyed
Chrysalid, Chrysalis. The winged butterfly or moth. "
they mimic
as
eyes of birds. when found.
The
Chrysalidocarpus lutescens. warm-house handsome palm, loam
same
which
Areca
as
in
thrives
a
lutescens,
a
of
sandy compost
See Palms.
leaf mould.
and
The
"
(chrysan-themum, from chrysos,gold,and anthos, of people who visit Chrysflower. anthemum Compositae). Thousands in autumn shows are impelled to grow this beautiful and of colours flower. It gives us a great range large,handsome is gettingvery bloom flowers at a period of the year when scarce. of the most beautiful Moreover, it is a good town plant. Some collections are grown in densely populated districts in East London, Chrysanthemum Ord.
in
one
case
"
Park
Southwark
"
close
"
of the purest, and
the
to
where
Thames,
the
fogs are not uncommon. atmosphere is never Large flowers prevailin the prizecompetitions,and very remarkable Blooms of the Japanese they are, as exhibited by the best growers. section 10 ins. deep and wide are not rare. fully Of perfectform, beautifinished, with broad, evenly folded florets,and bright,fresh where
noble colours, they are indeed examples of floricultural the the same time, charming single and small double
spoken of and
must
we
houses,
and
At
(generally ") varieties have a wide circle of admirers, that these remember play an important part in small for cutting. It is in providing abundance of flowers "
as
skill.
decorative
from
draw varieties that the ranks of the decorative we mainly Chrysanthemums for outdoor culture, and every year the Autumn her sway in outside beds and borders. Queen extends The be briefly of the History. history Chrysanthemum may summarised sinense The and follows: were as species indicum "
natives
1764.
of China, and the latter was them certain varieties
From
introduced
to
raised.
were
Britain
Great
in
first double
The
varietywas
the end of the eighteenthcentury, at Kew towards grown and within the next appeared. The first 25 years several others show in 1829; the first in is said to have held at Norwich been London held at Stoke The in was raisingof new 1847. Newington varieties became about the active first Incurved appeared 1830; about
1836, and
Chrysanthemum
the
first
With Classification." and
the
rise in
from
became
desirable, at:
and
(large flowers
the
by slow
flowers
a
1860
were
with
of
flower,
stages
a
the
1861.
many
The
Pompon
in
1846. different types,
system of classification following system was in
namely, groups, ; Incurved quilledflorets) in quilled florets that curve
classified
Japanese long (smaller flowers, cup-shaped, with
or
speciesintroduced
introduction
the
popularity of
arrived
The
Japanese in
raised
was
flat
10
or
curved, (largerthan ordinary Incircular flowers florets) (small, ; long, with reflexed ; Japanese Reflexed (like a small Japanese, florets) and reflexed) florets broad ; Large Anemone-flowered (flatring of towards
the
with
centre); Japanese broad
Incurved
Reflexed
Encyclopediaof Gardening florets round flowered
a
raised
disc of flat
(outer ring
of
quilledones); Japanese florets round
drooping (small, roundish
Anemonedisc
raised
a
double
73 of
more quilledones); Pompon Anemone ins. across) 2 ; Pompon (small form of the large Anemone-flowered) ; Single (round, flat flowers, with only 2 or 3 of florets, centre reckon in with rows the open). As we may the double tive decoraJapanese great majority of the small-flowered
flowers
not
than
"
"
varieties few
(although
for
grown of these
and
greenhouse
class.
are
of
who
can
make
a
the
to the
culture, which
should
afford
ignore all
to
distinct
and
the
specialised
except by those give attention to the plants for the better part of a year, study of bud production,provide specialsoil and pots, and on
is briefly The routine as large varieties. cuttings(preferablyshort, sturdy suckers from in
December,
leaf mould
and
airy house stood
important
the Incurved, but place. The rank and
embarked
be
not
decoration
comes
follows:
grow
or
most
,
Next
"
form
garden
it is much
Pompons) Japanese for show only for general purposes the Single holds second file of Chrysanthemum could well growers classes except the Japanese and single. This is a Growing for large show blooms. a
on
a
3 -in.
sand;
pots
keep
till March, when bed of cinders in
filled with
the
loam
well
close
till rooted, then
they
may
a
cold
be shifted
frame,
a
mat
(i) Strike
base) in
ber Novem-
lightenedwith a light,cool,
in to
5 -in.
pots
being put
over
and on
frosty nights; tops spring. (2) Stop such plants as requireit in spring,so as to get 3 shoots for in August. The buds varieties vary a giving crown great deal in to the as spring stopping, respect following examples of certain sorts will show : popular Japanese strike
a
few
cuttings from
more
in
"
VARIETY.
WHEN end
of March
end
of
Brilliant
natural
Dorothy Edith E.
Gouldsmith of Sutherland
Duchess
Jameson
J. Brooks Towers
Emily Florence
Penfold
week
of
May
ist ist
natural end
ist week
H.
W.
Meadows
in
ist
April end of April early in April 3rd week in May
F. W.
Lever
BUD. ist
break
3rd
CROWN
2nd
May
end
F. S. Vallis
George Mileham Harry Wood Henry Perkins Henry Stowe H. J. Jones Hon. Mrs. Lopes
STOP.
TO
Algernon Davis Bessie Godfrey
of
break
May in
May
break
natural
break
early in
April in April
natural
break in March
ist week
natural
2nd ist
ist ist
natural
ist week
ist
break
ist ist ist
2nd ist ist ist ist
J. H. Silsbury
middle
J. Lock John Peed
natural
break
ist
J. W.
natural
break
ist
Molyneux
ist week
of
April in April
2nd ist
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
74 CHRYSANTHEMUMS
"
continued
VARIETY.
Joseph Stoney Lady Conyers Frances
Lady
Rider
Lady Hopetoun Talbot
Lady
Leigh Leigh
WHEN
of
2nd
week
in March
2nd
week
in- March
2nd
end
of March
earlyApril
Park
Wonder
3rd
week
end
of
G.
Madame
Paolo
Madame
R.
Rivol Radaelli
Cadbury
Magnificent Marquise V.
2nd
in March
Rival
Madame
in March
April of April of April of April
middle middle middle
ist 2nd 2nd ist ist ist ist
week in March middle of April
2nd
ist
3rd
Venosta
BUD..
April
Park
C. Terrier
CROWN
3rd 3rd
ist week
Madame
STOP.
TO
middle
2nd
Master
David
middle
Master
James Beauty
natural
break
ist
natural
break
2nd
Melchett
of
April
Miss
Elsie Fulton
ist week
Miss
Mildred
end
Miss
Olive
Miller
natural
break
Mrs.
natural
break
ist
Mrs.
A. H. Lee A. T. Miller
natural
break
ist
Mrs.
Barkley
natural
break
2nd
Mrs.
Beckett
ist week
in
2nd
Mrs.
Eric
end
Mrs.
F. W. F. C.
Mrs.
Ware
Crossley Vallis
in
June
of March
ist
April
of March
ist week
ist 2nd
2nd
in
April
in
April
2nd
Mrs.
Stoop George Mileham
end
of
Mrs.
G.
F. Coster
end
of March
Mrs.
Greenfield
early June
2nd
Mrs.
H.
ist week
ist
Mrs.
L. Thorn
Mrs.
N.
Mrs.
Percy
S. Cleave
natural
Mrs.
R.
B.
ist week
Mrs. Mrs.
R. H. Trevor
Mrs.
Walter
Mrs.
W.
N.
Weeks
3rd Marsham
Pearson Williams
Jinks
Knox
C. S.
Norman
May
natural
Davis H.
ist week
Jubilee Davis
in March break in March
week
middle
2nd
ist 2nd
break
ist
in
ist
of
April April
mid-April early in April end of April 3rd 3rd
ist ist
2nd ist ist 2nd
week
in March
2nd
week
in March
2nd
O. H. Broomhead Pockett's Surprise
natural
early in April
2nd
President
early in 3rd week
2nd
Reginald R.
Revd. Rose
Viger Vallis D.
Eves
Pockett Penford
middle
3rd
week
break March in March of
ist
2nd
April
ist
in March
2nd
natural
break in April ist week
ist ist
Splendour
end
2nd
Valerie
natural
Sidney
Sir Albert
Rollit
Greenham
of March
break
ist
of Gardening Encyclopaedia WHEN
VARIETY.
Walter W.
Jinks
Beadle Incurved
A. H.
Hirsch
of March
BUD. ist
2nd
break
ist
natural
break
ist
Poitevine
lalene Isabel
Madame
Edmond
Madame
Ferlat
Mrs.
Barnard
Mrs.
F. Ashworth
Mrs.
G.
Mrs.
Robert
Roger
ist
week
in March
2nd
week week
de W.
ist ist ist
of March
2nd
in March week of April
3rd
2nd ist
3rd week 3rd week
in
Hall
in March
2nd
Clibran
ist week
in
2nd
Denyer
Souvenir
week
week
end
H.
ist
May in May in May in May in May
middle
Hankey
in
week
3rd 3rd 3rd 3rd 3rd 3rd
Curtis
H.
Embleme
Lady
end
CROWN
April
natural
Buttercup Charles
in
week
"
Hall
Baron
STOP.
TO
3rd
75
Orientale
natural
April
2nd
April
break
ist
W.
Biddle
natural
break
ist
W.
Pascoe
early in
May
ist
Topaze
"
"
Stopping is nipping off the plants break into three these throughout the summer with
buds called that the
leaf shoots
round
with
should
ist
will form
them
the
for
column and
form
should
picked out;
with
those
all but
of the
one
in
With
be
leaf shoots
kept
and
the
leaf shoots
rubbed
out.
round
of first stopping according to the
to time
on
Flower
once.
those
are seen
marked
ist
the leaf shoots
2nd
This
form
it will be
the
first
crown
should
them,
the shoots left will then and on removed; grow crown bud, with leaf shoots as before; in this case be
which
These
kept, and
marked
is that
result
summer.
buds
crown
2nd.
some
which
buds
crown
them
buds,
marked
are
some
first
In
Any side shoots be picked out at
shoots.
round
buds.
crown
top of the plant. The
the
form
bud
the
be
second
a
should
procedure, varied
peculiarityof
each
as-
variety,
Without it, it adopted with all prize Chrysanthemums. the to all at varieties their best get impossible together. of every be learned must The sultation variety grown peculiarities by conwith experts. Speaking generally, prize flowers require from to 13 weeks to arrive at perfectionfrom the time of bud 12 Transfer formation. the to 8-in. or (3) plants 9-111. pots about the middle of June, using some the such compost as following,and ramming it in well: 4 parts fibrous loam, i part decayed manure, and it gritty. A quart of i part leaf mould enough sand to make be
must
be
would
meal
bone
should and
be well mixed may be drained by laying some
covering with rough
cinders
in
the
throughout the
open summer,
if necessary. If the soil the will be pot, success manure
when
the
flakes
air.
buds
in
each
bushel
of soil.
overlapping crocks of soil.
Stand
the
the
shoots
The
in the
pots
on
pots-
bottom a
bed
of
(4) Support they grow water regularly several times a day gets so dry as to shrink from the side of jeopardised very seriously. Give liquid colour. show (5) Put the plants under
and
"
as
j6
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
CHRYSANTHEMUMS
glass by
the
continued.
"
end
of
the of air, and use of of fresh dissolve an mildew, ounce syringe. liver of sulphur in 3 gallons of water and syringethe plants with it. when This may be done even The same they are in bloom. remedy If there
be
may
September, give plenty
is any
trace
for rust.
used
Much less trouble is involved when it is only Growing for bushes. of growing plants as of bushes to yield a larger number case a To begin with, a later start may smaller flowers. be made, as it is not necessary to strike the cuttingstill spring. The tortuous tion quesof bud selection may be dropped entirely. It is true that stopping may be advisable, but it is merely to get a shapely plant. if the tips are Thus the young pinched off when plants are about 6 ins. high.itwill encourage them to throw out side shoots. Any buds plants which tend to stragglemay be stopped again. Flower "
in clusters late in summer, will appear If thinning is done discretion. the
and
at
thinned
be
may
buds
left form
or
not
larger flowers
without
than
there fewer of them. are thinning,but of course in the garden. The Chrysanthemum is a very beautiful flower autumn for the garden, and garden lover will take every to of have when for lifting care a collection they come plants,some and into bud in beds for groups replantingto fillbare places,some
Culture
"
borders,
bed merely to yield flowers perhaps, in a reserve from shifted in late one cutting. plants are place to another the summer, precaution should be taken of giving the soil round them a good soaking just before, and they should also be watered in. But perhaps a spellof showery weather will come at a suitable time to favour the operation. Plants set 3 ft. apart in clumps of
or
some,
for
3
or
If
buy
colour
groups. freshly rooted
plants young in deep, manured
them
of water
and stake
strong
beautiful
make
more
is to Plant
soil,and in
liquid manure when
The
a
cuttings in
give an
occasional Give
weather.
dry tie
and
to make
way
from
start
spring. soaking plant a
each
the
growths are securely, necessary, brittle and broken liable to be in windy weather. No is lift them, the plants go out of bloom stopping required. When cut them back to stumps, pack them with their labels in boxes with as
rather
moist
soil round
litter
can
When
be
and
them, thrown
put
them
in
them
over
in
a
hard
sheltered
placewhere
weather,
or
in
a
some
frame.
shoots
off, push up from the roots 3 or 4 ins. long take them strike them, and so get a fresh stock of good plants for the coming In sandy, friable,well-drained soils the roots may be left in year. the ground all the winter, and throw will in they up fresh shoots
spring like
an
a
plant
herbaceous
plant.
It is somewhat varieties of dangerous to recommend which, like the Ghrysanthemum, is still being developed
Varieties.
actively by those
"
the who
florists,as want
to
the
sorts
quickly out
are
the specialise
flower
of date.
for exhibition
tainly Cer-
other themselves in with touch should the societies keep principal purposes there certain varieties of established and raisers. But merit are not likelyto be superseded quickly. The which are Japanese and Incurved
varieties
following
are
good
named in the
in the other
foregoingtable
classes:
"
are
or
reliable.
The
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Dr.
of Crimsons
Large Anemone-flowered.
Evelyn *Firefly
Descartes
Gluck
Gascoigne Gold
*Guinea
Lady Margaret
Martin
Horace A
Pompon-
nemone.
*Le
Calliope
Victor *White
Quintus
Varieties
Double
Yellow
Altman's
Florrie
Framfield
King
of Merstham
Pot
Bushes*
Yellow Pink
Ladysmith Tresham
Gilbey
Pyrethrum Radiance
Sandown
Species of hardy
would
make
early and
both
Market
Gold
Money
Maker
Source
d'Or
W.
Lincoln
H.
Winter
These list includes
Thompson Canning
L.
Ideal Mrs.
for
Kathleen
Gaiety
The
Mew
Caledonia
Gem
Belle
*September
Single. Altrincham
Blancs
des
*Ryecroft Glory
Westlake
Wm.
*
Blick
Roi
Dordan
Elise
Carpenter
Nina
Pompon. Mdlle.
Pactole
Minnie
of Earlswood
Gem
Varieties.
Aquitaine Bijou Rose Champ d'Or
Sharp
King
Garden
Double
Reflexed.
77
six.
good
late bloomers.
Chrysanthemums.
summer
is far from
a
Cheer
exhausted
the
The
"
beautiful
value
of
varieties
the
being by which blooms in autumn. There are Chrysanthemum flower in the garden in summer, several good hardy specieswhich the ; Pyrenean or notably the Ox-eye Daisy, C. Leucanthemum C. and C. Moon Maximum; (otherwisePyrethrum) uligiDaisy, first grow about The two a nosum. yard high and make good bushes. They are extremely useful plants,as they thrive in almost The soil, and bear their large white flowers on long stems. any varieties of all few the Moon have white are a good Daisy ; following
genus florists'
flowers:
of the
"
G. H.
King
Princess
Sage, fringed Edward
VII.
Henry
Triumph
later. All uliginosum is a taller,less bushy plant, and blooms herbaceous be are hardy perennials,may foregoing gated propaborders. by division in spring,and are good for herbaceous Garden For annual Annuals. Of the Chrysanthemums, see Flower
C.
of the
"
other
the most
Chrysanthemums
and
Marguerite; Marguerite is a valuable known
important
Parthenium,
pot plant
are
the
for cool
frutescens, the
Golden
Feather.
greenhouses and
well-
The con-
78
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
It grows servatories, and is also useful for window-boxes. freely, and is forms nice bushes, blooms tings Cutabundantly, easilygrown. of young shoots, or from the base, strike readily in spring, in sandy soil. in autumn Good be grown plants can in the leaves, indicatingthe presence If grey lines show and thumb they should be pinched between finger. The
or
summer,
"5-in. pots. of
a grub, yellow Marguerite,
-white, and The
Blue
both
may
It may, Marguerites. The beds.
in frame, put in an unheated not
be
made
should
be
d'Or, is
be grown
almost
now
It may be treated in a heated frame
like or
the
true
designs in
in a box annual, being sown greenhouse, pricked off,hardened an
frame, and planted out in rich, or the plants will grow
pinched regularlywith
Agathaea
as
way for lines and
the
as
treatment.
It is
genus. in the same
grown Feather is used
Golden
similar
different
a
be
however,
popular
as
under successfully
Marguerite belongs to
"coelestis. iormal
Etoile
rank
finger and
soil must
The
summer.
and
thumb
They
green. to
them
keep
"dwarf.
Chrysocoma,
Goldilocks
(chrysoco-ma, from
chrysos, gold,
hair, alludingto the yellow
home,
and
florets. Ord. Compositae). The called speciesis Lynosyris,a hardy herbaceous plantnow Aster It in botanists. border. be the Linosyris by grown may C. Coma-aurea is a greenhouse evergreen, growing about 2 ft. high and producing yellow flowers in July (seethe Botanical Magazine, t. 1972). Peat in equal parts,with sand, suit. and loam tion Propagais by cuttingsunder in spring. a bell-glass "
best-known
Chrysogonum (chrysog-onum, from chrysos, yellow, and gonu, a joint. Ord. Compositae). Virginianum is a good yellow springsoil. flowering hardy herbaceous perennial, i ft. high. Loamy division in Propagated by early summer. "
Cibotium.
See
"
Cichorium
Dicksonia.
(Chicory). "
Cimicifuga, Bug
See
Kitchen
Garden.
from cimex, bug, and fugo, to (cimicif-uga, ceous hardy herbaRanunculaceae). Very handsome away. well worth plants, growing in the border. They do best in a a heavy, moist soil. In light,dry soil they ought to have shady is The division in by place. Propagation spring. following are flowers ft. white good: cordifolia, 3 (see Botanical high, July, Magazine, t. 2069); foetida (syns.frigida, simplex),3 ft.,white; and racemosa, 4 to 5 ft.,August, white. drive
wort
Ord.
Cinchona
"ceae). "
Of
"
after (cincho-na, no
which "quinine,
garden
Countess
the
value, but
is prepared from
the
of
of Cinchon.
medicinal
bark
and
Ord.
interest
is famous
as
as a
Rubia-
yielding febrifuge.
from cineres, ashes, in allusion to the grey (cinerar-ia, Cineraria of the florists,whether leaves. Ord. Compositae). The the round-flowered, smooth-edged strains that were represented by the older star-flower of the joy an generation, or type (stellata) favour which to-day, is a free-blooming,brilliant, enjoys so much in which and it easily-grownplant,well worthy of the high esteem from almost in raised winter is held. seed, hardy, blooming Easily
Cineraria
"
"
"
of Gardening Encyclopaedia is
spring,it
and
rather
dear, but
May
and
small
frame
suits them. in the open be Aphides) must dwarf a maritima, often
raised
be
speciesas
Senecios much
about
in
used
cruenta,
ft.
2
seed
are
in
sown
in
are
fly (see silvery It may Such
gardens,
called
now
only and
1
be
spring.
grown
j a
is is
one
that
greenhouse perennial growing
a
in
flowers
are
may
be
Cineraria
bedding.
seed
They
of
in
have
even
may Green
botanists, but
by
pots, and
kept away. plant with in
strains
put
must
summer,
air.
used
from
then
8 -in.
They
stood
is foliage,
cost. larias, Calceo-
ferred finallytrans-
They in
cool, airy conditions
other
and
pots,
will flower.
they
their
boxes,
6-in., 7 -in., and
to which
into
Good
plant.
worth
are
similarly to
June pricked off
singly in
valuable
most
a
they
79
Magazine,
high
t.
and
(see
summer
with the
purplish
A
Botanical
SEEDLING
ready
for
CINERARIA
prickingoff.
406).
(Arabic). (cinnamo-mum, from kinamon b ut important Laurineae). Unimportant horticulturally, C. Camphora and economically,as C. zeylanicum yields cinnamon gives camphor. Cinquefoil. See Potentilla. Ord. Cissus (clss-us, from kissos, Ivy, in allusion to the habit. It Amepelideae) One produces species, discolor, is grown. handsome its in for flowers is but greenish September, chieflygrown with white leaves, which are velvetygreen marked (seethe Botanical loam in equal in peat and Magazine, t. 4763). It may be grown is by with the roof of hothouse. on sand, a Propagation parts, of side heat. in shoots under a bell-glass cuttings Rose Rock from kiste,a box, alludingto the shape Cistus, (cis-tus, Cinnamon
Cinnamomum,
Ord.
"
"
"
.
of the
Cistineae). Brilliant shrubs, suitable for the rock garden, floweringin June, and thrivingin warm, sunny, sheltered places. They like well-drained, sandy soil. Propagation in spring,in a frame is by seeds or greenhouse, or by cuttings in the and in late summer. The best: May following are layers seed
vessel.
Ord.
"
albidus incanus, white; crispus,purple; cyprius, white; and salvifolius,white, all 2 ft. high; and ladaniferus, white, and its varieties,such as maculatus, spotted; laurifolius,white; lusitanicus, white or white; all of which yellow; and longifolius, 4 ft. grow
high. Citrus
from Citron, a town in (cit-rus, of little value the garden from
Judea.
Ord.
Rutaceae).
of view, but
"
A
portant im-
point very economically,giving,as it does, the Orange (C.Aurantium), the Shaddock (C. decumana), the Citron (C. medica), the Lime The (C. medica Limetta), and the Lemon (C. medica Limonum). Otaheite as a Fruit, Orange is sometimes pot plant (see grown p. 154); nice dwarf in 6-in. pots, and be grown low standards plants can
genus
in 8 -in.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
80
Clark.
after Captain (clark-ia,
Clarkia
Ord.
See
Onagrarieae) "
.
Annuals. "
its
from Clary (clear-eye) in for use sown spring
as
See Soil, Kitchen
Clay. "
English plant,gettingits name supposed value in eye affections. pot-herb. Garden, and Drainage.
An
Clary (Salviasclarea). a
(clem-atisor clemat-is,
Clematis
of
old
from
klema,
a
vine-shoot,
It is
ing allud-
of
One valuable most Ord. Ranunculaceae) our in and of most a soils, thriving giving profusion rambling plants, habit.
to the
"
.
which blooms in montana, lovely white be propagated by cuttings after flowering. early summer, may the garden varieties and hybrids, are of most and gated propaJackmanii, ing) in the nurseries by graftingon the speciesVitalba (seeGraftstruck be from of sometimes mature cuttings they may ; but in summer, from layersin September. or side shoots under a bell-glass fastidious about not The Clematises are soil; they preferlightto if stiff soil is not suitable. is manured it ; damp, They heavy land will be subject to constant the roots be planted where should not It is wise to plant the Jackmanii set early, drip in wet weather. back and to within cut them a foot of the ground at once ; they are then to break sure strongly; when planted late, and unpruned, they be often fail. The pruning of the different kinds varies, and it may from these them well to classify cocare : Coccinea : hybrids group cinea (syn.Pitcheri),a scarlet, urn-shaped speciesflowering in July; of of Onslow, deep red; Duchess the following are good: Countess thin and Sir Trevor as crimson; Lawrence, required. Albany, pink; The
flowers.
beautiful
Florida
group
:
these"
are
for
suitable
cool
greenhouses ; Battle of of Edinburgh, double, white,
Woking, double, grey; and Duchess in late winter shoots and leave popular sorts; thin out crowded alba Smith's the rest. Jackmanii type: Jackmanii, violet; J. are
variety, white; Madame
Prince
Andre, red; and
Edouard
of
Wales,
be pruned hard of this set, and they should puce, back of the to the old flowered shoots cut one annually, year being which will bloom for well the shoots, wood, making way strong new same Lanuginosa group : these are largeand beautiful flowers, year.
four of the
are
for
suitable
best
pillars;Beauty
of
Worcester,
violet; Enchantress,
Victrix, double, lavender, are three of the double, white ; and Venus pruning as the Florida group. best; they do well with the same blush ; Patens group: beautiful for arches and pillars ; Fair Rosamond, Miss and The Bateman, silver; white; Queen, Lady Londesborough, lavender, Florida
have the same they should pruning as the Viticella group : Lady Bovill, silvery blue ; Viticella
good;
are
set.
red, are three of the best, and grandiflora, Of the old species,Flammula, Jackmanii pruning. may and its variety lobata, white, greenhardy, white, sweet; indivisa house; alba, white;
and
V. rubra
have
Beard,
and
Vitalba, hardy, white, the Traveller's
may
be
mentioned.
The
last is beautiful
is a much but montana i-n autumn, variety of it, rubra, is desirable.
Clerodendron
tree,
in
allusion
from (cleroden-dron, to
uncertain
better
Joy
Old
and
qualities.Ord.
Man's
hedgerows
garden plant ; the
kleros,chance,
medicinal
or
in the
newer
dendron, Verbena-
a
of Gardening Encyclopaedia this is
ceae). Although
8
I
fairlylargegenus, only one or two species the most Much popular is Balfouri, a grown any of which its brilliant light scarlet Thomsonae, variety produces flowers at the end of summer. It is a beautiful plant,but not easy "
to
are
to do of
It likes the
well.
fibrous
with
loam
in summer,
and
may flowers. its leaves
but
as
a
and
splendens
and
be
may
compost
a
If
sand.
some
taken
off in
bell-glass.Water liberally Balfouri is of vigorous habit
a
Fallax are
and
side shoots
young
climber.
hothouse,
a
leaf mould
sandy peat under sparinglyin winter.
be used
This
of the
of
in
struck
springand
of
temperature fourth
a
is required, a few
stock
a
extent.
is dwarf
er
and
also has
whereas
evergreens,
scarlet
Balfouri
loses
in winter.
Clethra
from (cleth-ra,
(Greek),in reference to the resemblance of the leaves. Ord. Ericaceae). Only two speciesare to extent: ft. alnifolia, white, high,hardy, blooming grown 4 any in late summer; and arborea, white, floweringin September, and requiringa greenhouse. The latter is illustrated in the Botanical It is a shrub growing 6 to 8 ft. high; there is a Magazine, t. 1057. dwarf variety called minor and one with variegated leaves called variegata. Peat, with a third of loam, and sand, suit the Clethras. Arborea is best propagated by cuttingsin spring under a bell-glass; alnifolia by cuttingsin summer or layersin autumn. from kleios,glory,and anthos, Clianthus,Glory Pea (clian-thus, Brilliant The flower. Ord. flowers. best- known Leguminosae) the Parrot-beak scarlet with black are flower, Dampieri, species in does basket well in a cool house; a and boss, which hanging in sheltered puniceus, crimson, which will thrive outdoors places, but is best in a cool greenhouse in cold districts. green They are everwhich be raised from in and seed further shrubs, spring, may propagated by cuttingsin sandy soil under a bell-glass.They like peat and loam in equal parts,with sand. klethra,adder
"
"
.
Click-beetle. Climbers
and
loose Gloire
by
de
mere
"
in connection Rose
Dijon vigour, and
which
with
the word
spreads
over
his
high
Creeper and William
as
if
walls
selected
to
an
aspect
Ivy
also does
and
Ceanothuses
west
on
walls, with
windows.
edible
The fruit.
by a strong grower,
considerable
in
no
reason
a
what some-
equally to area
Veitch's
a
of wall throws Indian have
a
why walls, fences,
summer-houses should go there is nothing better than the Virginian Ivies (seeHedera) ; but a vigorous Rose, such
Richardson, will
Allen
cover
a
considerable
area
be thought of for soil. This Rose may which it will thrive better than on most walls. Roses east and north Flower (see
planted in good
wall,
a
"
and
large selection of climbers, and there palings, arches, pillars,pergolas,and For
climber
plants,applying it
is
bare.
"
VirginianCreeper, which actuallyclimbs as certainlyas an slings. Accepting the broad definition,we
suckers
with
climbs
Creepers. People use
way
adhesive
out
See Wireworm.
"
of wall east
an
plants. Garden)
be considered for south and (seeCeanothus) may Pyrus (Cydonia) Japonica for low positions under
plantproduceslarge,brilliant flowers, followed good Honeysuckle is Lonicera flexuosa, for it is free floweringand sweet. Clematises (seeClematis)
latter A
F
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
82 must
be overlooked, for
not
plants in
and
montana
is
There
Jackmanii,
no
valuable particularly
they comprise two several
and
beautiful
more
Flame
the
than
creeper
portance. im-
of much
others
Tropaeolum speciosum of botanists; but it will have root and not thrive in dry, hot positions. It must atmospheric and Climbers moisture to give its true beauty. creepers sometimes where fail because they catch drip they are planted in a position be roof. This should from avoided, if necessary a by planting annual An in. from then the wall, and rather farther training In the most cases pruning takes helps plants. mulching of manure for younger the form of thinningout the older growth to make room the
Nasturtium,
In
wood.
a
few
cases,
notably
the
Climbers spurred to older branches. and summer-houses pergolas, pillars,
following selections
may
Perennial
Hardy
be
useful
Wistaria,
the
must
for arches,
Garden).
(see Flower
is
wood
young
also be selected
The
:
"
Clematis
Climbers.
Clerodendron
Ampelopsis
Cobaea
Aristolochia
Ficus
Calystegia
Gloriosa
Clematis
Hoy
Eccremocarpus Hedera (Ivy)
a
Ipomaea Lapageria
Jasmine
Maurandya
Lonicera
(Honeysuckle) Periploca Polygoiium
Passiflora Smilax
Tacsonia
Rose
Thunbergia
Tropaeolum
Vitis
Vitis
Tender
Perennial
A 11am
an
Convolvulus
Climbers.
Polygonum Tropaeolum
da
Aristolochia
Climbers.
Bignonia
Ipomaea
Bougainvillea
Mina
Cestrum
Thunbergia
of the
plants are
dealt
with
under
their
Clivia, Imantophyllum
family.
Ord.
Cobaea one
Annual
Tender
Asparagus
All
Climbers.
Annual
Hardy
Wistaria
names.
of
member
a
the
Clive
"
.
(co-baea,after
member
scandens,
(cli-vea,after Amaryllideae) See Bulbs.
own
of
this
rambler
Senor
genus
Cobo.
is grown
Ord. to
Polemoniaceae)
any flowers
.
extent, in
and
"
Only
that
is
bearing purple Magazine, t. 85 1). There is a varietywith white-margined It is suitable for the roof of a cool house, or for pillars leaves. outside in summer, and the best plan is to treat it as an annual, sowing in heat in spring,hardening in a frame, and planting out in June. Ordinary soil. Botanical
a
summer
(seethe
of Gardening Encyclopaedia (Melolonthavulgaris). In
Cockchafer feeds on the is done
harm
its
"
of trees
roots
grubs,
as
ground, they
not
are
it is well to fork Cockscomb.
and
as
grub stage the May bug the
on
suffer from
If trees
leave
The
most
working apparent
under
leaves.
particularlybecause,
more
seen.
the soil and
up
beetle
a
83
no
cause
starlingsto find the
the
pests.
See Celosia.
"
Cockspur Thorn, Crataegus crista-galli. for plunging Refuse. This is the best material In a it may be used repeatedlyfor the purpose. bulbs before it is good for fresheningup imported Lilium
Cocoa-nut
Fibre
"
(seeBulbs),and moist
state
It potting them. checking the escape
is also
useful
for
mulching
in
beds
summer,
of moisture.
(co-cos,from coco (Portuguese),a monkey, in reference to Palm, C. nucifera, has shape. Ord. Palmae). The Cocoa-nut is the species Weddeliana ; but particularvalue horticulturally of the most gracefulof small palms for greenhouse and room
Cocos the
"
no one
decoration.
See
Croton
Codiaeum, Ord.
Palms.
(codiae-um, from
Euphorbiaceae)
"
.
Codlin
Moth.
See Fruit
"
codebo, the
Malayan
name.
Croton.
See "
Apples.
(coelog-yne,from koilos, hollow, and gyne, female, pistil. Ord. Orchidaceae). A charming genus of its of which cristata and are Orchids, the most popular members varieties. The flowers of the speciesare white crested with yellow; those of alba, white; of lemoniana, those white with lemon lip. in with Cypria cool house They are easilygrown, as they will thrive pedium insigne,Odontoglossum crispum, and other kinds. They in baskets with fibrous peat, Sphagnum and best grown are moss, both crocks. of water at the root They will appreciateabundance and be reduced while in full growth; overhead the supply should Coelogyne
the
alluding to
when
"
is mature,
growth
but
they
should
be
never
when it should be done repotting is necessary the end towards of winter. Dayana, a beautiful
drooping
spikesof
house,
should
Coix
as
yellow and
pandurata,
brown with
which
(Job'sTears). A small genus the species Lachryma-Jobi
tender
annual,
a
"
frame,
planted out. Magazine, t. 2479.
Colchicum, Ord.
Coleus of are
in
Meadow
Liliaceae). See "
for their coloured One
cases.
flowers
are
and
of
of grasses is grown, in
seed The
black
heat
seeds
are
in
a
long
warmer
(Ord.Gramineae) being treated as spring,hardened
ornamental.
(col-chicum,from
Colchis
See
in
of a
in
the
Asia
Bulbs.
Labiateae). "
leaves;
species,however,
These
the
tion combina-
evergreen
shrubs
flowers are inconspicuous thyrsoideus,has sufficiently
the
for its inflorescence grown little ornament. The flowers
to be
have flowers.
If
starts
specieswith
koleos, a sheath, alludingto Ord.
stamens.
attractive green
Saffron
from (co-leus, the
valued most
from
and
Botanical
Minor.
raised
and
and
off.
growth
new
flowers, should
green
dried
alone ; the are
leaves
pale blue,
and
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
84 borne
are
in
The
in
white
be
may
others
marbled,
nice size the
is
if seed
season
same
Plants
margined.
little pinching they will be be increased varieties by may with
rich and
for the
be
may in
in heat
sown
The
cuttings.
1.
Shoots
breaking after pinching.
i.
the
showing the most be large enough wanted, few
speciesare
Beckwith's
now
Gem, Pride
Colewort.
of the See
"
Collinsia
But
of
bicolor
is the
Ord.
and
of culture),
red
and
107 ;
Collins.
Mr.
Ord.
Magazine, in the
verna
Scrophularineae) "
.
specieswill be found t.
3488
;
Botanical
as
follows
:
grandiflorain the Magazine, t. 4927.
important.
most
holla, glue,in allusion
Polemoniaceae) which
Pineapple
Sunset.
"
.
for
will
Garden.
(collo-mia,from
seed.
pots
large plants are
followingare Dudley, Decorator,
platesof the
1
Six-inch
pot-bound. Very good garden varieties :
The
Botanical
t. Register,
Collomia the
in the
best.
in, unless very richest colour when
Market,
Coloured
bartsiaefolia Botanical
generallythe
(collms-ia,after
See Annuals.
soil.
them
the
Kitchen
Drainage. Rough soil.
4. Sand.
are
grown. Countess
Special seedlings,
COLEUSES
3. Fine
flower
they develop
as
Beauty,
colour, to
a
CUTTINGS.
BY
2.
into
earlyspring,and
weakest
PROPAGATING
COLEUSES.
colours
grown
compact, shapely bushes.
a
STOPPING
varied
purple, yellow, and green, one-coloured leaves, others are flaked,
have
others
speciesis useful for growing greenhouse or conservatory.
and
crimson
Some
seen.
warm
a
remarkable
Coleuses are leaves, in which
ordinary
of their
The
winter.
long stems in of plants
on
collection
a
the
yellow.
most
Both
Pretty hardy
useful
are
annuals
the
mucus
2
ft.
high
on
(seeAnnuals
coccinea, red; and
about
grow
to
and
flora, grandiflower
in
early summer. Coltsfoot,Tussilago. Columbine.
See
Aquilegia. Senna from koloutea, a name Colutea, Bladder (colu-tea, given by OrdThe most Theophrastus. Leguminosae) important speciesis ft. high,and producing yellow 10 arborescens, a shrub growing some "
"
.
flowers raised No
in from
followed
summer,
seed
specialsoil
in
spring and
is needed.
by
inflated
increased
seed
be pods. It may in by cuttings September.
85
of Gardening Encyclopaedia (Coniferae).Trees and shrubs bracts containingthe flowers, such
Conifers
woody
kinds
The different Pines. in this work.
and names
which
"
bear
Cedars, Firs, Larches,
as
described
are
or
cones,
their
under
own
to display house, intended the in a tasteful manner, at their show plants grown in other houses. It is a somewhat expensive house, as it is more and than must it be well built, or drip will ornate a greenhouse, the It should be nuisance. be near a dwelling,and may prove the drawing-room or attached from be entered to it, so that it can for In made other conservatories beds are apartment. large and while other such Acacias, Camellias, Palms, large plants, plants Passion as Flowers, Tacsonias, and Lapagerias are planted to cover the roof. If there are fairlywide paths, tubs containing Clivias, and other favourite Myrtles, plants may be stood here and there.
This
Conservatory. "
is
structure
a
best, and
See
Greenhouse.
also
Convallaria
(Lilyof
vulaceae)
These
"
.
Ipomaeas. There deal, some being hardy stove
are
enumerate
to
to
related
are
entwine.
Ord.
Calystegias
to
they differ a good annuals, others greenhouse
species,and tender
again
quarter
a
interest.
botanical
twiners
some
others
Bulbs.
convolvo,
many
and
and
evergreens,
unnecessary
"
beautiful
and
or
See
Valley).
(convol-vulus,from
Convolvulus Convol
the
deciduous
of
the
Althaeoides,
perennials. It is species,as they are of hardy perennial with
a purely in is in the it is illustrated flowers Botanical June, good; pink attractive Cneorum is an dwarf Magazine, t. 359. species with pink flowers in May, and silvery leaves (seethe Rot. Mag., t. 459) ; it should in the be grown greenhouse, or in a sheltered place. the popular is climbing Convolvulus Major (Ipomaea purpurea) and of the seedsmen of cottage gardens. Mauritanicus is a lovely culture in a greenhouse, little trailing shrub, well suited to basket "
or
to the
spring; is the
the
extent, and
to any
leaves.
a
They
peat
and
"
that
picturata and
is
in heat
Tricolor
often
more
than
small, in species,Baueri,
osme,
not
represented
variegata, which
have handsome in loam with a third
greenhouse shrubs, thriving Propagation is by cuttingsin heat
are
sand.
some
in
seedsmen.
kopros, faeces, and Rubiaceae). Only one
Ord.
odour.
by its varieties of
of the
(copros-ma, from
to the
is grown
Convolvulus
annual
Coprosma allusion
it may be raised from seed in summer. blue and come
in summer; flowers rich are
garden
dwarf
"
under
in spring. bell-glass
division.
Ord.
member
of 6 ins.
known grows likes
about a
from kopto, to cut, alludingto the (cop-tis, A small the bestRanunculaceae) genus, which is trifolia (Helleborustrifoliatus) which high, and produces white flowers in April. It
Thread
Coptis, Gold leaf
"
.
,
moist, peaty
perennial,it may Corbularia. Corchorus
"
be See
soil and
a
propagated by Bulbs
Japonicus. "
"
sheltered division
place. A after
Daffodils. See
Kerria
Japonica.
herbaceous
flowering.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
86
from Ord. kordyle, a club. (cordyll-ne, which related to are are Dracaenas, plants, is slender which and Australis graceful. foliage, the two most popular species; there are variegated planted out of doors, but they They are sometimes Palm
Cordyline, Club Liliaceae). These "
their
for
grown
indivisa
and
forms
are
of both.
of leaf mould, and with fourth a sand, suit hardy. Loam, suckers. Tall, are They leggy plants may propagated by laid be decapitated,the tops struck in bottom heat, and the stems not
are
them.
in moist break
soil
for
fibre refuse
cocoa-nut
or
in heat
cuttings.
from Coreopsis,Calliopsis (coreop-sis, in
allusion
koris, a bug,
Ord.
seed.
the
to
induce
to
shoots
to
See Dracaena.
Compositae). generally grown
opsis,like,
and
plants, the
Useful
"
of are name species of is a good hardy perennial, Calliopsis(see Annuals). Lanceolata and flowers in summer ft. about 2 bearing yellow high (see growing t. Grandiflora the Botanical 2451). (syn.longipes) is Magazine, in with flowers Drummondii also a good perennial summer. yellow have red and yellow and tinctoria are the best of the annuals ; both in the greenhouse in winter. flowers. Grantii, yellow,blooms which
annual
monspeliensis.
Coris
"
about
which
a
grows Botanical
A
pretty rockery plant (Ord. Primulaceae)
high, and
Magazine,
v,ith
It is
"
Cornflower. Cornish
"
"
Kitchen
See
It likes
from
seed
a
in
dry, sunny
spot,
glassin
under
sown
June
Bulbs.
under
Annuals.
and
Sibthorpia europaea.
Moneywort,
Salad.
Corn
easilyraised
Centaurea
See
lilac flowers
produces
2131).
t.
Gladiolus,
See
Flag.
Corn
the
,
foot
(seethe
sandy peat. spring.
under
Garden.
a horn, alluding to the (cor-nus,from cornu, much esteemed shrubs, Cornaceae). Deciduous and the brightnessof the bark. for the beauty of their foliage Alba, in and white flowers Siberian has a July. Spathi variegata species, are popular varieties of it. Capitata has white flowers in August; it is not ripens on a wall in Great quite hardy; fruit sometimes
Cornus, Dogwood Ord.
hardness.
Britain, but
"
it is not
Botanical
Magazine,
it is
of
one
pendula. yellow There
are
best,
the
Mas
flowers
are
black;
Florida
4641. and
there
several
February varieties
it is often
is the
flowers
given. not
like
division.
for two
winter
dry spot.
in
Dogwood;
Magazine,
t.
the
spring;
rubra
and
Cherry, has
Magazine,
effect, the
herbaceous
suitable for the rock in summer, need The no shrubby Dogwoods a
in
t.
elegantissimabeing British
common
being bright. There are one or (see Botanical being canadensis
Cornelian
or
Botanical
of it, aurea
fragiferaof flowers
varieties
good
are
(seethe
planted
white
has
(syn. mascula), the Cornel in
Sanguinea
the
best.
edible; this is the Benthamia t.
the
red
2675). one
of
berries
branches
perennials,the best 880), with yellowish
be peat can do specialsoil, but they Propagation is by seeds, layers,cuttings,and
garden where
87
of Gardening Encyclopaedia from (coromll-a,
Vetch
Coronilla,Crown arrangement
a
corona,
alluding
crown,
The
most Leguminosae) of this genus glauca, a greenhouse evergreen popular member Botanical in late spring (see the shrub, bearing yellow flowers ft. to it t. 2 high; variegata (Bot. 13); 3 Magazine, grows form it. is of a They like loam, with a garden Mag., t. 2179) sand. fourth of peat and some Propagation is by cuttingsunder in summer flowers cream a iberica), bell-glass.Cappadocica (syn. t. and varia, pink (Bot.Mag., 258), are hardy (Bot. Mag., t. 2646); trailers suitable for the rockery; they like loam, peat, and gri"
Ord.
of the flowers.
to the
"
.
is
the
to
genus,
be
must
onward
a
plants will
kept
in
Any
is not
soil that
C.
weed.
a
.
soils,but
limestone
become
useful
A
"
C. lutea nobilis
is
from
flowers
yellow May 1953). Wilsoni, grey leaves; fern-like foliage, and flowers are pretty. is and stiff suits. Propagation by division
high, and
bears t.
Magazine,
cheiranthifolia, cream
and
dry
it will
or
Fumariaceae)
Ord.
in
thrive
hand,
foot it grows a (seethe Botanical
good;
in
resembling
spur the as
lark's.
allusion
korydalos,a lark, in
from Fumitory (coryd-alis, Corydalis,
wet
spring.
Corylus,Nut (cor-ylus,from korys, hood, referringto the being covered by the calyx. Ord. Cupuliferae) See Fruit.
nut
"
.
Corypha australis.
See
"
positae). "
the
(cos-mos, from
Cosmea
Cosmos,
small
A
annual
tuberous
very
Ord.
useful
Com-
plant
in
purple flowers, but seedsmen purple, white, and others; they leaves
the
(seeAnnuals
perennial,with Botanical. Magazine, t. 5227); sanguineus. hardy
beautiful.
one
has
the and
kosmos,
includes
type
long,
3 ft.
height is about
the
include
which
profusely and
flower
which
genus
bipinnatus;
sell mixtures
australis.
Livistona
for
is
there
C. diversifolius
culture).
lilac flowers a
in
dark
The
prettilycut.
are
is
a
September (seethe varietycalled atro-
from cotonea, quince (Pliny),and aster (cotoneas-ter, Rosaceae). Hardy shrubs, suitable for (ad instar),like. Ord. Most from 4 to 6 ft. high,and of them walls. grow growing against when soil. well-drained thrive in any Propagation is by seeds sown and by layers in autumn. ripe,by cuttings in spring or autumn, and The most are Simonsii; the former microphylla popular species and has small, glossy,evergreen produces white flowers in foliage, Botanical Register, by scarlet berries (see the spring, followed Buxifolia is a t. 1114). Glacialis (syn.congesta)is a variety of it. rockwork. for used sometimes dwarfer species Cotoneaster
"
Crassulaceae) This, "
given by Pliny.
(cotyle-don,name
Navelwort
Cotyledon,
with
the
additions
which
have
been
Ord.
made
to
.
have The Echeverias botanists, is a very large genus. by have the and been added to it,and so Umbilicuses, Pachyphytums with smaller some They are succulents, with glaucous genera. the foliage. The Cotyledons proper are of shrubby habit, whereas it
modern
Echeverias the
old
are
low
and
flattened.
carpet-bedding days
than
The
they
latter are
now.
were
used
more
Of
the
in
species
88
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
generallygrown
under
the
of
name
Cotyledon
coccinea, scarlet; gibbiflora, pink
and
yellow;
all of which
and
are
flower
The such
in late
varietyof
glauca,retusa
as
glauca,and propagated
summer
called gibbiflora its
and
are commonly grown of the by laying some
off the
suitable
leaves
taking Cotyledons may be propagated by cuttingsin summer,
be
not
used
are
wintered is
under
For
soil
for the
sandy garden
use
flower
glass. Cotyledon
form
plants that
species
its variety These may be
and
in
late
in
sand
The
them.
on
they
summer;
must
loam.
the
in
should
Although summer, they
umbilicus, the British
verias Echebe
Navelwort,
hardy. Couch
of
close.
kept
little
other
Echeverias.
as
cool greenhouse.
a
metallica, and
outer
mentioned
orbiculata, red; for
varietyglauca,secunda
rosea,
and
be
may and
Grass, Twitch is
wheat,
a
(Triticumrepens). This, although a dangerous weed, as its underground stems
*
widely. They Couve
Cow-dung.
"
Wild
Crambe
forked
See
out, dried,
Kitchen
and
relative creep
burned.
Garden.
See Manures.
"
Cowslip,Primula Crab,
be
must
Tronchuda.
"
veris.
Apple (Pyrus acerba.
maritima
(Seakale).
Ord.
"
See Kitchen
"
Fruit.
See
Rosaceae). Garden.
Cranberry (Oxycoccus palustris. Ord. Vacciniaceae) A fruit of The American is finer than Cranberry, O. macrocarpa, the British. They are hardy evergreens, likingmoist, peaty soil, and propagated by layers. "
.
little value.
Crane
Fly (Tipulaoleracea). "
Crane's-bill. "
See
See
Daddy-longlegs.
Geranium.
Crassula thick. Ord. (crass-ula,from crassus, Crassulaceae) These succulents allied to Kalosanthes and are Rochea. The most about 18 ins. popular species is coccinea, which high and grows has scarlet flowers in summer the Botanical (see Magazine, t. 495). "
.
Jasminea, which has white. flowers, blooms of the plant (Bot. Mag., t. 2178). None much. very mould and
earlier,and other
The a
Cuttings of
Crassulas in loam thrive liberal admixture of sand
shoots, dried
in the
species
with and for
is
a
a
are
third
shattered
smaller grown of leaf brick.
few
hours,
sandy soil in pots, root readily in summer. a and abundance plants position in early summer sunny the supply of water reduce in late summer, and cut shoots in winter. back; give hardly any water
Give
inserted
young
sun
a
in
then the
of water;
the
flowered
Crataegus, Thorn
from ceae). (cratae-gus, kratos, strength. Ord. Rosauseful genus, giving us, as it does, the useful hedge " of handsome Quick (seeFlower Garden Hedges), and a number suitable for standard trees bushes. wall The or species following few of the best: are a North Coccinea, a handsome American tree "
A
most
"
"
with t.
white
3432);
synonym.
flowers there
C.
are
followed several
by
red fruit (seethe Botanical Magazine, varieties of it; Mespilus coccinea is a
cordata, white,
red
fruit, is
a
late
spring bloomer,
of Gardening Encyclopaedia in the
shown
spur Thorn, in
flowers
Botanical t. 1 1 5 1 Register, the thorns called because
so
spring,followed by C. Oxyacantha
dark
varietyof it. "May,"
of which
praecox,
is the
says
from
sprang
Scarlet, also of the
there
are
is crus-galli
are
British
common
Glastonbury Thorn, an early bloomer the staff of Joseph of Arimathaea; Double
the
Crimson
Double
and and
Hawthorn,
Hawthorn
garden varieties;
many
Cock-
the
long and curved ; white berries; splendens is a good
red
is the
C.
.
89
White,
beautiful
or
of these,
one
which
legend
Paul's
Double
also varieties
are
standard
trees for in shrubberies bloom C. ; they Pyracantha is the spring. sometimes the wall Thorn shrub called popular ; it has various Fiery such as Cotoneaster Pyracantha, Mespilus Pyracantha, synonyms, lawns
common
make
and
Pyracantha coccinea;
and
Thorn, and in town
there
are
of the best is Lalandi
one
several
varieties
of
(syn.Lelandi); they
the
Fiery
will thrive
hold their brilliant berries a long time if the The Thorns thrive in almost soil. Standard spare them. any trees should be staked securely. Propagation of the speciesis by to Oxyacantha. on seed; the specialvarieties are generallybudded The Black Thorn is not a Crataegus; it is Prunus spinosa. *
gardens, and
birds
Creepers. See Climbers. "
Cress.
Kitchen
See
"
Garden.
Crinum
(cri-num,from krinon (Greek),a Lily. Ord. Amarylliand beautiful flowers handsome deae). plants, with leaves. One two and or be grown speciesare nearly hardy, may outdoors in sheltered places in light,well-drained, friable soil; one of the best of these is Powelli, which about grows 3 ft. high and has Bulbous
"
red
flowers
it.
Moorei
in
July; album,
white;
and
rubrum,
is very popular for pot culture in has about 15 ins. high, and rosy flowers
grows the Botanical
red, a
are
warm
in late
forms
of
house;
it
spring (see
and Magazine, t. 6113); there are white-flowered forms of it and Colensoi variegated-leaved ; Mackenii, Makoyanum, are Longifolium is a hardy species,with pink flowers synonyms. in July, growing about a yard high, and enjoying a moist spot; it has several synonyms, such as capensis,riparium,Amaryllis capensis and A. longifolia (seethe Bot. Mag., t. 661). Kirkii has red and white flowers in September (see the Bot. Mag., t. 6512); it grows about in a warm should be grown 1 8 ins. high, and house. Giganteum is a tall,white-flowered in species,blooming July, and shown in the Bot. Mag., t. 923; it Amaryllis gigantea is a synonym; house. Loam, with a third of peat and some requiresa warm sand, suits the Crinums. Propagation is by offsets in spring,or by seeds.
Crocks.
See
"
Crocus.
See Bulbs.
"
Croscosmia. bulb (ord. flowers should may
Drainage.
There
is
South African a species,aurea, only one Irideae),growing 2 ft. high, and bearing orange in July (see the Botanical Magazine, t. 4335). Bulbs be planted 4 ins. deep in friable soil in autumn. The bulbs
be
growing
"
lifted in in
autumn
pots, and
the
and bulb
wintered like Gladioli. It is worth soil (seeBulbs) will suit it.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
90
Cross-fertilisation.
(cro-ton, from
Croton Ord. their
Hybridisation.
See
"
Euphorbiaceae)
"
kroton, The
great beauty
.
foliage,which
tick, in allusion
a
of
gracefulin form
is both
and
the
to
Crotons
the
beautiful
seeds. lies
in
in colour.
In some the leaves are greatly,alike in shape and hue. in either others or and arched; broad, they are gently upright them. colours in twisted. and are narrow Many represented beautiful plantsfor table decoration, and it is customary Crotons are for this purpose collection to grow in. most a large places. The of the is home usual a warm, light house, kept moist by plants cipal frequent syringing; heat, light,and moisture are, indeed, the prinin With them the rich and are plants healthy requirements. of dull. like without weak and a colour; them, 3 They compost It varies
sand. peat and leaf mould, and some sand shoots of firm and in by cuttings peat Propagation young dwarfed in in often under heat a bell-glass spring. Leggy plantsare
parts loam,
with
of
each
i
is
putting something in to hold it open, keeping in a high temperature until roots have when the and potted. The species pushed, plantsare removed not of no and need be described. are importance horticulturally, The seed of C. Tiglium yieldsCroton oil,a strong purgative. The followingare beautiful varieties: Golden twisted; Chain, narrow, twisted; Golden Ring, narrow, slit in the stem, round, and binding^wet
by cuttinga
moss
"
Hawkeri,
Invicta, broad;
broad;
Warrenii,
Mortii, broad;
narrow,
twisted. Crowfoot
(Ranunculus).
kept under;
it dies if forked
Crown
A
"
See
Imperial. "
out
troublesome
weed
which
be
must
into sunshine.
Bulbs.
of the vegetable kingnon-flowering members dom their because methods of increase were were cryptogams word The obvious. from not comes kryptos, hidden, and gamos, The union. flowering plants were marriage literally,concealed from and called Phanerogams, phaneros, visible, marriage. gamos,
Cryptogam.
The
"
called
"
They
are
called
now
Angiosperms. Cedar
from kryptos, hidden, and (cryptome-ria, hidden. Ord. meris, part, Coniferae). Only one being to any extent, and that is japonica, a handsome speciesis grown there are varieties, different in habit; elegans tree, of which many and Lobbii, nana, (syn. Veitchii), spiralisare a few of the most popular. The Japan Cedar likes a deep, loamy soil and a sheltered situation. A dry, exposed spot is unsuitable.
Cryptomeria,Japan
flowers
the
Cuckoo-spit. Many "
covering a green quassia water is Cucumber.
Cuphea Ord.
"
insect
"
plants in
Kitchen
See
(cii-phea,from
Lythrarieae) Only one speciesis platycentra),which "
.
masses by spittle-like Syringing with a decoction
summer.
good remedy;
a
soiled
are
or
it may
grows
of
away.
Garden.
kuphos, curved, plants, with
the
Graceful grown
brushed
be
to
any about
extent, a
foot
form
of the
slender, tubular and
that
high, and
is has
seed
pod.
flowers.
ignea (syn. scarlet
and
Encyclopediaof Gardening in
hite flowers not
hardy they
can
be
then
raised
shifted
with
fourth
a
Cupidone.
in
planted
for the
Although They
summer.
seed
in
spring. Catananche.
See
"
variety called alba.
in beds
i
winter, pricked off, potted singly,and for the greenhouse. 6-in. to Loam, pots if wanted of decayed manure and sand, suits them. Cuttingsfrom
be struck
may
often
are
is a white
; there
June
9
from kuo, to produce, and parisos" Cupressus, Cypress (cupress-us, the Ord. to equal, alluding Coniferae). One of the symmetry. "
useful
most
suited
to
They
like
smaller
of the
shrubbery borders, and a deep, loamy soil,and
is
trees,
evergreen
giving us
suitable
others
shelter
from
number
a
for lawn cold
well
specimens. gation Propa-
winds.
spring, and by cuttings. Most nurserymen best speciesand varieties, which are plied supin autumn late winter. Much or cheaply,and may be planted the most important species is lawsoniana (syn.Chamaecyparis Of Calif ornian tree. its several varieties a Lawsoniana), graceful the albo recommended be : a? following may spica, gentea, erecta viridis,ericoides, gracilis pendula, lutea, argenteo-variegata, and nana glauca; erecta viridis is particularlygood. Macrocarpa, the Monterey Cypress, is also a Californian tree; Crippsiiis a good has of Nootkatensis is and varieties. it. several variety good its and varieties the are Obtusa, Japanese Cypress, frequently many under of the name as Retinosporas. Pisifera, also grown grown and plumosa are two Retinospora squarrosa, is useful; aurea good stock
in
seeds
by
small
plants of
the
-
varieties. Currant.
See Fruit.
"
Currant, Flowering (Ribes). See Flower
Garden
of cultivated Cuttings. Large numbers and the time method by cuttings,but impossibleto give general instructions.
plants
may
differ
greatlythat it various plants.
"
"
is
(cyc-lamen,from
Cyclamen, Sowbread to the
Ord.
corm.
Primulaceae)
See
Cyclobothra. "
Bulbs
Cycnoches, Swan-neck and
"
and
A
Orchid
of do well in baskets little fibrous a peat.
vulgarisis the
kyclios,circular,in allusion Bulbs.
kyknos,
column.
curved
Ord.
a
swan,,
Orchida-
Orchids, requiring plenty of heat little in the
Sphagnum Propagation moss
is
(cydo-nia,from Quince, which is much
Cydonia, Quince
gated propa-
so
(cycno-ches,from the
of stove genus while growing, but
small
moisture
.
the
be
Calochortus.
referringto
auchen, neck,
ceae).
"
See
"
See
Shrubs.
"
restingseason.
with
abundance
by
dividing the
Cydon. used
Ord. stock
They
of crocks
and
pseudo-bulbs, Rosaceae). "
for Pears
C..
as a (see1 The japonica and Maulei. is a popular plant for low walls, owing to its profusion of former brilliant red flowers in spring. The fruit is sometimes jellied. The the handsome latter is also very Botanical (see Magazine, t. 6780). botanists class the genus with Pyrus. Modern
Fruit).
The
best
ornamental
species are
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
92
(cymbid-ium, from kymbe, a boat, in lip. Ord. Orchidaceae). Evergreen
Cymbidium hollow
in
with is
the
leaves
eburneum,
(see
Lowianum between
house,
large
popular species
most
late in yellow-crested Magazine, t. 5126). Giganteum and good deal. Hybrids have been raised
also
a grown and eburneum. hybrids will thrive
the
a
flowers
Lowianum
latter
the
The
flowers.
white,
Botanical
the
are
and
and bears
which
to
Orchids,
stove
"
recurved
winter
reference
in less heat
does than
in
well
a
cool The
eburneum.
in pots in fibrous peat and should be grown loam, and Cymbidiums reduced of while water deal but a a good growing, supply given when growth is complete. Propagation is by division when growth starts.
Cynara. Globe
C.
"
Cardunculus
Artichoke.
See
is the
Kitchen
Cardoon,
and
C.
scolymus
the
Garden.
mental Ord. name. Cyperus (cy-perus, the Greek Cyperaceae). Ornatable decoration. Grass-like useful for Loam, plants, very with fourth of peat and a some sand, suits. Propagation is by abundance of have division when repotting in spring. They must "
water.
Alternifolius but
a
and
elegans and
its
variegated
laxus
are
forms
also grown.
are
All
the
most
will thrive
portant; imin
greenhouse. Cypress. "
See
Cupressus.
Cypripedium, Lady's Slipper (cypripe-dium,from kypris, Venus, form of the podion, slipper,from the slipper-like lip. Ord. Orchidaceae). A large and highly important genus of Orchids, comprising hardy as well as tender species. Hybridisation has been extensively practised with this genus, the result being that the of added hundreds considerable list of specieshas been to by some of which are cross-breds, many very beautiful; they are, however, 'and can in to a some degree cases, expensive by only be specialised Most the of wealthy people. Cypripediums are evergreen, but the in The kinds indoor should be grown hardy kinds are deciduous. of with the made of fibrous crocks, plenty pots compost being up The love a cool, moss. peat, loam, and Sphagnum hardy kinds moist peat bed in a sheltered place. Repotting for the tender kinds when is t"est done they start growing in spring, at which period of be divided. like abundance moisture They strong plants may in the at the roots and both The atmosphere. following are the
and
"
principalspeciesand
varieties: Warm
barbatum
"
House.
(BotanicalMagazine,
bellatulum
and
should
t.
variety album;
be rested
in autumn.
Boxalli. callosum
and
variety Sanderae.
caudatum.
Charlesworthii. Fairieanum hirsutissimum.
(Bot. Mag.,
t.
5024).
4234), these,
several
unlike
varieties. the
majority,
of Gardening Encyclopaedia and
Lawrenceanum
variety Hyeanum.
niveum (Bot.Mag., t. 5922). Rothschildianum (Bot.Mag., t. 7102). colours The are mostly combinations and
yellow,white,
Schlimii
brown,,
green,
House.
Chantinii, Sanderae, Sanderianum,
varieties
etc.
albiflorum.
variety
and
of
purple. Cool
insigneand
93
Spicerianum. and
villosum
variety
aureum.
Hardy. Calceolus, yellow,
guttatum,
white,
and
rose
purple,
macranthum,
and
brown
pubescens,
album, For
the
white.
hybrids
newest
it is well
consult
to
Morganiae,
Harrisianum,
Leeanum,
Orchids; and
yellow, (Moccasin Flower).
white
and
rose spectabile,
work
modern Sedeni
a
and
are
on
good
inexpensive. falcatum.
Cyrtomium
This
"
popular
is
fern
called
now
Aspidium
falcatum.
Cystopteris,Bladder Ord. pteris,fern.
and
important speciesis of
loam, peat, and
Propagation
is
by
from (cyt-isus,
for
grown
the
most
likinga compost
are
several
in
spring.
varieties.
Ord.
Cythrus.
Leguminosae) light,sandy soil. is yellow species racemosus
and
"
.
thrivingin
under
market
bladder,
of which
genus, British fern,
shrubs, nearly hardy, the allied to Genista, and
are
kystos, a
small
Fiiices). a hardy fragilis,
all
extensively
the
Genista
name
racemosa.
Ardoini, with principalspecies,
Of the rock
A
"
leaf mould, with sand; there division when growth starts
Cytisus, Broom Beautiful
They
from (cystop-teris,
fern
garden.
Kewensis
flowers, hardy.
creamy
hardy,
and
makes
a
nice
is
a
fine
yellow flowers, is good for the hybrid of prostrate habit, with
Praecox, pale yellow, very early,is also bed; as does albus, with white flowers in
in pots for the fragrans should be grown in be propagated by cuttings spring,and with makes the plants will flower the a nice bush; a little pinching soon a more yellow Broom; followingspring. Scoparius is the common which is has beautiful brown important plant its varietyandreanus, and yellow flowers ; sulphureus is a pale yellow varietyof scoparius. is a hybrid (albus X andreanus). Purpureus Dallimorei, mauve,
Racemosus greenhouse; it may
or
varieties,
and
spring.
and
See on a
its
also Genista
Laburnums, frame
for
good
are
choicer The Laburnum. but for standards; especially
Brooms
and
the are
cuttingswill
rockery.
grafted root
in
in autumn.
Daboecia small
decumbens,
(daboe-cia,St. of
genus which
speciesof
low is
Dabeoc's
evergreen
Heath.
shrubs,
also polifolia,
called
much
Ord. the
Menziesia
Ericaceae). A important polifolia.It is a "
most
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
94
lovelylittle shrub, growing about 2 abundance of purplish flowers. thrives most
in
peat
desirable
There
loam.
or
It is
a
several
are
white, alba.
is the
ing habit, and bearof Ireland, and the varieties, of which in
ft. high, neat
native
Propagation
is
by cuttingsand
layers. Gramifrom daktulis, finger-breadth. Ord. Dactylis (dac-tylis, used in Grass, much neae). D. glomerata is the familiar Cocksfoot in flower form which is used There is a variegated pastures. "
Not
in
It thrives
gardening. sion.
ordinary soil,and
is
divi*
propagated by
quite hardy.
Daddy-longlegs. The Crane fly,Tipula oleracea, is dangerous to is very gardeners as the parent of the leather-jacketgrub, which "
gardens; it is larger than the wireworm, and colour. Regular cultivation, and trapping with Potato cherished slices impaled on sticks near plants,reduce their numbers. in be in or Vaporite Apterite may dug spring. Starlingsclear off when flies out of the turf at the end numbers of the come they large in
troublesome
of
new
in
darker
summer.
Daffodil." Dahlia
See
(popularlyda-hlia, correctlydah-lia,
DAHLIA
A
Bulbs.
RAISED
Ord.
BV
DIVISION
Compositae). "
A
native
Tubers.
of
2.
the as
especiallyif
tops have they are so
raised
from
been much
OF
a
THE
Points of detachment.
Mexico, the Dahlia
be killed in winter climes, and may hardy in northern doors in friable, well-drained unprotected, although
survive,
Dahl,
ROOTSTOCK. i.
Swede.
DAHLIAS
PROPAGATING
FROM
CUTTING.
A
after
named
litter is thrown
some
over
the
of
soils it may after
rootstock
killed
by frost. The speciesare not inferior to the garden varieties which
variabilis,coccinea, Merckii,
is not
if left out
and
cultivated, have
been
be unJuarezii as worthy and places. The horticultural forms are so numerous, so in type, that it has varied been found to classify them; necessary thus have: we (i) Show, (2) Fancy, (3) Cactus, (4) Decorative, or (5) Pompon Bouquet, (6) Single, (7) Paeony- flowered, and Classes (8) Pompon-Cactus. i, 2, and double, symmetrical 5 have the each other flowers, to petals folding over evenly from bottom no show; Nos. i and 2 only differ in colour; top, where green must to
of
Shows
have
one-coloured
two
colours
flowers
at
the
about
a
most,
Fancies
quarter
the
three;
Pompons
size of the
Show
are
and
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
95
quilledflorets,spreading from the have Cactus centre circumference; pointed florets,the Decorative blunt ones. Pompon-Cactus are practicallya small feathery." Paeony-flowered type of Cactus, not quiteso loose and All the leaves. have thrown flowers, large,irregular up well above modified unless be it somewhat a culture, system requirethe same to carry be allowed of pruning for Singleand Pompon, which may branches than the largertypes. more If seed is effected by seeds, cuttings,and division. Propagation in frame in boxes soil is sown of gritty in winter, put a warm pots or in a cool place,and or house, the seedlingspricked out, hardened The in will in the same rich soil flower out planted June, they year. will be good or bad flowers from the florists' point of view according to the quality of the strain sold by the seedsmen, but they are A beginner varieties. hardly likelyto be equal to the best named who of a good type will do well to buy plants of wants to be sure recognisedvarieties in spring for June delivery. He can increase these by cuttingsthe followingspringif he likes to lift the tubers in in a dry, frostproofplace for the winter, and store them autumn, for they will push up in them a lightplace in March; warm, put taken ins. be at which off shoots can long,inserted singly 3 young in small to house or frame, and covered pots, placed in a warm be division effected air. exclude can by by separating Propagation Classes
Fancy.
and
3
have
4
the
to
the
"
the in
tubers
pots Soil.
or
the
boxes, and Dahlias
"
Garden
form
that
love
from
each
plantingthem
out.
rootstock
then
soil
deep, fertile, moist
a
(see Kitchen
be Bastard dug and trenching). The ground should few allow for to weeks before a planting, settling. Water
"
manured
If
will be helpfulin dry weather. liquidmanure of nitrate of soda slowly at first,dissolve an ounce and them water a give good soaking. to become threaten Pruning. If the branches and
in
should
bushes
be cut
it is desirable
as
to
These
"
stalks,or
with
It is best
to fix
Varieties.
may
trapped
filled with
pots strong stakes
be
keep the
be
when
with
hay.
hollow
M.
plantingan
painted green
followingare
Burnie, orange Gem, white, mauve
Crimson King, deep red Ethel Britton, purple and Golden
Gem,
and
good
in the
various
tips
pink
sections:
Chorister, fawri Comedian, orange,
5 to The
"
crimson, and
white white
yellow
Dorothy, fawn and maroon Gaiety,yellow,red, and Matthew
and
thorough.
Fancy.
John Walker, white Mrs. Gladstone, blush R. T. Rawlings,yellow the
Bean
or
be
square and base tarred.
the
Mabel, lilac
of
Bamboo
inch
James Cocker, purple
Queen
of the
centre
Staking must
Show.
Blush
of
some
secure.
The
"
be
must
small
They
long.
tying should
A.
gallon of
open.
Earwigs.
6 ft.
out,
they growa
thick
"
them
them
other, starting
Belgians,cream
crimson Mrs. Saunders,
Peacock,
white
crimson Campbell, buff and
maroon
yellow and and
Novelty, purple and
and white
white rose
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
96 DAHLIAS
continued.
"
Brigadier,crimson
Nerissa, white and Phoebe, orange
Britannia, salmon
Queen
Buttercup, yellow
Sunny Daybreak, apricot Keith, red, white tips Tommy
Cactus.
salmon-pink centre pink,primrose Dainty, Easton, yellow Daisy Electra, primrose,white tips C. E. Wilkins,
Freedom, scarlet Goldfinch, yellow,rose
Peace, The
Nisi Prius, vermilion Radium, orange, suffused
Loveliness, pink Paul crimson
Avoca, Glare
magenta
Sea
crimson of the Garden, Duke
Grand
pink, suffused
Shell, pink Colosse, yellow
Single (abouta foot high)
Dwarf
trope helio-
.
Booties,
the and
huge
Cactus
the
are
Paeony-flowered are
the
best
thrown
up
the leaves
above
colour
bold
for
making
for
cutting.
on
for
the
long,thick
groups.
for exhibition,
esteemed
The
The
garden.
flat florets, and
broad, almost
with
flowers
most
pleasingas flowers, the Pompon
are
most
Cactus
Tit, orange
Tom
the
Singleand
white
Golden F'airy,. yellow Mignon, pink
crimson
Buttercup, yellow Midget, orange The Show, Fancy, and
scarlet
Alexis, white
Yellow
Pompon.
Bacchus,
white
Decorative.
Bride, white
Adelaide,
crimson
Warrior, dull red
Scale, lilac Roberts, yellow
Peggy, The
Kruger,
T. G. Baker, Solfatara, scarlet
Mrs.
and orange Columbine, rose of York, scarlet Duke crimson, yellow centre Formosa,
buff, suffused
maroon
King Leopold, crimson Lady Saville,art shade
fawn
ring
Leslie
Paeony-flowered. Rose, yellow
Garibaldi,
colours
Single. Beauty's Eye, mauve,
Miss
Bride, white
Codsall
rose
Hall, ruby Grinsted, yellow and Arthur
Saturn, fancy
cream
Sovereign,yellow
Ibis, orange Evernia, salmon-fawn
Ruby
orange, lilac-rose
tip tip
Mignon,
Peerman,
Revd.
white
Mary,
Light,orange yellow
Harold
Whites
Pompon-Cactus.
Floradora, dark red Galliard, carmine Harbour
of the
rose
stems
as
the
they
Pompon-Cactus
are are
last have blooms
are
fine
plants charming
class. Collarette Dahlias are a small They are singleflowers, with round Star Dahlias centre. the are a singles ring of short florets These both modern are with classes, widely diverging florets. watched
may
be
Daisy.
See
Damask
Rose.
Damask
Violet.
which
"
for future
Bellis. See
"
"
See
Rose.
Hesperis.
developments by
Dahlia
lovers.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Rocket.
Dame's
Damping-off.
phrase used by gardenersto
A
"
Hesperis.
See
"
seedlingsat the surface fungus, but indirectlyby See Watering. See
"
describe
the
collapse by a directlycaused insufficient
and
air.
Fruit.
This
"
under
Kitchen
too
plant is a nuisance by vigorousspudding out.
Dandelion.
kept
soil. It is much moisture
of the
of
Damson.
97
as
'be
should
and
lawns,
on
It is useful
salad.
a
See
Garden.
Ord. ThymelaeaDaphne (daph-ne, after the nymph Daphne. ceae). Pretty dwarf shrubs with fragrantflowers, which are borne "
in late winter and are early spring. Some evergreen is deciduous. a spring-blooming trailer Blagayana white flowers, suitable for the rock garden. Cneorum
and
others
with
sweet
is also
an
produces its fragrantpink flowers in spring evergreen the Botanical (see Magazine, t. 913); there is a large-floweredvariety Mezereum with variegatedleaves. called grandiflorum, and also one its (the Mezereon) is a great favourite, although not evergreen; trailer,and
pinkish flowers
ciouslyperfumed; late
in late
come
there
purple flowers Mazelli, white
are or
is
and
delileaves, and are varieties,includinga
the
other
(syn.indica)is
sweet;
very
blush,
before
winter white
Odora
bloomer.
summer
are
it should
be
its
and
evergreen, in
a greenhouse; grown it ; it blooms earlier,
probably a varietyof
and is also sweet. They do well in loam for Mezereum. should be made
liberal addition of a trailers are propagated
peat, but The
the others by layeringin autumn, by cuttingsunder in sandy peat. In nurseries autumn, graftingon to
in bell-glass
a
D.
Laureola,
Spurge Laurel, is practised.
the
after Dr. Darlingtonia californica (darlingto-nia, Darlington. An half-hardy plant suitable for Sarraceniaceae) interesting ing needoutdoor culture in a peaty bed in mild districts,but otherwise
Ord.
"
.
The red glassshelter. It loves moisture. green, yellow, and in It division be are by spring. produced propagated may it starts growing. See the Botanical Magazine, t. 5920.
flowers when
Date
Palm,
Phoenix
dactylifera.
the Arabic from Datura, Thorn Apple -(datu-ra, Solanaceae) Although poisonous plants,these are "
.
for their
Ord.
Tatorali. worth
attention
Fastuosa is an flowers. annual, growing about there producing blue and white flowers in summer; several varieties,includinga double. Suaveolens is a beautiful are greenhouse shrub, with largewhite fragrantflowers in August; it is sometimes called Knightii,and it is also grown as Brugmansia suaveolens. Meteloides (syn.Wrightii)is a greenhouse shrub with 2
ft.
white
beautiful
high
and
flowers in early and produces white
high large,spiny plant.
The
cuttingsunder Sandy
loam
Stramonium,
summer.
flowers
in
August,
in is familiar fruit of which seed annuals raised from are a
in bell-glass
spring
or
is the
which Thorn
autumn; in
summer,
ft. the Apple, it is a British
spring,the with
2
grows
shrubs by heat.
bottom
suits. G
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
98 Daucus
See
(Carrot). "
Kitchen
Davallia, Hare's-foot A
Filices) "
.
in
handsome
after Signer (davall-ia,
fern
largegenus and
Garden.
of ferns, several of whose hanging baskets in warm
Davalli.
members
Ord.
are
very
greenhouses. They in loam leaf soil, with and little peat and sand. thrive Add a for basket plants. Propagation is by spores (see Sphagnum moss the division of and or rhizomes, ferns), creeping stems (the likeness of of these to a hare's foot has given the popular name), in the case will thrive in a cool greenhouse or room. canariensis, which They pots
rhizomes
pliabledry
and
of D.
of the
cristata
hirta Moorei
fern balls
in
seen
shops
Mariesii
bullata
of the
made
are
with
best
Mooreana).
Day Lily (Hemerocallis). See
Bulbs.
"
Dead
"
packed Sphagnum speciesare canariensis, dissecta, elegans, and (syn. Microlepia hirta cristata), pallida (syns.
few
A
moss.
"
The
moisture.
all love
Nettle,Lamium.
Deciduous.
A
"
term
applied
which
plants
to
shed
their
leaves
annually. Delphinium, Larkspur (delphin-ium,from the
to
of
resemblance
A largeand Ranunculaceae) for colour valuable perennials, uses,
Rocket
Flower
see
is used
in summer,
Few
5819.
t.
other
forms
the
consolida
speciesare
which
have
varieties
and
is
There from it
seed
only grows
a
hardy
herbaceous culture
of the ins.
the
annual
annual
ing branch-
high, with
Botanical
scarlet
Magazine,
preference being given from
cheilanthum, The
formosum.
to
elatum,
following
are
"
of
True
frame
about
Dendrobium
18
See
Langport, Belladonna, King
of
Delphiniums,
Blue.
charming variety called
a
in
genus
parent
grown, raised
and
of
:
Autolycus, Beauty Persimmon,
been
Ord.
dolphin'shead.
a
For largeborders. is the species,Ajacis
in borders.
garden grandiflorum, peregrinum, beautiful
is the
ferring delphin, a dolphin,re-
in
Nudicaule, growing about
Larkspur. flowers
groups Of the
Garden.
Larkspur, and
to
spur
important
"
.
and
the
in
spring,blooms
9 ins.
Blue
the
raised
Butterfly, which, same
year
; thus
treated
high.
(dendro-bium, from
dendron,
Ord. trees. to their growing on allusion an5 beautiful genus of epiphytal Orchids,
tree, and
bios, life,in
Orchidaceae). requiringa warm "
A
large house.
of heat and moisture, they enjoy abundance and when drier is mature. cooler growth kept they may be in should be and potted when pots or baskets, They may grown of new growth begins. Use crocks liberally,and pack a mixture the The about and roots. erect moss fibrous Sphagnum peat In
the
growing
season
be
but
growers,
such
as
nobile, thyrsiflorum,densiflorum,
in Orchid grown may winter The in baskets. 60" to summer 70", spring be
70".
The
followingare
and
fimbriatum,
of
pendulous habit are best pots ; but from 50" to 60", temperature may range 60" to to autumn sun 65" 85" (with heat), those
some
of the
principalspeciesand
varieties
:
"
of Gardening Encyclopaedia yellow,winter, Brymerianum, yellow,winter. densiflorum, orange, spring. red
aureum,
and
fimbriatum
oculatum,
sweet.
and
orange
giganteum, yellow
formosum
99
spring.
maroon,
white, spring.
and
infundibulum, orange and white, early summer. nobile, purple,rose, and white, winter. autumn.
Phalaenopsis,mauve,
Pierardii, white, spring. speciosum, buff, winter.
superbum, purple,spring. Wardianum, purple,orange, There
are
in
the
and
hybrids, which are seen many collections of specialists.For
work
modern
Deodar.
white, winter.
and
See
"
Orchids
on
should
be
at
the
principalshows
details
of
parentage
a
consulted.
Cedrus.
Ord. Logania(desfontam-ea,after M. Desfontain. and is that a one species, spinosa, dwarf hardy only ceae). shrub producing beautiful scarlet and yellow flowers in evergreen It is well worth summer. includingin the shrubbery, near the front, and it is not particularas to soil,so long as the ground is not stiff It is suitable for pot culture. tings and damp. Propagation is by cutof loam and peat, with sand, under in a mixture a bell-glass, heat. See the Botanical Magazine, t. 478 1 preferablywith bottom Desfontainea There
"
is
.
(deut-zia,after J.
Deutzia
of deciduous
genus so
early in bloom
it desirable
renders other soil.
shrubs. Gracilis for
the flowers
plant them where They are quite easy to is sold by bulb dealers in
roots, which
to
are
Saxifrageae). "
shrubs, quitehardy, but in
to have
as
Ord.
Deutz.
or
able valu-
two
cases
injuredby late frosts. This they will have shelter from thriving in ordinary grow, autumn
put in 6-in. pots in bulb
floweringin the
one
A
greenhouse in winter
in the soil
form
of prepared
(seeBulbs)
and
and
Crenata
spring. pleno, double white, is the best of the garden kinds; it is an The old wood be pruned out after early and profuse bloomer. may if the which of will the there be abundance and flowering, young, for the following year. soil is good, retained Propagation is by with a heel in spring,and inserted cuttingsof young wood removed in sandy soil. They root best when kept close. Or division may be when Lemoinei starts. is a dwarf white growth practised hybrid,, and scabra a tall,strong species. grown flore
Devil
in the Bush
(Nigella). See
Annuals.
"
caesius). A hardy deciduous high, and with white flowers growing about 2 fruit is of no importance. Dewberry
(Rubus
"
ft.
British in
shrub,
June.
The
(dian-thus,from dios, divine, and anthos, a flower A most Ord. Caryophyllae) valuable genus, giving (seeCarnation) the Pink (seeCarnation) us, as it does, the Carnation the Picotee the and (seeCarnation),the Indian Pink (seeBiennials), in addition William to Sweet beautiful (seeBiennials) ; speciesmany Dianthus
Jove'sFlower.
"
"
.
,
,
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
i oo suitable
rockery (seeFlower
for the
Garden). D. caryophyllus is the Carnation, plumarius the garden Pink, D. barbatus Sweet Pink. The William, and D. chinensis the Indian following in crevices : alpinus, the best Alpines; all thrive in sandy loam are t. red, June (BotanicalMagazine, 1205), top-dress annually with fresh soil; caesius, the Cheddar stone Pink, pale pink, July, enjoys limePink, chips; cruentus, scarlet, July; deltoides, the Maiden red, June, likes a sunny pink, June; glacialis, aspect and a grittysoil containing leaf mould; neglectus, rose, June; and superbus, white, summer (Bot. Mag., t. 297). Atkinsoni, May, 9 ins., crimson, is D.
the
likes shade.
brilliant,and Diascea
(dia-scea,from
diaskeo,
adorn, in reference
to
the
to
beauty. Ord. Scrophularineae) One species is esteemed, both for greenhouse and flower-garden Culture, and that is Barberae, a annual with half-hardy growing about rosy flowers in early summer, "
.
a
foot
high (seethe
Botanical
Magazine,
t.
For
5933).
culture,
see
Annuals. Dibber.
Dibble.
A
"
short
pointed wooden
tool
useful
for
planting
greens. Dicentra the
to
from (dicen-tra,
form.
in the
herbaceous
border.
t. 50; Register,
Dicksonia genus ferns.
and
(dickso-nia,after
of handsome
They
liberal dash
ferns,
thrive
.
is popular name is flowers, pink pendent
formosa
former in the
and
for herbaceous also
are
is illustrated Botanical
worth in the
Magazine,
Mr.
borders
growing Botanical t. 1335.
Ord. J. Dickson. Filices).A of which classed with the tree are
some
"
of
2
Propagation
enjoy
old
both
good
and
compost
a
of sand.
ferns, they
most
in
is
The latter
the
kentron, spur, in reference
The
"
its beautiful
the most popular, and pots (seeBulbs). Eximia
"and
.a
dis,twice, and
Fumariaceae)
with Spectabilis,
Dielytra. much
Ord.
abundance
parts loam, i leaf mould, and by spores (seeFerns). Like
is
of
water.
Antarctica
is the
principalspecies. name. Dictamnus, Dittany (dictam-nus,Virgil's
Ord. Bastard
Rutaceae). Burning Dittany, is of the stems with resin, which interestingon account being covered if touched burns with a lighted match ceous at night. It is a hardy herbaits in late It white flowers conforms plant,bearing spring. The
"
to
the
speciesFraxinella,
general
division, and
Bush
the
of its class, but therefore be propagated
treatment
or
does
not
lend
itself to purple is
The by seed. may variety, although the two are often grown in the reverse way, i.e., the purple as the species. Giganteus (caucasicus) is a large form.
.a
Dieffenbachia Dieffenbach. Dr. Ord. (dieffenbach-ia, after A houses. Aroideae). Handsome foliageplants, suitable for warm of with of leaf third and and a loam, some mould, compost sand, peat suits them. They have a distinct growing season, during which of moisture, both at the root and in the they must have abundance will less water when in be needed to rest atmosphere; they go "
autumn.
young Three
They shoots
of the
should
be
shaded
will strike in heat
in
principalspeciesare
from
hot
sunshine.
Cuttings of spring,and so will piecesof stem. Chelsoni, Imperator, and picta.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Dielytra. See Dicentra
and
"
Bulbs. after Dr.
Diervilla,Weigela (diervill-a, weige-la,the former the
amongst
are
in
grown there
after
latter
ville, the
friable, manured throw
up
E. Weigel. Ord. beautiful of deciduous
of shoots for
be selected
a
The
"
year,
every
well-shaped bush,
will
the best the
will bloom
the soil turns
of fertility
The great influence. of steel. fork, large,and made
digging has
others
and
In
states
some
spade is the better implement, in others the Ground quickly decides which should be chosen. damp,
but
should
be
with
sodden
not
in with
driven
portionlifted
turned
and
rain.
recent
foot
the lower
depressed,the
handle
well
and greatlyon the tillage, digger should have both
at
an
slid down
hand
is best
The
angle
blade
dug when or
of about
to the
it
It is well to throw
over.
of the soil
fork; experiment
the
the
and
fine varieties.
three
are
Digging. spade
adequate moisture, they
with
the shoots flowering,as the new Rosea or (florida amabilis)is the principalspecies; flowers in spring. Abel Carriere, Eva Rathke, and Van
rose
proper
shrubs,
after
being removed followingyear. Houttei
and
number
placed of these should
it has
These
"
.
and
should be in well-drained almost soil, Thriving any In which they will not succeed. deep,
considerable
a
Dier-
Caprifoliaceae)
C.
most
garden. places in ground,
every few
are
i
i o
a
prongs
45", then
base, and
the
little forward
into which
the manure keep open, be in can a placed. By working straightline spread level is the maintained. across piece,and digging evenly, a perfect It is a good plan to begin digging a piece of ground by taking out a spit of soil and wheeling it to the other end, as there is then an in
turning, so
that
to
small
a
trench
been
has
"
as
"
material
and trench all the way, open Annual weeds should with.
forked
perennialones
be
hand
at
buried
out, dried, and
to
the
as
fill the work
last
one
proceeds,
burned.
from a finger-stock,in (digita-lis, digitale, The Ord. shape. Scrophularineae). Foxglove is an and sell old favourite, seedsmen now splendid strains of the old is a form There bears (campanulata) which species purpurea. Of the other speciesambigua is one flowers at the top of the stem. of the For best. It has yellow flowers. Foxglove culture, see
Digitalis, Foxglove
allusion
to the
"
Biennials. Dill.
"
See
Kitchen
Garden
"
Herbs.
(dimorphothe-ca, from dimorphos, two-formed, of floret. and the disc having different forms Ord. theca, receptacle, the but An aurantiaca, Compositae). unimportant genus, species bears which about foot high and a a profusion of orange grows Dimorphotheca "
flowers
culture,
in see
Dioecious.
has
summer,
Annuals "
A
"
to
come
the
front
in
recent
For
years.
Half-hardy.
specieswith
separate male
and
female
flowers
on
separate plants. Dionaea, Venus's Venus.
Ord.
Dione, a name Fly-trap (dionae-a,from The only species,muscipula, Droseraceae)
from
the
"
.
fact that
the bristles
on
the leaf lobes
are
of
teresting is in-
irritable,
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
1O2
it. It should alights the leaf closes over and of in be grown a compost a greenhouse, peat Sphagnum moss. The the pot may be stood in a saucer of water. As it loves moisture in July. Propagation is by seeds or division. white flowers are borne A coloured plate appears in the Botanical Magazine, t. 785. when
and
small
a
insect
in
Scrophularineae) One species is Diplacus (dip-lacus. Ord. that call is w hich botanists and now deal, a good glutinosus, grown It is with small a Mimulus greenhouse shrub, orange glutinosus. "
.
in
with
sticky foliage. Loam,
and
flowers
suits it.
sand,
some
Propagation
is
fourth
a
of leaf mould
by cuttingsunder
a
and
bell-glass
summer.
diploos,double, and aden, gland; Ord. are Very Apocynaceae) glands ovary. of large,brilliant beautiful twiners, producing abundance evergreen trained in a warm flowers greenhouse. They are sometimes up trellises fixed in but on more frequently balloon-shaped pillars, is well covered and the plants are the frame-work large pots; when the former make in full bloom lovelyobjects. Peat and loam, the suit them. with former sand, Repotting is best preponderating, When in full growth they in spring,when done growth begins. after flowering the will delight in large quantitiesof water, but A moist should be maintained reduced. be atmosphere supply may in is of shoots the by cuttings by syringing. Propagation young spring. They ought to be put in a propagating case, or in bottom them. heat with a bell-glassover boliviensis, Amabilis, rose; and t. white and 5783); splendens, yellow (BotanicalMagazine, carmine (Bot.Mag., t. 3976),are three of the best kinds. from Dipladenia (diplade-nia,
there
in
two
Disa is
a
native
a (di-sa,
of Orchids, not
the
"
.
Ord.
name.
Orchidaceae) A small genus which of grandiflora, case "
.
in the
much
except grown great favourite, partly because
of
its brilliant
colour, and
It should be grown partly because it will thrive in a cool house. of fibrous peat in pots, liberally crocked, and filled with a mixture for sweetening. little charcoal and be added a Sphagnum moss; may Early winter is the period for repotting. Little water will be when until the plants are to be rooting freely, needed seen regular of the must at be end the and abundant growing supplies given; and the plants rested. the supply must be reduced season gation Propais by division when flora, repotting. There are varieties of grandiand superba is very good.
Disbudding. "
flower
buds,
A
in the
latter to get fewer
Dittany. "
See
applied to
term
former but
case
to
the
thinning out
of
much too wood, Fruit, Carnations,
prevent
finer flowers.
See
"
.
Meadia.
Dog Rose,
Giganteum Rosa
or
in the etc.
Dictamnus.
Dodecatheon, American Cowslip (dodeca-theon,a name Ord. Pliny. Primulaceae) These pretty flowers thrive in cool, shady spots on the rockery or in the border. peat is by division seeds in spring. There or are many D.
growths
is
canina.
one
of the
best.
given by in
sandy
tion Propagaforms
of
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Violet."
"g'sTooth
Dogwood.
(doron-icum, from Leopard's Bane Compositae). See Flower Garden
Doronicum, Arabic
Ord.
name.
plants.
"
"
Peristeria
See
Whitlow
Draba,
ferae).
doronigi, the
"
"
Herbaceous
.
Orchid.
Dove
Bulbs.
See
Cornus.
See
"
103
Grass
See Flower
elata.
drabe, acrid.
(dra-ba,from
Garden
"
Ord.
Cruci-
Rockery.
Dracaena
drakaino, a female (dracae-na,from dragon. Ord. Liliaceae). Handsome foliageplants, some nearly hardy, others With care some requiring a hothouse. kinds can be kept healthy in living-rooms, the principalrequirements being proper watering (see Watering), a weekly sponging with tepid water, ventilation without draughts, and a lightposition. Repotting should in spring when be done necessary, but 6-in. pots are generally large enough, and in preference to shiftingon the balls be reduced, and the plants put in the can "
size of
same
with be
third
a
suit.
pot, with
down
rammed
like Crotons, which
pagation is effected in
ball.
Loam,
and sand, decayed manure, the plants get leggy they can
When
spring,each
cocoa-nut
the
of
shortened
stem
fresh soil well
some
around
fibre
see.
PR"pfEGcAETsIN0GF 4.2pie?e
Pro-
by cuttingup piecesof with a joint,and laying them
refuse
in
bottom
heat.
As
in moist have
we
seen
soil
or
under
Cordyline,these two genera are related, and several plants which, Dracaenas. The as strictlyspeaking, are Cordylines are grown of the best: followingare some Australis, A. lentiginosa,A. lentiginosa Russelli, Baptisti, Chelsoni, fragransLindeni, Goldieana, indivisa terminalis. "
Dracocephalum, Dragon's Head (dracoceph-alum, from drakon, and Ord. kephale, a head. dragon, Labiatae). Pretty summerfloweringhardy herbaceous plants. For culture, see Flower Garden Herbaceous with flowers plants. Ruyschianum, purplish-lilac in early summer, ft. high, is one of the best. 2 growing about Grandiflorum, blue, 6 ins. high,is suitable for the rockery. "
"
This
be considered under two heads subject may of and the drainage garden ground drainage of be laid until the necessityhas flower-pots. Drain-pipesshould not been proved, as the process is laborious and expensive; moreover, it is possibleto make too A ground dry. simple test is to dig holes ins. them in exclude to winter, cover rain, and see if water 30 deep rises into them and after a spellof wet stands If water weather. lodges in the upper strata of soil the latter is likelyto become sour, for crops. Before stiff,and unsuitable layingdrain-pipeslook out
Drainage.
"
the horticulturally,
for
a
spot
where
there
is
a
fall,and
let the main
drain
lead to it.
If
1
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
04
it is
a
ditch
river, the
or
small
pond (see Flower
may Garden
off the
The be
may
place,otherwise
and
grounds
plants).
Water
"
the
in
formed
be
is carried
water
made
for the trenches ins. deep and 30
pipes 15 ft. and 20 Two-
apart in stiff soil,3 ft. deep ft. apart in lighter ground. inch ins.
earthenware
drain-pipes 12
suitable, and
long are
a
ornamental
the
cost
is about
the 30 shillings per 1000; be left Care must may open. that the bed of the trench be taken is perfectly firm ""nd level. The ends
HOW
LAND.
DRAIN
TO
be the
main
drain.
a
fall
and
outlet,
Pr"per
lie
cannot
Diagonal pipes 15 to 20 to a drain-pipe which
ft. apart, leading
discharges in
a
ditch.
to
escape, fall through. soil is
the
choose
one
absence
of
By laying crocks
upheld, but water large piece for the
then side downward, cover With little clean a
to
smaller or
Flower-pots
superfluouswater soil would the
It
place
arranged so flaky portions
hole
is best
bits
few
a
in
bottom-hole
a
escape.
layer, and
With water
surface
drainage material the (broken flower-pot)over
bottom
moss
with
to allow
is allowed
with
the
near
provided
in order
in the
diagonallines
ground thus treated. are
but
laid in
pipes may leading to
it
concave
to
as
of
to
lap. over-
compost
all
perfectdrainage is provided, but a few pieces of charcoal improvement. Pots for Orchids are filled two-thirds full of drainage,to allow for the largequantitiesof water needed. Ord. DroseDrosera, Sundew (dros-era,from droseros, dewy. is a raceae). Interesting insectivorous plants. D. rotundifolia British covered with hairs that with plant, glandular sparkle It likes a cool, moist moisture. spot, with peaty soil. Propagation and Binata is by division. filiformis are pretty exotic species. over are
an
"
All may
surfacingof
pots for the greenhouse
Sphagnum
being dryades, wood-nymph,
Dryas
Ord.
is
a
Rosaceae). "
The
shrub, and has evergreen trailer,it is suitable for the
loam, peat, and Dutchman's
speciesis
a
the
Oak-
octopetala,
white
flowers in early rockery. It thrives in
and
b;i propagated may Pipe, Aristolochia sipho.
sand,
with
desired, peat
referringto
best-known
British A
summer.
if
used.
moss
(dry-as,from
like leaves. which
in
be grown
by division
in
spring.
Dyer's Green Weed, Genista tinctoria. Earwig. When present in large numbers
the earwig is a great both and flowers. gardeners,attacking plants Traps of hay be set. flower pots inverted stakes should on "
trial to in small
ekkremes, pendent, and Eccremocarpus (eccremocar-pus,from Ord. fruit. The Bignoniaceae) karpos, only popular species, "
.
scaber,
is much
produces orange half-hardy annual
esteemed flowers
as
a
trailer,both
freelyin July.
(seeAnnuals).
It
indoors
may It is illustrated
Magazine,t. 6408 (syn.Calampelisscaber).
and out. It be treated as a in the Botanical
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Echeveria J
after (echever-ia, Cotyledon.
See
Echinocactus
Echeveri.
M.
from (echinocac-tus,
Ord.
105
Crassulaceae). "
echinos, hedgehog, and
cactus.
Ord., Cactaceae). See Cactus. "
Echinops, Globe
Thistle
from (echi-nops,
echinos, hedgehog,
and
opsis, like. Ord. Compositae). E. ritro is a hardy herbaceous perennial growing about 3 ft. high and resembling the Eryngiums. Its blue metallic flowers are in summer produced (seethe Botanical "
Magazine, plants.
For
932).
t.
culture,
from Echinopsis(echinop-sis, Cactaceae). See Cactus.
Ord.
see
Flower
Garden
"
echinos, hedgehog, and
Herbaceous-
opsis, like.
"
blance Echium, Viper'sBugloss (e-chium,from echis, a viper,the resemof the seeds to a viper'shead. Ord. Boraginaceae) The speciesvulgare is the Viper's Bugloss. It is a biennial, growing about is a white 3 ft. high, and with violet flowers in July. There For culture, see Biennials. Candicans, with rosy variety,alba. two or flowers; fastuosum, blue, and one others, are occasionally "
.
in the
grown
greenhouse.
Edelweiss
Ord. A (Leontopodium alpinum. Compositae). the flowers, easily grown on silvery-leavedAlpine with white rockery, but the better for protectionfrom rain with a square of It may be raised from seed in spring. glassthrough the winter. "
There
Edgings. "
and
Some
borders.
Something looks
than
well back
from
flowers.
Such
as or
like Box
is requiredin order
better
regularlymown,
but
various
are
a
broad
the
outer
of
providing edgings to beds(seeBox), others grass, others tiles. to keep the soil off the walks. Nothing ways
band
of
about
ft. wide; when edge neatly clipped,and the soil thrown, the inner edge, it forms a cool foil both to gravel and band is best made with turves. a Tiles look neat: grass
2
if used, a dwarf mechanical; plant should be grown near, such Viola, VirginianStock, Cerastium, Crocus (forspring),Thrift,
the
London
Pride.
A
in irregularly
placed Alpine plants.
with
Egg Plant.
"
Eglantine. "
See
See
charming edging a
bed
See
Kitchen
of
good
Flower
may
be
soil,and
the
Garden
"
made with interstices
stones
planted
Rockery.
Garden.
Rose.
Eichornea
Eichorn. Ord. Pondeteria(eichor-nea,after Herr that tank in house. a a warm ceae). Aquatics require Propagation in spring. Speciosa,with is by division blue flowers in summer, is "
grown
a
little.
Elaeagnus, Wild
Olive
from elaeagnos, name (elaeag-nus, given by Ord. Dioscorides. shrubs, including Eleagnaceae) Handsome several which, with their green or variegated foliage evergreens, and berries,are good for winter effect. They are not particularas to soil, and are easily propagated by cuttings in autumn. Angustifolia, with yellow flowers in May; macrophylla, yellow; autumn multiflora, leaves silvery below; and bloomer; leaves pungens, "
.
Encyclopediaof Gardening
06
f
silvery below,
Ord.
(sambu-cus.
familiar
more
are
Caprifoliaceae)
Few
"
small
.
the
than
marginata, glabra garden varieties.
handsome
variegata are
Elder, Sambucus trees
Aurea
good.
are
evergreen,
Simoni
and
.aurea,
an
Elder, with
common
its white
fumed per-
followed early summer, by black fruits. It is a soft-wooded tree, apt to grow straggly and to be ugly in winter soil suits it. unless carefully pruned. Any well-drained gation Propais by cuttingsfrom the buds which the lower part have on in
flowers
The
removed.
been
species is
common
garden varieties of it, such variegata,silvery. Viridis has green
"several
Elecampane, Inula
as
S.
nigra, but there foliis aureis, golden;
and
scarlet
racemosa
are
and
berries.
Helenium.
Elm, Ulmus campostris (ul-mus. Ord. Urticaceae) Handsome but suitable for gardens, partly because park trees, by no means the roots ramble afar and impoverish the soil,partly because the their in summer, to cast branches and partly because trees are apt "
.
not be planted near drives drip. They should because of the Elms The branch-casting propensity mentioned. like a friable,loamy soil. They are propagated by seeds and layers, good varieties of the common specialvarieties by grafting. Two Elm and antarctica are aurea variegata. The Scotch or Wych Elm (Ulmus montana) is suitable for gardens. The Parsley-leaved Elm and so are the Golden-leaved is a variety of it (crispa), Elm, Dampieri and the .aurea, Purple-leaved,purpurea. -of
noxious
the
Embothrium
(emboth-rium, from en, in, and bothrion, a little pit, the setting of the anthers. Ord. Proteaceae). A of little but importance generally, including one very genus in the shrub plant speciescoccineum, a half-hardy evergreen
reference
in
small "ne which
to
bears
"
clusters
of
beautiful
in Cornwall It grows out of doors but loam, preferablya mixture
Propagation Magazine, t. 4856.
is
by
seeds
scarlet and
flowers mild
other
of both, with sown
in
in
early
summer.
districts.
grit,should
spring.
See
the
Peat
or
be provided. Botanical
Empetrum,
Crowberry (em-petrum, from en, in, and petros, a rock, Empetraceae) Evergreen shrubs in and Berries follow Heaths, the resembling flowering May. soil in flowers. moist suits them. a cool, Peaty place Propagation is by cuttings in summer under a hand-light. There is but one and rubrum species,nigrum, with black berries; scoticum are -a
native
of
varieties
stony places. Ord.
of it; the
Endive.
"
See
Enkianthus
latter has
Kitchen
(enkian-thus,from "
useful
suits
berries.
Garden.
flower, in reference to the "Ord. Ericaceae). A small two
red
"
.
plants. Loam,
enknos,
flowers genus with
enlarged, and
being enlarged of a
shrubs, which third
of
peat
in
the includes
and
some
anthos, middle. one
or
sand,
in spring. Propagation is by cuttings in a frame with red flowers in July; and japonicus,with white Campanulatus, in late flowers Botanical winter, are hardy (see the Magazine,
t. 7059
them.
and
t.
5822).
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
1
07
epi,upon, and akros, top, referringto the hard-wooded greens, everOrd. Epacrideae). Beautiful hilly habitat. but not easy to grow, owing to the hair-like roots being very susceptible. If kept either too wet or too dry they die. They in a greenhouse, and in a batch to themselves ought to be grown attention in The careful pots must be well drained given watering. sand suitable make a compost. (seeDrainage). Fibrous peat and bella tips inserted in sandy peat under Propagation is by young The ing followafter in Prune back or summer. flowering. glass spring are popular kinds : from Epacris (epac-ris,
"
"
Alba odorata, white, sweet; bloomer; devoniana, scarlet.
red
autumnalis,
and
white, October
from a Epicattleya (epicatt-leya, Epidendrum compound those Cattleya, the plants being hybrids between genera). for culture. Cattleya "
and See
(epiden-drum, from epi, upon, and dendron, tree, Graceful Ord. Orchidaceae) Orchids, requiring if set in hothouse and or culture, high over pots thriving pans of the with fibrous crocks and roots mass a peat and packed must be given during Large supplies of water Sphagnum moss. the growing season, but the supply must be lessened in the autumn, without, however, being stopped altogether. The following are selected from a large number: dellense, hybrid, orange, spring; Medusae, purple,earlysummer; vitellinum Wallisi, crimson, white, majus, orange, late summer; Epidendrum
growing
on
trees.
"
.
"
and
yellow, sweet,
winter.
from epi,upon, and gaia,earth, in Epigaea,May-flower (epigae-a, to the habit. Ord. trailing Ericaceae). E. repens is a of which is the fragrance of trailingevergreen, the principalcharm its white It is hardy, but in are summer. flowers, which produced will not in soil. A sun-scorched cool, moist, sheltered dry, grow sion place should be found, and peat provided. Propagation is by diviin spring. allusion
"
A hybrid Epilaelia(epilae-lia). "
For
culture, see
July, is
a
Epidendrum
between
Cattleya. Charlesworthii, good hybrid.
Epilobium, Willow
with
scarlet
and
Laelia.
flowers
in
(epilo-bium,from epi, upon, and lobos, being set on the seed pod. Ord. herbaceous of the Tall, Onagrarieae). perennials. Two hardy finest species,angustifoliumand hirsutum, do well by the waterside. Propagation is by division in spring. There is a white variety of is a good dwarf angustifolium. Obcordatum, rose, species. All thrive in any good soil. pod,
in
allusion
to
Herb
the
flowers
"
Epimedium,
Barrenwort
(epime-dium,
from
epimedion, Pliny's Berberideae) perennials for the shady parts of the rockery, attractive both in leaf and flower. tion Propagais by division. They like sandy loam, except Alpinum, which should have peat. This speciesis British, and has red and yellow flowers in May. in spring, with blue and white flowers Macranthum, is good; violaceum is a dark varietyof it. name.
Ord.
"
.
Useful
dwarf
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
io8 Epiphyllum.
"
See
Cactus.
Eragrostis. See Annuals
Grasses.
"
"
from
(eran-themum,
Eranthemum
to
erao,
love, and
anthos,
Acanthaceae) Pretty plants for a warm greenhouse, in winter. with a fourth each of useful in that they bloom Loam, is suit. and leaf and sand, mould, Propagation by cuttings peat Ord.
flower.
"
.
A
in spring. bell-glass
little
pinching is required to insure Andersoni, with purple and white flowers (Botanical a bushy habit. t. (Bot.Mag., t. 4225); and 5771); albiflorum, white Magazine, useful is called scarlet, are cinnabarinum, species. Pulchellum under
a
Daedalacanthus
(seeBot.
by
nervosus
Mag.,
t.
botanists.
modern
It has
blue
flowers
1358).
hyemalis (Winter Aconite). See Bulbs.
Eranthis
"
solitary,and our a, tail, in (eremu-rus, from eremos, flower Ord. ceous spike. Liliaceae). Tall, hardy herbain summer. Fertile, spikes of bloom plants,with handsome rise 6 or 7 ft. friable,loamy soil gives the best spikes,and they may in a greenhouse high. Propagation is easily effected by seeds sown will not flower for 3 or 4 years. in spring,but they The roots are be planted in remarkable, and as growth starts early they should Guard autumn. against slugs in spring. A sheltered place should for these noble plants,as they suffer from strong winds. be provided Himalaicus, white, is a fine species. Bungei, yellow, is good. has silvery-rose Robustus flowers, and is very strong; Elwesii is an of this. early variety Eremurus
allusion
to
the
"
Erica, Heath Ord.
ness.
from erico,to break, in (eri-ca, Ericaceae). These are amongst "
for in addition
evergreens, such beautiful terranea.
The
hard
wooded
are
in
water
the
to
summer,
yet liable
to
grown
should
the
and
then
crumbled
put into
will in
flower
summer.
under
a
a
from 6-in.
suffer
towards
of
valuable
carnea,
cinerea,
us
Medi-
and
in
from
sodden
sandy peat, the
end
ball, which
well
as
if
and
of winter.
should
be
from
as
repottingis The
old
soaked
if
pot and well packed with fresh soil frost is excluded greenhouse from which
A in winter, when
ample drainage. suit them
to the brittle-
most
They greenhouse speciesare not easily managed. of plants with hair-like roots, requiringabundance
dry soil. They should be required it should be done be
the
greenhouse speciesthey give
arborea,
hardy speciesas
allusion
much
less water
will
be
in
spring,and may be stood on an ash Propagation is by cuttings in summer, bell-glass.. Greenhouse
needed.
bed
in
in
soil
dry, over
will
They the
open
sandy soil
Heaths.
caffra,white, May. Cavendishiana, yellow,July, March, purplish-red, gracilis, winter. hyemalis, rose,
Massoni, red and green, summer. ventricosa, flesh,late spring (severalvarieties, such erecta, flesh; and superba, scarlet).
as
alba, white;
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
i
09
Hardy Heaths. several
white, May,
arborea, from
The
wood.
the
"
varieties. has
name
no
Brier
"
pipes
connection
with
is
made
the
hedge
for Heath.
corruption of bruyere, the French carnea (herbacea),purple,February. varieties. cinerea, crimson, July, many lusitanica (codonodes),pink, February. Mediterranea, purple,spring (BotanicalMagazine, Brier, but
are
a
471), several
t.
varieties. vagans,
Flower
is
Garden
Heather.
from er, spring,and geron, old man (erig-eron, later. Ord. Compositae). For culture, hoary
Erigeron, Fleabane downy in springand see
Cornish
autumn, purplish-red,
"
"
Herbaceous
"
aurantiacus, which
plants. flowers
has
orange is a fine
The
in
popular species
most
July,and
about
grows
a
variety. Speciosus (syn. Stenactis high; superbus Botanical speciosa), Magazine, t. 3606, is a good plant. Alpinus semi-barbatus growing. (syn. Roylei) is well worth of the early blooming. because from Erinus er, spring, (eri-nus, to any extent is The Ord. only speciesgrown Scrophularineae) alpinus,which bears magenta flowers in May, and is well adapted for the rockery (seeFlower Garden). It likes well-drained, sandy soil See Botanical and a warm Magazine, spot. Propagation is by seed. foot
"
.
t. 310.
There
are
white
and
rose
from (eritrich-ium,
Eritrichium
varieties.
erion, wool,
and
thrix,
hair,
a
on
The
Ord. Boragineae). speciesnanum plant, giving bright blue yellow-eyed flowers in It may the rockery (see Flower be grown on summer. Garden), if with and of leaf of mould, plenty grit. Propagation given a pocket peat is by division in spring. See Botanical Magazine, t. 5853. Erodium, Heron's-bill (ero-dium,from erodios, a heron, in allusion Ord. Geraniaceae) ovaries. of the style and to the form Pretty and suitable for border and hardy plants, allied to Geraniums, like friable and Flower a soil, light, Garden). They rockery (see in spring. Chamaedryoides be propagated by seeds (syn. may Manescavi, Reichardi),with white, rose-veined flowers in summer; macradenum, with violet, June purple flowers in June; and all t. are 5665), good. (Botanical Magazine, Eryngium, Sea Holly (eryn-gium,from eryngeon, a name adopted by Pliny. Ord. Umbel liferae).Tall, spreading hardy herbaceous plants, with metallic flowers that, if not beautiful, have quaintness and distinctness. They are not particularas to soil,and are easily The followingare in spring,or from seeds. division by propagated ft. the 2 kinds: blue, (Botanical Magazine, alpinum, principal account
is
a
of the
useful
woolly hairs.
"
dwarf
"
.
"
t.
922) ; amethystinum,
anum,
blue,
2
ft. ; and
blue, blue, 2.\ft. ; maritimum, planum, blue, 3 ft. All flower from
i
ft. ; Oliveri-
in
summer.
draw, in (erys-imum, eryo, Hedge Mustard Ord. Cruciferae). See Annuals blisteringpower. 18 ins. high, July (Botanical for culture. Perofskiaum, orange, the is t. principalspecies. It is a biennial, but Magazine, 3757), treated as a hardy annual. generally
Erysimum,
allusion
to
the
to
"
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
1 1 o
Erythrina, Leguminosae)
Coral
Tree
The
" .
bears which racemes galli, not perfectlyhardy, it and
is sunny
loam,
peat, with
mulched which
will thrive The
road
grit, in
with
Botanical
Ord.
red.
Liliaceae). "
Escallonia
See
Violet
includes one genus that beautiful shrub thrives in
summer, pink Magazine, t. 4473). It
by cuttings
of the
varieties, one
hybrid;
of
should
be
(erythro-nium,from
erythros,
Bulbs.
after (escallo-nia,
flowers
It
t. 2161.
This
"
sand.
Propagation is by cuttings, heat. kept close in bottom
heel and
a
Although position prepared by adding if the
wall
be
and
early summer.
removed
Magazine, Erythronium, Dog's Tooth
See
should
manure
Ord.
is Crista-
summer.
outside
an
station
erythros, red. of this genus in
flowers
on
or
manure
be
should
the
of scarlet
sheltered. and
(erythri-na,from member interesting
most
Sefior
Escallon.
Ord.
popular plant
in
Saxifrageae) .
very
of doors
out
followed
in
mild
berries
by
macrantha,
a
districts,and
(see the
is not particularas to soil,and may in a frame. firm wood There
has
Botanical be propagated several
are
best
being sanguinea. Langleyensis,a pink white, are also good. philipiana,
and
Eschallot"
Kitchen
See
Eschscholtzia
Garden"
Shallot.
after (eschscholt-zia,
Dr.
Eschscholtz.
Ord.
Papa-
See Annuals.
veraceae). "
Espalier. "
See
Fruit.
from Eucalyptus (eucalyp-tus, eu, good, and kalypto,covering,in the flower. Ord. to the calyx covering Myrtaceae). A is the popular Blue Globulus often so Gum, large genus of trees. in outdoor suitable for culture tricts. disbut mild as a pot plant, grown It thrives in peat and loam. is or seeds, by Propagation in soil in under Gunnii a early summer, bell-glass. cuttings sandy allusion
"
is also
an
scented
leaves, is sometimes
Eucharidium
has
citriodora, which
and
interestingspecies;
citron-
grown.
(eucharid-ium,from
eucharis,
Onagrarieae) .
_
'
For
varieties.
other
there
and
annual,
rosy
agreeable.
Grandiflorum
"
is
are
a
Ord.
pretty
a
white
and
culture, see Annuals.
eucharis, (eu-charis,from case perhaps referring perfume. Ord. Amaryllideae).
Eucharis
agreeable,in this to
the
One
"
of
the
most
valuable
white
flowers, which wreaths, bouquets, and flower
PROPAGATI^E^RISES.
the
An
complete
potful is divided in early arise from spring; and the smaller pieces infests the
It is and
in 5 and
6-in.
pots.
impossible for the
when
its presence
is
and
warm-
of
fusion propure
good general
a
mite
for cutand seen
which
bulbs, multipliesenormously,
plants to thrive the
attack
the
renders
suspected
are
It is easy to grow, failures sometimes
work.
old
inserted
of
account of the plants,on of its large, substantial,
house
the
plants weak
when best
this course
pest is to
and
dingy"
is at work, shake
out
of Gardening Encyclopaedia bulbs, wash
he of
half
in
hour
an
in
pound
a
mould
and
of liver of
gallonsof
6
sand,
some
(sulphideof
sulphur
with
Loam,
water.
for
them
soak
quarter
a
potassium), of leaf
fourth
a
potting is required,it should be with frequent shifts are not necessary; the from timeand liquid manure growing, If
suits.
flowering,but
after
done
them, and
soil from
the
solution
a
1 1 i
while plenty of water they begin to bloom, they will flower well in 6-in. or y-in. pots. in a hothouse, and be flowered put into a cooler They should after be afterwards. The graduallyreduced water-supply may place is by offsets, blooming in order to rest the plants. Propagation Grandiflora when which be removed (syn. repotting. may forms Lowii and the Moorei is are popular species; amazonica) is sometimes Candida of it. They are splendid winter bloomers. ; it has
grown
"
in autumn.
flowers
Ord. (eu-comis,from eukomes, beautiful-haired. is as speciespunctata, a half-hardybulb, grown
Eucomis
ceae).
white
The
Liliamuch
its flowers. It will thrive out of doors in as and propagated by be grown in sandy loam It may brown flowers i" and and It grows has offsets. ft. 2 high, green August (seethe Botanical Magazine, t. 913 and 1539).
for its mild
spotted
leaves
districts.
in Eucryphia (eucryph-ia,from eu, well, and kryphia, a cover, Ord. Rosaceae). The is to the calyx. speciespinnatifolia
allusion
"
for
esteemed
It is
summer.
mild
are flowers, which be grown shrub, and may
its beautiful an
districts,but
white
evergreen in
in
outdoors
have
cold, exposed places must
in
produced shelter
and
It likes a compost of peat and loam. gation Propaprotectionin winter. is by cuttingsof young shoots under or a bell-glass, by layers. See the Botanical Magazine, t. 7067.
Eulalia
from much lalia,speech (eula-lia, eu, well, and literally, praised. Ord. Gramineae). Japonica zebrina is one of our most Grasses, and a strong clump looks well on the gracefulornamental lawn. It is not particularas to soil,and may sion be increased by diviin spring. There several other varieties of Japonica. are "
"
Spindle Tree (euon-ymus, from eu, good, good repute. Ord. Celastrineae) These are
Euonymus, name
of
"
shrubs, The in
deciduous, others
some
they
almost
autumn. in
flowers
and
Radicans
are
any
are
among soil.
evergreen, grown for winter effect, and
good the
best
of seaside
Propagation
Europaeus May. There
is
hardy
a
is
a
is
for their do
well
plants. They
by cuttings of
deciduous
shrub,
firm
foliage.
in towns, will grow wood
with
variegatedvariety. Japonica
is one varieties; latifolius aureus and is also evergreen, has several varieties. has several
onomar
handsome
.
evergreens
while
and
"
in
white is
of the
green, ever-
best,
Ord. (eupator-ium,after Eupator, King of Pontus. the Some of will thrive and Compositae). Eupatoriums are hardy, in ordinary well-drained Others soil,with spring division. require pot culture under glass,and like a compost of loam, a third of leaf and mould sand. These should be raised from cuttingsand pinched to make them bushy. They should be cut back after flowering.
Eupatorium
"
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
112
ageratoides,white, August, altissimum, blush, late
4 ft. 4 ft.
summer,
purple,August,
purpurea,
Species.
Herbaceous
Hardy
4 ft.
Greenhouse
Species.
grandiflorum,white, spring,3 ft. riparium, white, spring,3 ft. Weinmannianum (odoratum), white,
winter,
and
autumn
4 ft.
Euphorbia, Spurge (euphor-bia,after Euphorbus, a physician. A large and varied Ord. Euphorbiaceae) genus, including annuals and herbaceous and perennials, and shrubby, all with tender, hardy three for the Two or are milky juice. greenhouse, notably grown "
.
brilliant evergreen, a 3 ft. fulgens(jacquinaeflora), growing about in with loam and scarlet flowers in It thrives autumn winter. high, in a hothouse, and is propagated by cuttings. Lathyris is the Caper Spurge, and is hardy.
Eurya (eu-rya,from
Ternstroemiaceae) .
is grown
and
eurys,
Latifolia
"
for its handsome
large,in allusion to the variegata is the best foliage.
It is
greenhouse protection. Peat and loam Propagation is by cuttings of
mature
of this
in
wood
Eutoca
(euto-ca,from eukotos, fruitful, in allusion Hydrophyllaceae) The species viscida has "
.
For
summer.
"
valuable
own
names
should bare
See
see
Annuals
also
which
hold
throughout the year. including Hollies, Aucubas,
these
All
under the principalkinds dealt with are (seealso Flower Garden Shrubs). In pruning, a
in
used
The
stumps
do
preferenceto shears, should
cuts
be made
in
order
to
the leaves
near
their knife
avoid
cutting
below,
so
that
show.
not
Everlasting Pea (Lathyrus. Ord. suitable for growing hardy ramblers, The
typicalspeciesis latifolius,now
and
has
carmine
"
their leaves
hardy shrubs,
as
Garden
latter,Flower
; of the
Oenothera,.
"
be
leaves.
the
former,
Plants
Evergreens. Laurels.
in
"
plants.
and
seeding.
flowers
ing (Oenothera. Ord. Onagrarieae). The Evenand perennials. For comprise both hardy annuals
of the
Herbaceous
are
blue
Annuals.
culture, see
Primroses culture
Many
soil
peaty
to the
Primrose
Evening cue
with
bell-glass,
a
Ord.
genus,
requiring
evergreen,
equal parts suit,
in
sand. under
an
Ord.
flowers.
flowers.
White Pearl, which soil. substantial
There
comes
Beautiful
" .
and
pillars.
sylvestrisplatyphyllus, splendid white variety called
called
is
a
from
true
Leguminosae) against fences
seed.
They
enjoy moist,
"
as Everlastings. The principal everlasting flowers," such and under dealt with are Rhodanthes, Helichrysums, Acrocliniums, "
their
own
Exacurn
names,
or
(ex-acum,
expellingpoison.
under
from
Ord.
Annuals. ex, out
of,and ago,
Gentianeae). "
to drive
Beautiful
"
credited
plants for
a
with warm
of Gardening Encyclopaedia greenhouse, floweringin winter. They of peat and leaf mould, a quarter each raised
from
in
seed
from
a
house
warm
cuttings.
Affine
has
high. Zeylanicum macranthum,
like
3
compost of loam, with
a
annuals
The
sand.
and
1 1
are
the nials peren6 ins. grows
spring; and
frame violet flowers, and is also grown. violet, autumn, in
or
Exochorda (exochor-da,from exo, outside, and chorde, a cord, in ful is a beautiallusion to the placenta. Ord. Rosaceae). Grandiflora It is not particular white-flowered as shrub, blooming in May. in is likes a sheltered to soil, but by layers place. Propagation t. suckers in See autumn Botanical or Magazine, 4795. spring. "
Faba
Vicia
or
See Kitchen
(Broad Bean). "
from phago, (fa-gus, Cupuliferae) The common
Fagus, Beech Ord.
seeds. there
and
are
Garden.
to eat, in allusion
to the
edible
is F.
and sylvatica, purple,variegated, copper, Beech
"
.
varieties of it,such as dark and Flower See Beech Garden.
many
pendulous.
Circles of
Fairy Rings. "
grass,
and
every
fungi are
sometimes
they get stronger, owing
year
growing
seen
to
in the
rich
the
genous nitro-
A deposit following the decay of the earlier members. in and it is out but is meadow a fairyring interesting pleasing, be destroyed by syringingwith of place in a garden, and a may in water. pound of sulphateof iron dissolved 3 gallonsof "
"
"
"
fallow ground is to dig it and leave Fallowing. To in for that order the corruptiblematter a period, crop "
a
and
the
be
aerated.
it without within
it
Good
decompose ground gardeners may rarely adopt this practice. By proper tillageand manuring they the ground capable of carryingcontinuous make crops. False
Acacia, Robinia
Farfugium. "
Senecio.
See
Farm-yard Manure. Fatsia "The one almost
Pseudacacia.
"
See Manure.
(fat-sia, iromfatsi,the Japanese
plant of importance in universallygrown under the
hardy shrub
much
esteemed
and
as
propagated by cuttings. places. Feather
a
room
Ord.
name.
Araliaceae).
is japonica,which this genus is of Aralia Sieboldii,a halfname
plant, thrivingin sandy loam,
It will thrive
out
of doors
in sheltered
Grass, Stipa pennata.
Fences. In enclosingground to form a garden the nature of the A wall is best, because dividing"line must be carefullyconsidered. it givesimmediate privacy,securityfrom cattle,and shelter,besides for It is, greenhouses, fruit houses, and trees. affordingsupport estimates however, the most expensive. The cost varies, and An should be got from oak local builders. fence 6 ft. high may cost 8s. per yard run. Galvanised wire fences are popular. very A fence 4 ft. high will keep back The wires should be a foot stock. apart, and the lower half protected with wire netting,to exclude "
lambs
and
rabbits.
The
top wire
at
least
should
discouragecattle from putting their heads over ; tempting on the other side they will try
but to
be
to barbed is anything their heads
if there
get
H
1 1
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
4 below.
through and
the
upper
The
posts
part
tarred
be of oak, the
should
painted
or
part tarred,
lower
See
dictates.
taste
as
also
Hedges. Fennel. Ferns.
Almost
"
Garden
Kitchen
See
"
lover
every
Herbs.
"
of
plantsgrows
ferns, and
few
a
a
siderable con-
their own The latter class have them. specialise for interest have no particular ordinary species publications. not could amateur possibly hand, the general On the other them. number of some in the case the as they all species varieties, grow number
The
hundreds,
but
content
must
with
himself
principalferns are few this work, but a general observations cultural points. certain to with respect majority of ferns Propagation. The Most
of the
"
"
"
seeds
fronds,
ASPLENIUMS
PROPAGATING PLANTLETS
The dotted insert a
looked
be
must
of the
surface
ON
to
BY
for in which
they
sowing, a
fine surface
when
on
the
spores
of soil is are
of spores on until they
the
and
'the
under
ripen.
ASPLENIUMS
BY
In
THE
PLANTLETS.
Drainage. 2. Rough soil. 3. Fine soil, Space for water. 5. Base of plantlet. 6. Young fronds starting. 7. Old frond a on growing plant pegged down.
the shows depth to from plantlet detached
line
i.
4.
Asplenium bulbiferum.
laid
adhere
repetition
flower,
not
PROPAGATING LEAF
THE
FRONDS.
THE
do
in
names
own
obviate
may
form
the
their
under
kinds.
of the best
selection
a
mentioned
prepared, and
mature,
or
held
over
the the
fronds
pot
are
and
either rubbed
The fingersto scatter the spores. pots should be shaded. A plate-like which the male and female the on prothallium process from arise. these the They may be develop,forms; plants organs as pricked off, potted singly,and repotted as required,the same form a spreading rootkinds of ferns which ordinary plants. Some sion; the Maidenhair for example be propagated by divistock may in Some starts the plantsmay be cut up when spring. growth down ferns form plantletson the fronds; the latter can be drawn in and there fixed to the surface of the soil in another position pot, be severed. rooted till the plantletshave they may freely,when Fern Soil. no longer pot their plants almost entirelyin growers sequently nutriment, and conpeat; it is recognisedthat loam contains more for ferns than it is used much was more formerly largely and Half each of fibrous loam the case. peat, with a quarter of leaf
with
the
"
"
"
"
"
of Gardening Encyclopaedia mould and
a
of ferns
certainlyshade in sunny Under
unshaded
an
in the
old idea has
Another
"
are
be grown moisture.
may root
house
hottest
part
parts of glassthey
unless
day. to turn
the
Speaking generally,
it is found
but the
garden
if
that
have
they
is at hand
adequate aridity his syringe ply
drainage,but
to
of their
pots
it will be
found
ferns out
kinds
hardy
liable to suffer from
are
the grower
wise
"
modified.
been
lovers;
of the
Repotting. It is only to rearrange
if
porosity, majority
suit the
drainage,will
the
over
to insure
of sand
dash
heavy
a
manure,
bits of charcoal
5
admirably.
Shade. ferns
of
decayed
or
few
1 1
the
spring,
every wise
to go the of the soil base and old from side and remove farther, as a rule, the ball without replacing in disentanglingthe roots, afterwards
the
and
pot
Ferns
in fresh
ramming
in
rooms.
As
"
soil.
rule ferns
a
fail in rooms,
soon
air is too
and dry; but with care judgment they may The healthy a long time. principalpoint is watering. for time the some plants are sure to suffer; on goes dry The state is bad. hand, a sodden is to test the pots every day in summer the sound.
by
In
winter
water
be wanted
not
may
week.
in baskets.
soil in, and baskets may
the
look
their
should
be
to that
lined
for
if
of
simple way
it should and
walls
covering the
be
Wire
in baskets. to
moss
In
used.
keep
summer
water.
done and
water
generally together
open
with
pots
once
without
door
both
best
"
so ferns, and walls, providing rocks
the
; with
be
to
soil
other
than
more
closed
a
dipped dailyin a tub of ferneries. In largeplaces it may
Indoor house
They similar
compost
a
ferns
used.
be
receptaclesmay the
Some
"
kept
the
ventilation
insure
cold
Ferns
be If the
only way of keeping thingsright (seeWatering) and be guided
Another is to important matter window and draughts. An open of the struck medium permit happy being be injured. the plants may a
the
because
be
possibleto devote a thoroughly, covering shading the roof. A
is to fix wire
frames
a
few
inches
from
the wall, pack with compost, and plant. The ferns should in pots, but planted among be grown blocks of tufa. Outdoor
and
quickly. Roses
ferneries. A fernery is a good adjunct to a rock should be used in preferenceto tree roots, which "
stones
and
The
situation
various in winter
to flower
and
"
Fern
atmosphere phrases.
not may
be be
heavily
in
case
a
or
cave
shaded.
planted
spring. Todeas, Hymenophyllums,
Filmy ferns. The be kept separate the
bulbs
hardy
should and
should
where
garden, rot down
Christmas
between
the
ferns
Trichomanes
and the
not
shade
is dense
saturated.
Ferns
(which see).
The
creeping The leaves are called speciesare called rhizomes. forms fronds, and the stalks stipes. The first divisions of divided the called pinnae, and subdivisions The seeds are are pinnules. the called spores, and the case latter is The indusium. the covering clusters of sporangia are The female called sori. called are organs and the male the antheridia. Both form membranous on archegonia, plate (prothallium)which is the first growth from the spore. stems
"
of
some
,
are
cryptogams
1 1
6
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Good
Room
Ferns.
Adiantum
cuneatum
Asplenium Nephrodium
bulbiferum
Pteris
Good
hair) (Maiden-
cretica
Edgworthii
Asplenium
flaccidum
schizophylla Microlepia(Davallia)hirta cris-
cristata
tata
tremula
Nephrolepisdavallioides
, ,
Fertilisation. Feverfew.
Feverfews,
See
"
The
"
and
Pyrethrum
See
Pyrethrum the
perhaps (Chrysanthemum
name
Chrysanthemum includes
genus
rubber
of
section
is
such
called
are
applied
commonly
Parthenium),
to
Golden
the
Garden.
Hebrew
widely
of (F. elastica)
Chrysanthemums most
Flower
and
from fag,the Ficus, Fig (fi-cus, This
furcans
Hybridisation.
aureum
Feather.
Mooreana
Gymnogramine
serrulata
,,
"
Adiantum Davallia
molle
Ferns.
Basket
Ord.
name.
different
plants
and
the
Urticaceae). India-
the
as
delicious
plant Fig (F. gardens see Fruit). The India-rubber plant is popular for rooms, and in equal loam be kept healthy in a compost of peat and may with if ventilated watered sand, parts, carefully (seeWatering), without be cold draughts, and It may the leaves sponged weekly. in a propagating propagated by piecesof stem with a leaf attached F. pumila (syns.repens and is case. a stipulata) graceful greenour
Carica;
leaved
suitable
creeper
Fig.
See
"
Filbert.
Ficus See
"
and
The
"
Fruit.
and
See
"
wall.
greenhouse
a
Fruit.
Cory]us
Finger-and-toe. Fir.
for
Garden
Kitchen "
general name
fir
"
Green
"
(from
the
Vegetables.
Anglo-Saxon furh)
is
number of resinous, cone-bearing trees. applied to a considerable Thus Pseudotsuga (or Abies) Douglasi is often called the Douglas the Scotch Abies Fir, pectinata the Silver Fir, and Pinus sylvestris Fir. Particulars of the different kinds of fir are their given under own
names.
Flame Flax.
Flower. See
"
Flower a
Kmphofia.
Linum.
Garden. of
source
See
"
A
"
well-arranged, well-managed
immense
pleasure
physicallyand once
by
a
morally. pleasant pastime
grown bloom.
ideas
narrow
very
were
of
a
The and
of flower
few
kinds,
an
tender
in
house,
cool stretch
and
the
and
of
of grass, belts of shrubs,
is
flowers a
gone
the
freedom
garden
is
is at
years
displayed:
constitution
breadth
flowers In
ennobling pursuit.
Nowadays greater kinds are used, plants of many With abundance more interesting. a
beneficial
is
of beautiful
gardening were
much
garden
It
enjoyment.
cultivation
Hardy and
and
flower
more
plants garish in
prevail. varied
all round
rockery, water,
the and
of trees, the home surroundings are made judiciousadmixture beautiful and fragrant. The principalfeatures of the flower garden
a
be taken may Herbaceous
seriatim. borders.
"
The
most
important
feature
of
modern
of Gardening Encyclopaedia gardens is
flower
within
"
It is easy
things. are
full of
them
The
shrubs
and
The
ground.
"
ever
as
and
with
and
bloom
and
garden
was.
the
throughout
; and
without
even
borders
them
from
indeed, range
may,
a
they the to-
as
way
outdoor
season.
to accommodate
should
there
sterling
then
On
in such
them
17
spacious
with
borders,
if they have wide, especially
be
be
planted
bedded-out
a
difficult to deal
growth
should
borders
trees
to
"
should
They
varied
place mismanage herbaceous
it is not
hand,
other
borders.
of the
uninteresting
as
have
its herbaceous
limits
the
1
6 to
be
stint of
no
ft. in width.
20
"
belts of suggests a background, and wherever shrubs trees and are being planted,it is wise to leave a belt 6 ft. wide to put herbaceous at the front in which plants. Soil : The ground for be prepared as thoroughly herbaceous should plantsas for vegetables, The
word
border
of cultivation
method
and
manuring may be the sarr^ liber 1 Garden). deep tillageand and will the make bloom vigorous growth manuring plants long and and Division abundantly. plants may planting: Old herbaceous be divided, and new to April inclusive. ones planted,from November is and suits the majority of people as Spring planting quite good, well as the majority of plants. But those who are forming a new and
the
With
Kitchen
(see under
a kitchen garden as well as a flower of work in spring,and may be advised in if borders autumn they have leisure is one division in disadvantage of autumn
to carry and propose will find a great rush
garden, garden,
plant their herbaceous during daylight. There to
the
of
case
soil.
in
scatter
he
when
of bulbs, but dislodges part of
fresh
some
be
back
clumps after
so
may
as
be
dealt
but
the
is
clump than
have
do
might to
to
not much
look
after
lift it, dig the small
offsets
soil, and
harm.
The
clumps
same
time.
First
the
at
stems
taught
the
remove
with
be
of the
cut
to shorten taking care may away, to avoid the then old leaving long, ugly stumps, the cut and through portions replanted vigorously
and
digging the ground be
a
any bulbs which may of sight. They are not
workman
if he
rather
good
herbaceous plants may disfiguringdead shoots
well
loam,
sandy
really does
replant, he
careless
A
through to the clumps and
them,
is that
that
previous year are roots are moving,
a
the
pushed damage
and
out
the
because
dormant,
on
existing borders,
planted in
been
have
this
taken
may clumps of any kinds is heard : Much
colonies
of
manuring
which
are
of colour
of the
it if necessary.
scatteringashes
or
coarse
The
tunity oppor-
gritround
the
of doubtful hardiness. Colour grouping that is,of forming grouping in borders "
different
plants,the colours of which shall of instead blend, dotting single plants indiscriminately.There is much favour the in of system, but to carry it out thoroughly throughout the reserve a few a garden, where gardening year demands of be while out are and can whence bloom, they good plants grown be shifted when their floweringperiod approaches, and they can the permanent when occupants of the borders go off. As examples be mentioned: the followingplants may small
"
Antirrhinums out
(Snapdragons),sown
in boxes, hardened
Asters, Annual, summer.
sown
in
in boxes
a
under glassin January, cool place,and planted in
in
spring,and
planted
out
pricked June. in early
1 1
8
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
FLOWER
GARDEN
continued.
"
in
Begonias, the tubers started planting time comes. shifted
when
show
they
spring and
kept
there
till
cuttingsin spring,planted in June, and
from
struck
Chrysanthemums,
in
boxes
bloom.
Marigolds,treated like Asters. Nicotianas (Tobaccos),treated
like Asters. Pentstemons, treated like Antirrhinums. like Asters. Phloxes, Annual, treated like Asters.
treated Salpiglossis,
Williams,sown
Sweet
Verbenas,
the
in
planted out
and
previous June
in boxes
sown
in
and
planted out in summer. February, hardened,
in
house
warm
a
June.
readilysupposed that if a fairlylarge group goes out of in late summer or early autumn, and there is nothing to take of its place,a bare, and even ugly, spot is left. This is a weakness which is for. and not colour always recognised grouping provided is particularlyuseful, as A of hardy Chrysanthemums bed spare well in showery weather, but the are plants not only move very the When beautiful grouping system is (seeChrysanthemums). of kinds is generallydealt with, of which adopted a limited number the principal: the followingare It may bloom
be
"
Asters, Perennial
blooming
(Michaelmas
from
September will thrive
division, and
and
lovely
Carnations,
Daisies to
in any
Starworts),beautiful for November, easilypropagated by or
soil.
fragrant flowers, propagated by
layers in
summer.
Christmas
Roses,
charming
autumn
and
winter
bloomers,
best
propagated by division in September. in June. Columbines easily raised from seed outdoors (Aquilegias), and in the front October. Crocuses, bulbs bought planted near Daffodilsand Narcissi, best planted in early autumn. Delphiniums (perennialLarkspurs), tall and stately plants with planted
out
and
spikesof blue flowers, may be raised from seed in summer further propagated by division in spring. Gladioli, noble late-bloomingflowers, raised by planting corms in April. Hollyhocks, handsome
old favourites, best
raised
from
seed
and
doors out-
in
June
like Columbines.
Irises, exquisitelycoloured be
planted
flowers
of which
bulbs
and
tubers
may
in autumn.
and refined, may be planted as bulbs in autumn or spring. large,brilliant,fragrant flowers, propagated in nurseries by grafting. and Pansies Violas, lovely low-growing favourites, propagated by
Lilies,pure Paeonies,
cuttings in
autumn.
of beautiful Phloxes, grand plants with large heads perfumed in spring. division flowers, propagated by cuttingsor for their bright colours, profusion of bloom, Pyrethrums, valuable and
earlystarting.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia easilyraised from colour in spring from
Peas, charming in clumps, and
Sweet
Tulips,make
glowing
masses
of
seed
119 outdoors.
bulbs
planted
in autumn.
Wallflowers,sweet and cheerful old flowers, raised outdoors in June. The foregoingare, however, only a few of the many which
be used
may giving the be
in herbaceous
principalpoints about
useful; very
dwarf
kinds
are
rockery:
KIND.
Pearl
Pulsatilla
Anemone Antirrhinums Anthericums
Aquilegia(Columbine) Armeria Aster
cephalotes
Alpinus Amellus
,,
dumosus ,,
Campanula
carpathica muralis
Centaurea
montana
Corydalisnobilis Delphinium nudicaule Dielytra spectabilis formosa
(American Cowslip)
Dodecatheon
austriacum
Doronicum
Erigeron speciosus Fuiikia grandiflora Andrewsi
Gentiana
Endressi
Geranium
Lancastriense ,,
sanguineum
,,
Geum Gillenia
coccineum trifoliata
Hemerocallis Lobelia
cardinalis
fulgens Lychnis Viscaria fl. pi. (Welsh Meconopsis Cambrica Poppy) Monarda didyma (Bergamot) Morina longifolia Orobus
aurantius
Papaver nudicaule (IcelandPoppy) Plumbago Larpentae Polemonium
Richardsoni
kinds
seed
of
sown
plants
borders, and the followingtables, the best herbaceous plants,may suitable for the omitted, as more
"
Achillea, The
from
I2O FLOWER
of Gardening Encyclopaedia GARDEN,
HERBACEOUS
PLANTS
"
continued.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
121
KIND.
Epilobium angustifolium Eremurus
himalaicus robustus
Gynerium
(Pampas Grass)
Helianthus Lilium
(Sunflower)
auratum
giganteum Polygonum (Knotweed) Rudbeckia
maxima
Solidago (Golden Rod) In addition
to the
natural ties garden variespecies,there are numerous ceous plants. Propagation : The majority of the herbathe borders are plants are best propagated by division when In dividing them, it through, as they should be every year. gone should that the outside be remembered parts are generallystronger than the central portions. Many good herbaceous plants may, of the
best
be raised
however,
from
and
with
able forethought a valuof plants can be provided. A simple way of dealingwith them the seed in drills outdoors is to sow in June, with Wallflowers and other and set the biennials, thin the rows, plants in a spare bed in July, drawing from this nursery when planting time comes. Those which not forward are enough to transplant the first year
seed,
little
a
stock
be
may
left till the
second.
Daisies, Phloxes, Pentstemons
and
cuttings, then in
in
first
two
sandy soil in
in
rooted
Snapdragons, be raised
may
the
mas Michaelfrom
spring,
frame,
a
and
in autumn
planted out, the others
Staking : The object to get large, good vigorous, freely-bloomed plants is frustrated unless timely and adequate staking is It is no done. exaggeration to say a
cool frame.
of
culture
"
"
that
the
border
beauty
onward
of
mid
-
July
Loose,
staking.
good
by
herbaceous
an
from
doubled
is
compact, fresh floppy plants are made and with is new growth encouraged, shoots
canes
4 to 6 ft.
plant, bought and
flower
strong square long, according to the
required.
are
from
These
can
third
tarred;
but
material
the
in wet and
the
weather. other
There about
Note
TO
that the
to
tarred. should
two-thirds
and
the
be
This be
the shoots
with
can
two
the
PLANTS.
STAKE
stake, not
be
florists,painted green,
rough planed, painted, pointed, and hands
HOW
of little use;
are
stakes
crop of flowers. bamboo sticks and
another
comes
Ordinary
are
base in
bought is
a
suitable
bands,
height
of
looped
bunched.
one
the
pointed winter,
job about
for a
clump.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
122 FLOWER
GARDEN
continued.
"
the Or shoots be looped. string is suitable. may does not mean days bedding-out Bedding-out. In these in A much the it did as same by. greater variety years gone quite consideration is given to the provision of plants is used, and more combinations. Once time of beautiful a bedding-out upon than in little more of Zonal thousands consisted putting out so many much for These their -Geraniums. were as plants prized foliageas with leaves their flowers, and a new was richly-coloured variety without valuable. by no means They were beauty, and the very to recommend has much not be it,but it must brightold Geranium A group of everything else. of flower-beds used to the exclusion on be made still feature of it lawn is a a largegardens ; and many may most of the year attractive in by arranging two plantings: one the other in spring. At the former, bulbs and Wallflowers autumn, but as with the former alone the ground would be used largely, may is bare earth be bare until growth began at the end of winter, and
Cocoa-nut
"
"
"
"
liked
not
"
days, Arabises, Aubrietias, Forget-me-nots, mossy
in these
dwarf
other
carpeting plants are used with them. in early The are easilyraised from seed outdoors be propagated by division. the last may Daffodils, or summer; be in in and used of the Daffodils some mixture, Hyacinths may of and these richer noble but a colour, beds; Tulips give glow The varieties bloom with flowers early Dutch enjoy high favour. the other bulbs, and are of low stature; the Cottage and Darwin with immense flowers. Tulips flower in May, -and are tall growers Saxifrages,and
first-named
three
They
with
in full bloom
are
of
and
Wallflowers,
be cleared
may
out
"
"
laid in together; the Tulips to be the in the reserve Wallflowers the to rubbish somewhere plot, heap. Another plan for part of the spring bedding is to raise a stock of coloured Primroses, Auriculas. Polyanthuses, and Oxlips from seed foot out and in summer, a apart in beds in autumn. plant them best the their with Wallflowers at and May Tulips,and are They in the be out with latter the reserve garden. When planted may and the autumn spring flowers are over, the turn of the summer of the
beds
flowers
end
the
at the
A
comes.
Geraniums wintered
stock
cuttings struck
a
cool
January,
in March or
boxes
With and of the
in a
and
Begonias
Sweet
March;
beds
be
Calceolaria,
Geranium.
display of
can
much
of material, and
taste
Phlox
tubers
Peas
early spring ; and Carnations nice variety of plants such
diversified
made and
and
it is free from
be
hand: prepared before-
previous
house
and
autumn
as
Lobelia
in
sown
a
warm
China
frame; Drummondii, Marigolds,
from
or
seed
started
from
raised than
seed
from cool
a
(Tobacco) from
the
Pinks
Stocks,
Nicotianas
; tuberous in frame
should
Calceolarias, Pansies, Violas, and in autumn; Verbenas, Snapdragons,
in
hardened
Ten-week
Asters, Mimuluses, and Salpiglossis,
;
Indian
and
Pentstemons, in
house
house
these
cuttings struck
from
Pentstemons
of
good from in
in boxes
May
seed
in
in
sown
layersin
from
this
much
with
the
alone.
under
sown
in boxes
There
house green-
pots
or
summer.
beautiful
more
old
glass
a
combination
is
room
for
in bedding with this class originality the objectionsurged against the old
Encyclopediaof Gardening
i
23
"
bedding-out." At each change the beds should be well dug but in preference to using a heavy dressing of dung and manured, apply a light coat and supplement it with superphosphate or bone flour at the rate of 4 oz. per square yard. styleof
Carpet bedding. This
is the
"
the
plants
used
with growers restricted by
low
are
formal
most
of all
coloured
systems, because leaves, arranged in
regular cropping with finger summer. throughout enjoys no favour, and may be considered obsolete, although used occasionally in the public cruder of the the of elements the parks to stimulate curiosity community. bands
and
thumb
Trees. in
panels, and
and
the
But
It
the
What
"
flower
known
are
garden,
as
because
found
for
park or forest trees are they deprive plants of sun ornamental
wanted
not
and
food.
notably Copper Beech, Variegated Maple (Acer Negundo variegata),Tree of Heaven and white Thorns, (Ailanthus glandulosus), crimson Tree Laburnum, Tulip (Liriodendon) Magnolia, Purple-leaved Lilac. The and Plum, Robinia, Almond, foregoing are leaf-losers. be and Arbutus, Amongst Holly, Portugal Laurel may evergreens, the sions dimenconsidered. It is rare of these to see approaching any all have of the park trees, unless it be the Copper Beech; but them. The beautiful flowers or foliage to recommend evergreen flower for the excellent trees are garden, (Conifers) cone-bearing handsome of their because growth, graceful form, and compact (Cedrus), Juniper, Cypress (Cupressus),Pines leafage. The Cedar and Firs (Abies,Picea, and Puzzle, Larch Pinus), Monkey (Larix), Maidenhair Tree Yew (Ginkgo), and Thuya Wellingtonia, (Taxus), familiar examples. Conifers not be set amongst should shrubs, are but isolated Standard Thorns, Laburnums, given positions. Rowan False Mountain or Acacia, Ash, Purple-leaved Plum, Almond be planted abundantly in shrubberies and however, may, be
should
room
one
or
two
trees,
,
to
break
the
up
uniformity. In this connection, too, is a beautiful Pyrus floribunda
be considered.
may genera is the Bird so
about
they
half
Here
the
make
soon
are
a
the
length of
the
branches
for
two
successive
names
of
some
handsome
evergreens
"
Arbutus
floribunda Unedo
Daphne Erica (Heath)
Azalea
Kalmia
Berberis
Lavender
Ceanothus
Choisya
latifolia
Magnolia ternata
Olearia
Haastii
Cistus
Pernettya
Coronilla
Rhododendron
Daboecia
glauca
years
screen.
positions: Andromeda
fruit
tree, and
for a Cherry. If a large,fast-growing tree is wanted Poplar might be considered ; if the heads are pruned
the
boundary, to
the
Yucca
mucronata
for
good
i
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
24
FLOWER
GARDEN
continued.
"
The
followingare
Abelia
floribunda
Amelanchier
beautiful
floweringshrubs:
"
Forsythia Genista
botryapium
Hydrangea
Azalea Berberis
Hypericum
Buddleia
Kerria
Ceanothus
Magnolia Philadelphus
fragrans Cotoneaster microphylla Cydonia Japonica Chimonanthus
Rhododendron Ribes Rose
Cytisus
Daphne
Rubus
Deutzia
Spiraea Viburnum
(Weigela)
Diervilla
Referring individuallyto foregoing:
few
a
of
the
important
most
of
the
"
will grow As to them.
they
sun
or
and
shade,
If both
male
and
soils
most
naturallycompact
are
pruning.
much
need
in
either
Aucubas
in habit
female
forms
alike
come
do
they
not
planted
are
of berries. garden there will be abundance Box in a close, dense (Buxus semper virens) grows Evergreen
in the The
will thrive
and
mass,
The
Brooms
in most
perhaps the best
are
soils. of all shrubs
close
habit.
for
light,sandy
Genista
soil.
has pyramidal beautiful brown yellow flowers. handsome have there are Euonymuses foliage,and variegated thrive the forms available. near sea. They for their foliageand both admired berries. Hollies are The Silver is a beautiful sort. Milkmaid They grow slowly. have The St. John's Worts ample foliageand bright yellow flowers.
They
have
a
Andreana
and
need
Azaleas
Traversi
no
the
are
Calycinum is one of the poorest of soil. They form
in the grow attention.
will
Veronicas and
in shade.
will thrive
They
brilliant
most
is
a
of shrubs.
Mollis, such
as Anthony Koster, are they give orange, salmon, and
shades
among Berberises of
"
bushes
neat
good species. The
hybrids of Azalea splendid plants, and the cream
are
"
not
common
shrubs. valuable
are
soil, and
they bear Darwinii
Ceanothuses
best.
in
long and
addition
having
to
of
shelter
bloom,
of
a
they will grow handsome
of brilliant
streamers
stenophyllaare
like the
of heads November.
plants, because
a
soft
two
in most
evergreen
or orange best.
kinds
foliage
yellow flowers.
of the
wall, and lavender
produce large,Lilac-like tint, often quite into
They will thrive in most kinds of soil. but Daboecias are lovely little shrubs, not half enough known, eagerlybought and planted by those who see them. They form covered become ing with charmneat, compact little bushes, which in summer. both flowers thrive and on loamy They peaty soils.
Polifolia
and
alba
are
both
desirable.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Daphnes
and
bushes,
neat
if
desirable
are
only
the
appear. inhabitants
mediterranea, speciesas carnea, growing in the garden.
Deutzias
abundant
are
flowers. Diervillas
flowers
Rathke
Forsythias yellow
bloom
is
of the
The
in
Hydrangea
immense
heads
Lavender The
are
sheltered former The
flofais
in
of
best
against Mock
sand,
or
and
Pink
Queen, are
the
are
every of soil.
kinds
hardly
needs well
is too
produces
will thrive
and
conspicua are
six
is not
worth
put
in
Grandi-
appear.
for handsome
foliage
for the
growing
into
beautiful
most
perfume
love
They
of
peat
and
detest
they
Michael
Pearl,
abundant
of all
that
except
a
very
it
do
they
for
not
and
Memoir,
all care
The
Old
Port
colours. useful It is
shrub,
always
itself
covers
of the
one
with are
but
first to
blossom.
San-
of the
three
soil.
best. The
speciesare single-flowered, large-leaved, largeflowers and hips. Alba
to themselves, the
of its
account
on
atrosanguineum guineum, album, in almost will thrive The any Flowering Currants whole plant has a strong but not disagreeablesmell. generally grown
They to
Waterer,
John
Waterer,
blooming. and
flower,
loam, but
limestone.
of different is
floweringshrubs. adapting themselves
and
one
or
two
shrubberies, notably This has bushy Japanese Rose. is a good white variety. Fellenberg and The Dawson of their bushy account on good shrubbery Roses
good
if
particularly good.
its leaves
remarkable
it is well
but
varieties
early and
are
scription de-
need
to
wall.
a
good Flowering Currant
come
Roses
culture.
of doors
out
angle.
rosettes.
any
known
and
April before
Orange
merit
have
Suspensa
appear.
flowers.
Rhododendrons
for
in
blooms
gracefulform,
of the
flower
the
with
shelter. in a sheltered
It likes
soils, and
most
Eva
covered
being
leaves
the
bloom.
glorious shrubs, places. Stellata
Philadelphia or or
alba, and
againsta low wall, or completely clothed in small deep yellow
perfume
Magnolias
before
themselves
species. is paniculata grandiflora,which
will thrive
white
soils.
is best
Kerria it is
of
sprays
Rosea, in most
They profusely,often
of white
worth
are
clothe
and
March,
best
long
which
bottom.
to
lusitanica
grand variety.
a
thrive
good.
best double
pleno
top
early
flowers
one
Here
Ribes
from all
are
is
lovely shrubs,
(Weigelas) are
with
The
flore
bear
and
bloomers,
Crenata
peaty uplands, and
of and
such
small,
fragrantreddish
with
is covered
Mezereon
make
fragrance. They
for their
flowers before the leaves Heaths (Ericas) are well-known
125
are
habit
also and
Roses.
The
profuse blooming. See also Rubus is a fruit-bearing generallyrestricted to the genus, and the fruit garden, but deliciosus is well worthy of a species in the the of of its because white place beauty shrubbery, large flowers.
Spiraeas are a host in themselves, for they will thrive soil provided they have shelter, and they bloom
in almost
any
abundantly.
126
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
FLOWER
is
Arguta well
as
The
SHRUBS
GARDEN,
of the
one
best-known its
is
shrubbery or
bears
Soil
loamy for shrubs. "
flower
Guelder
gracefulfoliage
Rose, Opulus sterile,with
but
heads,
far
a
plicatum, which forms profusion of large white
finer
bush
a
for
plant
of handsome
flowers.
the
habit
It likes
peaty
a
phrase frequentlyused that such-and-such particularas to soil should not encourage people "
in
them
plant
should
The
"
not
are
Kitchen
of water Plant
soaking
Pruning
well
manured. will
in November, When evergreen
early "
them
within
be
to
occasional
an
a
shrubs or
soil
great help in a dry press the soil firmly.
and
bounds
The
trenching under
Moreover,
liquid manure
or
ground.
(seeBastard
good depth
a
and
shrubs.
keep
to
to
up
Garden)
summer.
shallow, ill-cultivated
poor,
broken
be
order
it has
soil.
shrubs to
a
species,because
is the
Viburnum
snowball-like
and
best
flowers.
charming
as
continued.
"
have
be
to
restrict them
to
in
pruned
certain
a
shape, it
that the stumps should be done with a knife in such a way hidden leaves. the Those are by leaf-losingflowering shrubs made which bloom the wood the on previous year (and they are
great majority) should
the
and
the
shoots
made
Grass.
which
wood
will flower Whether
"
the
it is,it will be Simple if it is to be kept in good order and is an impression that because grass
go
cut
out out.
of
flower,
The
new
of
smart
a
There
appearance.
it needs in every meadow lose would its soon beauty grass is making a grazed. A person who
manured
not
were
be
grows
Well, the meadow
management.
if it
they
should
followingyear. gardens, or paths, tennis lawns, flower consideration. is most a important grass found to need specialand skilled attention
as
no
when
pruned
bloomed
the
for
shrubbery borders,
be
has
and will be
the plan of on garden out of a meadow disposed to work turf as is required for beds, borders, and cutting up only as much That is all rightprovided shrubberies, leaving the rest for lawns. the farmer, and is not full (i)the grass has been well managed by of plantain,dock, thistle,buttercup and daisy; (2)the gardener is turf and the to roll, edges regularly. Meadow mow, prepared clip from be into it made turf can by mowing good garden weekly April to October while dry, rollingit when or wet, spudding out weeds be with acid must off dressing them (which kept sulphuric grass and clothing), trimming the edges of the paths with a pair of longhandled edging shears, and every 2 or 3 years spreading on a mixture of fine soil and inch thick in autumn, an letting dry, crumbly manure the mixture: nitrate it lie till spring. Then on sprinkle following of soda
i
meal
part, bone
forming grass it is best being able to buy turves turves a
firm
fit for
are
bed
to be
likelyto
use
preferred,
of soil in winter
seeding gardener must
does
contain
shun as
;
by laying beating
a
few
seed
weed
evenly
from seeds
them
weed-free
obscure as
grass
and
of
closelyon
thoroughly, a
It must
weeks. a
In
given the latter,however,
them
necessarilygive
cheap many
rod. 5 Ib. per square is absolutely sure unless one use
and in
be had not
parts;
seed free from weeds
to
as
anything can
that
4
sources,
seeds.
be
lawn
remembered
lawn,
and
because
Buy
from
the it is one
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
127
if the price is large firms that specialisegrass seeds, even their rather seeds with high, because these dealers select and clean And the soil must be well prepared. It is a good thing great care. in September, digging,manuring, crumbling, and to do the work the soil, thus treading making it quite fine, and sowing half a little clover Ask to add the seedsman a pound to the square rod. mix the whole know how much will and to the mixture to (he put), with well up before sowing. Cover sifted soil,and put fine, lightly If it to keep off birds. other black threads or some protectionover the work in September do it in April. The lawn iscannot be done the which be bad with to to or likely good according thoroughness and the soil is prepared. Tennis croquet lawns are playable from turf the same There seed. but not always from season, ought to be before mat of turf tennis a thick, good, springy begins; otherwise the ground is soon It bare. is desirable to worn get a perfectly firm piece of ground for turf at all times, and particularlyso for of the
tennis, otherwise lawn
is
ft.
it will
soon
fall into
hollows. it is well
ft. wide, but
A
full-sized
to allow
tennis
78 36 long space making a lawn for this purpose. flower varied be as asSpecial features. The garden should that there is and so no heaviness, bareness, deaclness, possible, the main formality about it. Consequently when things,such asand
extra
when
"
shrubberies, herbaceous provided for, the owner Here
borders, lawns, should
and
consider
flower-beds, have a
few
been features.. special
few
suggestionsfor such : a Rose garden, an Iris garden, Sweet Pea set of arches, a scented a a garden, a summer-house, garden, a pergola,a rockery garden, a water garden. If the place is quite small it may not be possibleto get all of them in, in which case
are
a
a
selection
Summer-houses
should and
be made. In
garden-rooms. "
left without of rustic-work
from
this age of horticultural
gardening builders
we
practicalhelp in adding a pleasant outdoor to our room flower structures of the most us gardens. They show tempting with flowers. It description, bright,airy,and alluringlydecorated is certainlya short cut to the possessionof a suitable structure to make deal with a some wares are special tradesman, whose offered in the country and The summer-house gardening papers. be a simple erection of rustic with boarded woodwork, a may floor and weather-boarded a roof, costing from ^10 to "20; or it be an ornate building,painted and glazed,costingfrom ^30 tomay will often summer^50. But a handy amateur put up his own it which has of timber he of house, building the nearest bought forester. The then, buildingis not likelyto cost less than ^5 even are
not
makers
"
and
"
"
"
if it is of fair size and
is built to last; and will be that modest sum exceeded less to the of material or amount more by according put in. side outward, looks very well, but will Splitlarch, the rounded not keep out wet quite so thoroughly as weather-boarding. The latter need not be condemned the score of plainness, it will be on as covered
speedilyif good plants are put into fertile soil and trained house. Roses on Pillar,and Alister Dorothy Perkins, Carmine Stella Gray; Clematis well suited are Jackmanii and C. montana, for covering summer-houses. the
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
128 FLOWER
GARDEN
Arches.
afford a ready and inexpensive Creeper-clad arches and be introduced should breaking up garden stiffness, the junction of paths, as is a legitimate place, such there
"
of
means
wherever
"divisions so
convenience
of the
departments
between
Those
on.
continued.
"
to
metal
the
whom
hesitate not need Both suitable.
to
gardens,
ironmonger
but
them,
use
kinds
of lawns,
ends
of the
arches
a
rustic
of
arches
and
are
be
bought ready made at the But few from a shillings upwards. country prices ranging his be make He advised will to display own. perhaps may gardener of his principaluprights,not liberalityin the size and treatment well with tar or only selectingstout pieces, but dressing them of The them the better ft. creosote, and part deep. embedding 3 Roses named Rambler, PhiladelphiaRambler, above, also Crimson wood
are
more
Flight,and
W.
others
many
Clematises
hardy
Pillar, Electra, Alberic
American
Rambler,
Blush
for
suitable
are
Barbier,
arches.
Mrs.
F.
of the
Any
be
Honeysuckles may
be used.
may
can
planted,and
under Pergolas below may be used. plants mentioned Pergolas. A pergola might be described as a stringof connected arches, and it is suitable for forming a cool alleyor spanning a long of material is the amount walk. The drawback required,the main advantage is the scope provided for a good collection of plants. In to addition Roses, Clematises, and Honeysuckles, less familiar sheltered the EccrePassion the Flower in mild, (in places), "creepers Akebia Cobaea scandens, quiiiata,Jasmine, Canary mocarpus, scandens, Periploca graeca, and Tropaeolums Creeper, Maurandia be planted on pergolas. may Here is a charming corner. be brought The Scented Garden may Southernwood, Lavender, Bergamot (highly perfumed together
of the
most
"
is drawn
hand
the
when
leaves), Sweet
the
across
Peas, Clove mexicana,
Ambrosia
Carnations, Night-scented Stock, Wallflowers, trope, Sweet Scabious, Daphne, Lily of the Valley, HelioRocket, Sweet Mock Sweet Sultans, Roses, Orange Jasmine, Mignonette, and Heliotrope (Tussilago),
Winter (Philadelphus),
other
many
sweet
flowers. The
To
Rockery.
"
of
lovers
Alpine flowers of the
feature
interestingand important it is the flower garden. Not for them many the or even opulent splendour of bedding, "Gardening it with
There
beautiful
the are
reveals
The
the
near
to
surface
Stone tasks
"
a
has in the
"
and
rockeries
construct
"created
rock
In
hand.
herbaceous
pleasure
no
the
making a garden things which they have the
lies in
other the for
in
even
seen
ground, strata.
wild in
No
it.
and their
being
on
borders.
in
Such
storing travels.
broken
building up
Natural
rockeries
up, of
lie
places. at all events places there is no stone lover of Alpines finds himself constrained
is needed
artificial rockwork to
find
"
from
districts in which
many
stone.
ready
they
or
delightin
lovers
flower
natural,
be
must
rockery is the most in fact, with garden the garish joys of
the
flower
such
"
his
favourites.
A
problem in
is the
thereby
solving. requiresgood judgment problem and there few into are be bought and position, put rockwork : flower garden more easilyspoiled. Building which
to
of Gardening Encyclopaedia work,
as
deal
good
a
the
and
(i) A
(2) If
in contour
outline
may
ised
form
and level,the outline mg
mounds
its
positionshould
of service
be
may
chosen,
be
to
Alpine plants
as
~f
///'/t
be utilnatural dells; if
mounds
broken
hints
a
to
variable
be
plan of buildingrockconfigurationof the ground
light. ground is
the
to
29
best
the the few
on
but
stone;
sunny
accustomed
unrestricted
depends
of the
nature
beginners, are
describe
impossibleto
It is almost
1
by
'"//?
may formPLANTS
with
rock
(3) The
largerstones.
RQCK
miD"
Sx"ps
the
garden
and
should
not
in
run
straight
a
that bay succeeds recede, line, but tory. promonthe rockery should consist of soil rather body of (4) The the plants will not thrive under the tions condithan of stones, because face unless of have to abundance have which they good they in soil for rooting in. (5) The rock garden looks well if formed advance
should
irregularmasses
of
sides
both
on
so
winding path,
a
which
should
of stones, large,flat piecesbeing chosen, and dwarf such in crevices between them. Given a (6) path, the plants put side it either carried of in flat on low, terraces, rockery might be up
itself consist
risingabove the one below it at a height tages: styleof rockery buildinghas several advanif be mistake is it can stones small made used, a (b) may (a) the laborious of without of rock. be rectified shifting large masses so long as (7) An effect of height can be got in a small compass everything is kept in proper proportions. Any trees and shrubs 4 ft.
each
3 or of about
which
wide, and This
foot.
a
used on proportionwill be are
put
set
them
in
rockery
such
a
be small
must
themselves, or the whether stones, large or small, bank of soil,care should be taken to the rain and water fall suppliesmay
(8) When
lost.
slopingmound
a
in
small
a
are
or
that
way inwards
instead
the stones
of outwards
should
the
plants, not
rock
plants :
in other
"
deflect the moisture from them. away
words, towards Soil for
In
making up the body of a rock it is generallyconvenient soil to garden draw from soil in the neighbourhood, but while this may be good enough to form the it may nucleus not be suitable for actual with the plants,either on account contact of with
its GOOD STONES
OF
ARRANGEMENT FOR
A
ROCKERY.
being heavy poor
very be
t
the the
plants
and
limestone
are
Alpines love The
rockery
a
"
b {m
pockets
damp,
fibreless.
and
over
Ramcan^mbetween spedal ^
and
or
The
importing a surfacing"and
"
among mixture
the
because
it is
can difficulty
few
loads
of for especially
stones
in
which
of good fibrous a loam placed. Here grit will be very helpful. The great majority of them. Planting ring of chippingsaround Alpines :
maker
should
have
before
him
the
of desirability I
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
130 FLOWER
GARDEN
ROCKERY
AND
continued.
"
quickly as possible,and to this be provided for should end plant carpeters freely. Places may But it is well to of these. their enbroad croaching guard against patches weaker of the and the on things pockets smothering latter. Arabises, Aubrietias, Cerastiums, Alyssum saxatile,Iberises of the Saxifrages are beautiful (perennialCandytufts), and many and very useful for covering the surface of the soil quickly; bounds. be kept within ut they must Alpines may be planted at of dealers the as almost keep the best kinds in period year, any done be from the but planting ground may any time between pots ; the is workable. when and autumn a ground Slugs are spring getting the
well
stones
covered
as
Slants,
trouble
of considerable
source
that
found
they
the
are
most
to
the
gardener, and it will be of moist a good deal
rock
where
abundant
plants. The repressionof exuberant provided by coarse lime, will keep growth, and a periodicaldusting with freshly-slaked Winter them under. a : Alpines for Alpines will endure protection those with suffer to leaves but of are deal cold, woolly apt great severelyfrom wet, and consequently it is wise to set small squares off the rain. choice kinds in order to throw of glassabove Plenty the plants will also serve as a preventive of loss of chippings round from damp. Alpines in shade : As we have seen, the great majority few desirable plants, but there are a of Alpine plants love the sun, and Anemones Robinsoniana, blanda, Hepatica, Campanula notably Hendersoni, Cowslips, Corydalises, EpiCyclamens, American Funkias, Gaultheria mediums, procumbens, Omphalodes verna, and Primulas Orobus Japonica and rosea, Saxifraga Geum vernus, Thalicvarieties generally,Sisyrinchium grandiflorum, the mossy the lovely white Wood trum Lily, minus, Tiarella cordifolia, and often It is shade. which Trillium practicable enjoy grandiflorum, a northern to provide that a certain part of the rockery shall have is
cover
to form must be used so as if not, stones shady corners. about of learns The lover rock : plants Alpines of plants botanical visits to mountain in travel large gardens, regions,by nising inspectionof collections at important flower shows, and by frater-
aspect;
Selections
by by
with be
glad
of similar
amateurs
of the
tastes.
Hepatica
Anemone
Pulsatilla
Acantholimon Achillea
Antennaria
Clavennae
Aethionema
compactum "
aizoon asarina
Antirrhinum
grandiflora
AquilegiaAlpina
Ajuga reptans Alyssum saxatile Androsace
tomentosa
Anthemis
vernalis
Adonis
beginners may
"
microphylla glumaceum
Acaena
Meanwhile,
followinglist:
the
and and
ties varie-
variegatum
Arabis
albida, also
variety
carnea
Arenaria
Balearica
lanuginosa
Armeria
cephalotes
sarmentosa
Aniebia
echioides
,,
Anemone "
Aubrietia
blanda
fulgens
Dr.
Mules
Graeca .
the
double
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Aubrietia
Leichtlini
Campanula carpaticaand C. alba garganica Portenschlagiana ,,
Cerastium
Biebersteinii
Cheiranthus
Alpinus Marshall!
Chrysanthemum Cistus
Alpinum
ladaniferus
Colchicum
Lithospermum prostratum Lychnis alpina Lagascae
"
Meconopsis cambrica Menziesia polifolia Mertensia virginica Muscari conicum Heavenly Blue Myosotis alpestrisand varieties (Forget-me-not) Narcissus
speciosum
Corydalisnobilis Cyclamen coum Europaeum Cypripedium Calceolus
Bulbocodium triandrus
,,
Nierembergia rivularis Oenothera
caespitosa fruticosa
macranthum
Omphalodes
,,
Ononis
verna
Daphne Blagayana Delphinium nudicaule
Onosma
Dianthus
cruentus
Ornithogalum
deltoides
Orobus
vernus
Ourisia
coccinea
arvensis Tauricum
,,
Dielytraspectabilis aizoides
Draba
Dryas octopetala
nudicaule ,,
Pentstemon
Alpinus
Eritrichium
glaber Hartwegii
,,
Phlox
acaulis ,,
Andrewsii
amoena
reptans
subulata varieties Polemonium Richardson! Potentilla formosa
,,
,,
Bavarica verna
Geranium
Primula
argenteum Lancastriense
Geum
montanum
Gypsophila Herniaria
viscosa
repens Ramondia
glabra sanguinea
Heuchera Houstonia
and
caerulea
alpina Hypericum olympicum Iberis Garrexiana Gibraltarica ,,
"
Delavayi grandiflora
Iris,see
Iris
Lewisia
rediviva
Linaria
alpina cymbalaria borealis
alpinum
pyrenaica alpestris Lyalli Sanguinaria canadensis Ranunculus
Hutchinsia
Incarvillea
Japonica marginata rosea
Helianthemums
Linum
azureus
nanum
Erythronium grandiflorum Gentiana
Linnaea
(Iceland
Poppy)
carnea
Erinus
umbellatum
Papaver Alpinum
Edelweiss Erica
131
ties varie-
Santolina
incana
Saponaria ocymoides Saxifraga
aizoon Burseriana
Camposi (Wallace^ cotyledon
hypnoides longifolia oppositifolia Megasea Scabiosa caucasica Scilla bifolia and varieties Sedum acre
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
132 FLOWER
GARDEN
Sedum
continued.
"
Trollius
album caeruleum
asiaticus
Europaeus
,,
,,
Tulipa
glaucum Sempervivum arachnoideum ,,
Clusiana
Greigi
"
Leichtlini
montanum
Veronica
Tectorum
gentianoides
,,
Shortia
galacifolia Viola
acaulis
Silene
Soldanella Statice
repens biflora calcarata
alpina
,,
incana
cornuta ,,
Sternbergialutea Thymus
lanuginosusserpyllum
POCKETS
MAKING i.
Water
The
the rock
with of
Large
Garden.
stones,
carried
be
The
"
to
Soil.
more
trifolia
LILIES.
3. Plant.
garden
water
aspects, or
one
a.
WATER
FOR
Reference
garden.
providing different
can
cucullata
,,
Waldsteinia
has and
often
can
been
made
forming
of these
Water.
4.
bays,
be
associated
to the
desirability bays. If water
cool and
peaty
soil is provided,
of beautiful
moisture-lovingplants can be grown, (Irislaevigata or Kaempferi varieties), Water Violet Marsh (Hottonia palusMarigold (Caltha palustris), Japonica and Lily (Trilliumgrandiflorum) Primula tris),Wood P. rosea, the Water Flag (Iris Soldier Pseudacorus) the Water the ing Flower(Stratiotesaloides), a
such
as
number
Japanese
Irises
,
,
Rush
(Butomus umbellatus), (Menyanthes trit he foliata), Lady's Smock (Cardamine pratensis), the Lady's the
A
SMALL
TANK
FOR
WATER
LILIES
Bog
Slippers(Cypripedium Calceolus and C. spectabile), the Arrowthe sagittifolia), "ead(Sanitaria Water Hawthorn (Aponogeton riparia variegata and Typha
distachyon), and the reeds Carex A pool, puddled with clay or If the plants are for Water Lilies. made latifolia.
Bean
lined
with
sunk
in
cement, 2
to
may
be
3 ft. of,water
of Gardening Encyclopaedia in
April,with
bound
the
round
packed
yellow, and followingare good hardy James Brydon, red; yellow;
in loam
in
will
thrive.
they
moss,
piecesof
old
When
sacking,or
the
is
water
flat brown, green, and purple leaves, and white, rose, blue flowers, the pool will be a charming sight. The
with
covered
roots
with
133
"
chromatella,
white.
pygmaea,
Flowering
(Nyrnphaeas): carnea, pink; M.
Lilies
Water Marliacea
Currant
(Ribes sanguineum).
See
Flower
Garden
umbellatus).
See
Flower
Garden
"
"
Shrubs. Rush
Flowering
(Butomus
"
"
Water.
Flower-pots. Pots quantity in a cast, as
sold
are
"
follows
under
according
number,
to
the
should
be
:
NAME. ones
twos
fours sixes
eights twelves sixteens
twenty-fours thirty-twos forty-eights sixties thumbs
flower-potsshould
Clean
in water
soaked
a
few
Flowers, Cut, gathering and seed cut flowers, except where which
the
young
prevents
plants
from
cut
the
often
base
of the
contending that the cutting. Gathering may, the
effect of the
discrimination. affect
It is
"
is
and
wanted, it.
by
a
good principleto
there
few
are
Cutting the
To
appearance
done
in such
plantsunimpaired, and
it should
however,
gather
a
dozen
as
be
flowers
Azaleas, keep longer if the
base
knife
in
a
look
best
in
before vases
they and
are
bowls
put when
dendrons Rhodo-
cutting of flowers is employers and gardeners, the of plantsis spoiledby careless
between
from
one
a
be
way done
of the stem the
vases.
little
mixing
as
to
with
plant might
bed
with
while
The
instances.
as
or a border, but to gather 2 or 3 flowers from If flowers get somewhat several plants would leave no gap. The flowers of hard-wooded they may be put into hot water.
such
in
cases
flowers
Azaleas, Camellias, and
bloom-truss.
latter leave
ones
from
them
be quoted may of contention bone
a
New
ing settingseed, which is the most exhaustis therefore an incentive to a plant undergoes ; gathering flowering. There are, however, a few kinds that must and with care growth springs judgment, because the new
process continuous
only be
used,
packing.
benefited
not
are
be
always
hours.
each
of
flaccid
plants, is lightly scraped
Flowers of
kinds
generally is done;
1
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
34
there
however, be judiciousblending of colours, such and lavender; and white, blue; (2)salmon (3)cream packing flowers avoid using dry cotton wool, as it absorbs
(i)red, pink. In
may,
as
and
If this material
wad
round in the same be
is
the
base
of the stems. The
way.
it should
employed
ever
flowers
A
it is best
show
flowers
in
the
on
of
moss
may be dry, and
should butter
or
afternoon
place,with
damp
moisture.
form
paper.
in water, until
the stems
used
should
cutting keep the they can
In
evening,and
or
damp
a
be
boards.
Fly, Green, Black, Foam
tissue
in the
cut
cool, dark
a
be set up
to
little
themselves
packed firmly,preferablyin
for
be in the
etc.
Flower, Tiarella
Foreright shoots.
Aphides.
cordifolia.
See
"
See
"
Fruit
Breastwood.
"
delightfulflower-gardenfavourite, best raised annually (seeBiennials),except in the case of the Alpine be sown as species,which may required,or increased by division. The late bulbs, planted in are Forget-me-nots charming among autumn and lifted after floweringin spring. For this purpose none is better than Mysotis dissitiflora, There it is dwarf and compact. as several varieties are of it. Sylvatica is taller, but bright. very Palustris is the best for damp places. Alpestrisand its varieties are good for the rockery. Forget-me-not.
from
A
"
seed
Fork.
See
"
Digging.
Forsythia, Golden
ceae). early in "
One
advance
Intermedia
a
After
autumn.
for
room
Propagation tunei
is
Foxglove. "
young,
See
Biennials
from Fragaria (fraga-ria, Ord.
Rosaceae). "
is grown
See
which
F.
suits will
and
6
grow
be
may
the
8
to
should
They
wood
old flower
viridissima.
and
them.
cut
ft. be out
following year.
layers in
or
summer
For-
autumn.
of suspensa.
Digitalis.
fragrans, in
Indica, which
rockwork.
on
soil
varieties
are
wreathed
Forsyth. Ord. Oleashrubs, blooming very in yellow flowers from
popular, suspensa the two. They
floweringthe
by cuttingsin
Sieboldi
and
and
speciesare hybrid between
well-tilled, fertile
planted in make
leaves
Mr.
deciduous
Two
is
high. Any to
after (forsyth-ia, valuable
most
of the
to bottom.
top
Bell
of the
vesca
reference
to
flowers
in
semperflorensis
the
has
yellow
the
perfume. earlysummer, berry. Alpine Straw-
Fruit.
hotbed is very useful in a garden. With a it (seeHotbeds) it may beneath be utilised for raisingtender plants in summer, and in spring,growing Cucumbers forcing Violets in Frame.
"
A
frame
Unheated,
autumn.
it will prove
serviceable which
plants and hardening garden plants A two-lightframe, 18 ins. deep at the sash
6 ft.
by
4, will
frageae). F. of small white
ramosa
flowers.
is
have
back
and
raisinghalf-hardy
been 14
raised
in
in heat.
front,
each
well.
answer
Francoa, Bridal Wreath "
for
a
after Senor Franco. Ord. Saxi(franco-a, gracefulplant, with long, arching spikes It thrives
in
a
cool
greenhouse, and
when
of Gardening Encyclopaedia in bloom
can
be
the
other
plants and
from
seed, which
overhang
raised
be
can
drafted
into
the
window
impart
of
in
sown
loam, with a fourth of leaf mould or decayed manure, See the Botanical sand, will do for compost. Magazine, Ash
with
tough,
very
such
as
from (frax-inus,
is Fraxinus
aurea,
Ash.
varieties
a
Latin.
Ord.
British
There
wood.
is the White several
in small
Excelsior,
flexible
aucubaefolia,
Americana There are
the
are
tree
or
repotted in,
them
and
Fraxinus,Ash
It
frame
warm
a
greenhouse in spring,the seedlingspricked off,potted and Five-inch needed. as pots will be largeenough to flower
common
it will
where
room,
loose, pleasing effect.
a
be
may
a
135
and t.
some
3824.
Oleineae). The floweringin May, "
of it,
varieties
many
heterophyllavariegata,and pendula. Ornus is the Manna or Flowering Ash. both. Ash trees should not be planted
of
gardens.
Freesia
Ord.
a (frees-ia, personal name.
French
Bean.
See
"
French
Kitchen
Irideae). "
See
Bulbs.
Garden.
is known French as Gardening. What gardening is the of the of soil until it becomes a manuring top spit black under and the in it frames cloches and of a mould, forcing of vegetables,mainly salads, that number tensive lend themselves to inculture. It is not wholly new to British gardeners ; on the contrary, the main principleshave been practisedfor many years, "
concentrated
less effort has
but been
used, and
been
the
French
gardening in equipment, and must of
kind
spent
not
different
"
its most be
top soil, fewer
the
on
of
number
salads
intensified entered
"
form
erected
are
cloches been
needs
without
upon
If walls and glass houses is absolutelynecessary)and
has
have
smaller.
expensive
careful
sideration. con-
(and protection
garden is well equipped with pits,frames, and adequate heating,the cost may be expected to be from to This would not be justified acre. ^700 ^1000 per unless there was for the produce, hence the necessity a good market some
of caution. reed
are a
The
mats
"
the
principalappliancesrequired for which
fungicideand
must
be
preservative "
with
dressed
frames, and
French
a
Bordeaux The
cloches.
garden
Mixture
as
principal
Cauliflowers, Cucumbers, Melons, Tomatoes, Radishes, Endive, Chicory,Spinach, Parsley,Lettuces, Mushrooms, Beans, Carrots, and Turnips. Attention must be given to cropping crops
the
are
grown
ground
French
successionally. Those
gardening
See also Kitchen
should
consult
a
who are reliable
capital in the subject.
embarking work
on
Garden.
French
Marigold. See Annuals. Snake's Head from Fritillaria, Lily,Crown Imperial (fritilla-ria, a Ord. chess-board, in allusion to the chequered flowers. fritillus, F. Meleagris is the Snake's Head Liliaceae). See Bulbs. Lily,F. Crown the with Imperialis Imperial. Armena, purple flowers, also a red and yellow, are yellow variety: aurea, yellow; and recurva, all good for the rockery,and bloom in spring. "
"
Frost.
"
Frost
nights,when
is most
the
sky
likelyto is
occur
clear, and
on
heat
autumn, escapes
winter, from
the
or
spring by
earth
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
36
i
radiation.
In
likelyto be
the most
of water
weather
cloudy
modifies
severe
this radiation low
on
is checked.
Frost
sites,but the presence
of
is
body
a
If
it.
non-hardy plantsare frozen they should not be syringed. Plants in unheated be exposed to the sun, but should houses should be dry before evening. A few sheets of newspaper will protect the plants against a mild frost. Smudge fires are into fruit to Cotton use coming protect blossom. among growers in Colorado waste is burned heaters, of which 40 to 50 are required Frost acts beneficially soil. on per acre. "
Fruit.
A
"
of fruit should
supply
the smallest
all but
gardens, and
trees, either
few
bushes
on
also
to
be
"
regarded in these
even
indispensablein possibleto grow
as
it is
dwarfing stocks, as cordons on a wall or fence, or as fans on a wall. Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, berries Apricots,Damsons, Currants, Gooseberries, Raspberries,and Strawall claim attention, while Peaches, Grapes, Loganberries,
a
as
Blackberries
and
have
be
considered.
Crabs,
Figs,Melons, Mulberries, Nuts, Oranges, and The
fruits named
are
certain
however,
dealt
Quinces alphabeticalorder.
in
with
general points that
be
may
Damsons,
swell with
dealt
the list.
There
are,
here,
to
repetition.
save
Soil,
cold subsoil
A
"
imprudent
drain
is unavoidable, soil for fruit is The
chalk. Site.
the
worry liable to do
damp,
damp
soil should
winds
undrained be
reddish, substantial
a
Windswept
"
of fruit trees ; it is fore thereIf low site a ground. The laid in 3 ft. deep. best
for all kinds
pipes should
undrained
heavy,
are
is bad
plant in
to
be
clay dug
places are and
trees
the
;
and
bad,
may
strike direct
and
destroy
to the
on
the
blossom, but
In
body
a
spots. Strong low
sites frost is
of water
this
reason
is
near
is unsuitable, because is touched while the bloom
trees
For
crop.
low
are
so
fruit off.
the
damage preventive. A south-easterlyaspect to
the
ploughed deeply.
or
blow
least suitable soils land close to fibreless light
loam
and
the
a
sun
by frost south-westerlyaspect is
a
better. Manure. receive would i
Fruit
"
trees
and young, The reverse
when
generallymanured
are
when they have got into bearing. In rich, loamy soils,20 tons of manure per acre, or In suffice at planting. poor ground half as per rod, have the used. When trees be got into regular may
little food be better.
barrow-load
much
again other them be spread round every bearing a coat of manure may such 2 Ib. as with a dressing of artificial manure, year, alternately instead of of sulphateof potash and Ib. basic slag(superphosphate 5 of the latter on limestone soils)per rod, applied in February and raked
in.
Grass.
"
in grass. sheep do weeds the
are
Only not
on
and
pay
under
crop that
are
growers
the
keeping by running
is turned the
the
soil districts should
fruit
the
in with
comes
with
doing away The soil open. shim the
through
fork
larger,but
or
what
be
planted
grass
where
fruit trees
a
early the
crops
orchard,
one-horse
falls is not
of and
plough. so
clean
grass.
Planting. "
not
good
market
kept
autumn
It is found as
in
Some
November
lost all its
summer
good planting month, if the ground but warmth, is
a
as
the
is very
soil has it is
wet
of Gardening Encyclopaedia better
half-standard
and
distance
increased
be
to
Wonder,
to
other
done
be
Prince
Lane's
strong Apples,
also
for
Bush
end
24
ft.
apart,
the
Seedling,Newton Blenheim
Albert,
Cherries.
and
Plums
ft.
be
stocks
of March.
the
set
Bramley's
ft. for
30
to
up be
should
trees
Alexander,
Emperor and
Orange,
it may
and
plant later,
to
Standard
137
and pyramid trees on 12 apart. dwarfing may Pruning. Practicallyall fruit trees require shortening when from the bud If they are or to grow allowed right away young. and the and lank make growth, Grafting)they graft (seeBudding A first-year lower ") tree should (" maiden part of the tree is bare. be pruned back in winter, or before it starts growing in to 6 buds spring. A two-year-oldtree should have its side branches shortened and a three-year-old tree, after transplanting, by by three-quarters, be should standard A three -year-old half -standard one-half. or when two-thirds shortened at least transplanted. by Summer shortening the main pruning. This does not concern side shoots branches to get a good head, but deals with the summer to it exposes the wood because to get fruit. It is a good practice, tion exhibiThose to who want and the sun accelerates ripening. grow fruit, and have plenty of time, may pinch off the tips of the "
"
side shoots in the
break
same
and
May,
secondary shoots that busy people and market
the
serve
later;
6 weeks
way make
should
growers
of
end
the
at
but
pruning suffice, and
one
do
mid-
it from
This
August mid-September. applies to Apples, Pears, Plums, to
red
Generally speaking,
Gathering. "
fruit should soon
it
as
under
ripen on the be gathered The
placed
the
from
it will not the
All
Storing. "
tree
the
on
pressure varieties
as
receptaclesgently,
in the
if bruised
as
gathered
not do should trees, and before sharp frost should be fruit
Late
comes.
be
parts
gentle
stalk.
Gooseberries.
and
Currants,
keep.
important
fruits,except Apples, Pears, and
Grapes,
will
Pears in
a
used
at
once
Late Apples and for several months
preserved.
or
if
either
are
keep
cool, airy, frost-proofplace
spread thinly on
Grapes if cut
be
may with
lateral and
clean
kept
a
boards.
long
time
portion of the placed in a bottle
a
this
of water.
Types lar
i
of tree.
types
are
half-standard, the
standards
PRUNING
The
most
the
pOpUthe standard,
the
bush, the pyramid,
fan, have
"
the
YOUNG
STANDARD
Point of previous pruning. with
young
growths (3) to u). 5. Shoot to
2.
and
pruned
and 3
at
removed
be
Standards 6
Side shoots
be
the^bars
espalier,and the cordon. about clean, straight stems
TREES.
FRUIT
ft.
half
-
high
i
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
38
ctively. They
respc main
of
stem
a
are
stock
generallyraised by insertinga bud in (forbest stocks, see the various fruits)a inches in
above
the few
the ground If the bud
summer.
dries up, the stock is cut back to about 6 ins. and ing) whip-grafted (see Graftthe followingspring. Some supply nurserymen standards
with
the
on
fruit spurs and these
stems, be
spurs may few years,
should
graduallycleared the
heads
and
for
kept
but
pyramids
as
away
extend.
a
be
Bushes
are
rally gene-
dwarfing budding or
put
on
stocks
by grafting. gradually
Bushes
are
supplanting
standards, except perhaps with STANDARD
FRUIT
TREE
AFTER
x
BEING
PRUNED
THE
are
half the
WINTER.
PREVIOUS
market
TneY
growers. planted about
distance
apart, as
have seen, of previous year's we pruning. 4. Spurs. 5. Young shoots that ought on cultivated ground, to be pruned at the bars,otherwise they will break lonH Tri^v PTooo weakly at the tips(6). 7. Shoots which have been better Standards man for shortening. summer pruned marked and
Main
2.
stem.
generally
3. Points
not
8raf
an*
tor
small
gardens, and come into bearing sooner. Fans are good for walls, especiallyin the of Plums, Cherries, and case Peaches. Espaliers are trees with several tiers of horizontal branches, and are very good for growing on
strained
walks. least
wires
at
Cordons of all.
room
the
side of
take
They
the
up
trees
are
with
only one stem, and may be t planted diagonally 2 ft. apart against a wall or fence. They from are prevented making side branches, and are kept fruitful by summer pruning. Horizontal cordons suitable for training on low strained wires are procurable. ing, need stakStaking. Standards "
half-standards
and
better about stems
1
8
the
where
ins.
be
The
ash
stakes
than
the
lower
end
painted, tarred,
and
drying driven time the
the
are
Strong longer
needed.
are
should after at
for it.
the
well
hole is ligature is put, a
FAN x"
Stock.
growth.
down made
piece of
2.
for old
TREE.
Fig. A.
First pruning. 3. Summer 4. Second
planting. At bicycletyre or
pruning. the other
point pro-
of Gardening Encyclopaedia tective
substance
chafing. Supports for supports, but
should trained
be
round
wrapped
trees.
"
Bushes
fans, espaliers, and
and
the
do.
FAN
TREE.
to
stem
In the
39
prevent
do
pyramids
cordons
i
need
not
of walls,
case
shreds nails may and be used, and the fruit dealer seedsman or will
supply
kinds
of both. wire comes One
play.
wise, Otherinto
wire
ft. above
2
will
suitable
the
support
fixed
ground
horizontal
cordons, which,
inferior
are
upright
ever, howto
right Up-
ones.
cordons, and also
espaliers, may on
strained
be
ported suptiers of wire foot apart a
to
a
total
6
or
7
height
of
Fruit
ft.
Result
Fruit spurs.
I.
dealers,seedsmen, and
of
Fig. B. pruning (as in Fig. A,
p. 138),
straining posts, with keys for ironmongers supply strong metal be however, Wooden used, posts may, tightening the wires. if it absolutely immovable; provided the strainingpost is made It should be a yields only 2 or 3 ins. the wires will be slack. to top when bottom stiff from will hold wire is often strand well bedded in. Single wire will do, although it will run inta from a reel, otherwise It should used. be unwound is finished. bends and be full of kinks before the work been fruit trees have Root pruning. When planted 2 or 3 years it sometimes happens that they grow far too strongly,especially To use wet. if the soil is rich and the summers are figuresas a
strong, thick
post that
"
a shoots grow over yard in length fruitfulness guide,if the summer it does not, wood makes coarse is jeopardised,because when a tree The fruit buds. a as rule, form remedy is not cutting back the
and
to start
the
so
when is at rest. should be
_,
bars
the
snow
that
points of pruning
have
been
summer
m
for branches
winter
pinched.
04_-rt"^
strong,
deep cut
through
left.
In
prudent
the to
a
couple of case
restrict
of
a
the
feet from
in
the The
tree
th"
,ff awa? carefully, and
TREES.
the
hole.
-
Fibrous
large tree growing in the pruning to a half-circuit
far
to-
roots
soil
forked
Om
The
vates aggra-
evil, but
the
prune winter
buds
back
only causes
CORDON
which
wood,
gross
-
open of the
the
running,
striking roots
r""ts
roots
be may it will be-
tree; if
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
140 FRUIT this
tinned.
cow
"
does
circle may
the
suffice
not
be
following
the
completed
winter. Fruit
the
When
in
crops and
"
of
culture
the
Now
in pots.
trees
trees
that
is known
what
glass houses
as
birds.
fruit from
in
bushes
successfully
as
with
turf
10
of
fourth
a
of fresh indeed
house
grown soil may be
and
manure
repotting; in
grit.
some
alternate
the
winter, with for
is wanted when
all be
can
The
pots.
decayed
all the
be left out
may ashes, if the
coal
has
the
they
well
years
ing be torn out and a top dressmay doors of The out stand trees may been gathered to ripen the wood,
in.
rammed fruit
mould
after
required. The ventilated. Apples, not
are
12-in.
and
they bear heavy protected from frost
Nectarines
and
Every other year will suffice for hair roots the top 2 ins. of soil and summer
houses
Cherries, Peaches,
Pears, Plums,
decayed
Heated
large,airy, light,and
be
should
structures
in
is
proportion to
the
fruit is tubs
in large pots or grown their size, the bloom
are
relativelycheap extending.
are
orchard-house
they
attended
Liquid
season.
Six
crop.
or
in
to
will
manure
eight
the
growing improve the will
branches
main
the side shoots
suffice,and
spring.
insects and
keeping free from
be
housed
in
bloom
into
in
pots packed
else, and
something
come
and
Watering fungi must
the
be
may
summer
Apple). pruned and spurred (seeunder should be All trees fruit Labelling. and their names or labelled, positionsin the marked on a plan. But wire garden "
should
and
embedded The LABEL
WIRE
COIL NOT
the
medicine, be
grown
the
tree
grows. in
principalfruits
the
followingare
difficult
Apple,
beautiful in many
forgotten,
or
as
^ (Pyrus malus).
^ ~T, Apple
TREE.
commending
round a young it will become
fastened
alphabetical order'"
GROWING
THE
INJURE
DOES
WHICH
be
not
branch
,
"
write
to
in
appearance, forms. Every
of
owner
a
as
in
delicious a
be
would
in
emphatically
too
it is valuable
for
T, It
N
food, useful flavour, and
garden
as
a
may
should
grow interest
planting,pruning, and general culture will both the fruit will prove will please his eye, and him, British in fruit old The is a very Apple "enjoyableand wholesome. gardens, and the tree is perfectlyhardy. It is not, however, equally The
Apples.
flowers
the
at
varieties
All the many in every district. The all soils. on Apple must
home
be
well
equally satisfactoryresults subdivided
into
two
A
for dessert.
example
is the
two
sections
form
of
Stocks
old must
are
to
great few
be
are
Blenheim be
kept
varieties
good for Orange
not
thrive
studied, therefore, if
: Classification Apples
secured.
classes:
do
either
for
cooking
purpose, for
and
and a
notable
but general purposes take may separate. Subdivision ;
are
ties variethe the
providing classes for early,medium, and late-maturing sorts. from seeds or cuttingsnowadays, ; Apples are rarelygrown
of Gardening Encyclopaedia but
budded
are
that
At
the as habit, or earlier fruiting, the outset, therefore, of a consideration The best question of stocks. is, trees with a branching head
the
that
English Crab. strong rooting system.
stem a
is the
"
best stocks for dwarf main foot or two stem a
English Paradise of
abundance
the
and
case
of
be, is
Apples
for
stock
of this is
reason
may "
a
secured.
have
we
"
standard
springingfrom
1
4
to
trees
long, clean
It is very hardy, very healthy,and hasIt does not, however, give early fruit. of which trees, the branches spring from
The a
The
plants.
better
treat "
to allied
grafted on
or
1
from
the
Nonsuch.
ground, Both
the
are
of these
Broad-leaved
give good habit,
surface
roots, and early fruiting. When comparing the cost of Apple trees from different dealers the stock used should into account. Free " stocks be taken are cheaper than Crabs, and the narrow-leaved Paradise French is cheaper than the broadleaved English. The stocks are raised from seed, cuttings, or layers; "
should
and In
be
budding
ready for
stock,
a
is taken removed away bud "
"
stock
growing
midsummer, The
the
germ, in
is inserted
a
in their third
Budding : year. which to is be gated Apple propaand slices about in. i-|- long are pith is picked out without tearing of the
leaf is
T-shaped
ground, and
the
near
shoot
leaves.
the
"
working
young
about
under the
a
"
cropped
slit made with
tied
followingspring; if it dies, the top and a whip or tongue graft put on. 4 ins.
about
long
and
thick
as
as
a
of
raphia. the
This
lead
in to the in the stock
is
stalk, and
main
stem
It will should
the
of the
the grow be cut off
piece of Apple shoot partipencil. For further culars, a
Grafting. The propagation of fruit trees is not much done in private gardens, being left to trade specialists.Planting .For November to March be planted from inclusive. Apples may Soil : The best soil for Apples is friable,welldetails, see above. see
drained
loam
good
a
as
is not
or
suitable
Undrained
Priming as grown under see
brick-earth.
Chalk
in the
form
warm deep subsoil, being relatively
for
clay is See
:
open Fruit
varieties
most Mel
for
Fruit
und
when
most
of
and
ragstone rock
it lies close
sorts.
is-
well
drained, but to the surface.
Site, Staking, Manure,
above.
be Training : Apples may and for bushes, standards, cordons, details, espaliers;
above. Open bushes on the Paradise stock are best for orchards, cordons for walls, and garden quarters, standards the of side at for wire frames Varieties The fact : paths. espaliers that the sorts of Apples vary, not only in their flavour, but in their
for
season
the
may
of
maturing
be found Good Lord
their
and
of selection
matter
a
helpful:
"
Cooking Apples. Grosvenor
Early
for particularsoils,renders suitability The one. followingsuggestions
difficult
Victoria
Bismarck
StirlingCastle Ecklinville
Seedling Royal Jubilee Lord Derby
Peasgood's Nonsuch
Golden
Spire King Wellington Warner's Newton Lane's
Wonder Prince Albert
Bramley's Seedling Good
Dessert
Gladstone
Beauty
of Bath
Apples*
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
142 APPLES
FRUIT,
continued.
"
Baumann's
Pearmain
Worcester
James Grieve de
Boskoop Orange Pippin
Cox's
The
Duke
Pearmain
Christmas
earliest varieties
Winter
Reinette
Pippin Claygate Pearmain Winter Queening
AllingtonPippin Belle
Red
Sturmer
of Devonshire
Roundway
are
Bonum
Magnum
put at the top of the lists and
the latest at
the bottom. Newer
Varieties
worth
trying. Dessert.
Cooking. Ben's
Victoria
Red
Wilks
W.
Revd.
Red
Langley Pippin
Byford
Wonder
Charles
Ross
Beauty
of Stoke
Winter
Ribston
Norfolk
Beauty
Wm.
King
Coronation
Bramley
Crimson
Crump
Rival
VII.
Edward
lightsoil should plant Lord Suffield,King of will Bramley's Seedling. The last-named Tompkins it may be accompanied on such also thrive in heavy soil, and a and Lord Newton Wonder. Lord medium Grosvenor, Derby, by The gardens: Stirling followingshould be omitted from strong-soil King, Wellington, and Lord Suffield, Castle, Ecklinville, Warner's Canker is perhaps as they are very liable to canker on such ground. of It enemies. all destructive the most Apple rarely attacks Lord Wonder, Grosvenor, and Bramley's Seedling, and Newton The disease is very prevaPrince Albert are generallyfree. Lane's lent on
and
very County, and
disease
few
are
in the district of itself in the form
canker
from shows
of wood, the wounds dressingof manure shoots
it is also severe places where it is not
wet, stiff soils,but
there
suffer
have
who
Those
and
to
spray the when
should should
be be
fruit,causing dark
with
a
leaves
should
light,shallow ground, present. Varieties that
on
be
avoided.
When
the
crinkly patches and bare pieces A pared clean and painted with tar. This affects the given. Black Scab. "
patches
of bluestone
and
cracks.
in 25 pound when the are unfolding,repeating
dissolved
The
remedy is gallons of water petals fall,and
affects the young shoots, Powdery mildew again a fortnightlater. The is with white meal. of the ends a oz. % remedy "covering in a gallon fresh liver of sulphur (sulphideof potassium) dissolved the Brown disease is seen. of water, and spot sprayed on when brown dots which Small the fruit. are affects seen, disfigurethe
decay. The remedy is working into the flesh, cause the at strength just recommended, sulphur, sprayed again American the white as soon as on blight causes spot appears. is and The roots. to branches the on remedy syringe fluffypatches fruit, and,
liver of
vigorouslyso as to force off the protectingfluff and expose the aphis underneath, then to spray with a paraffinoil and or soft soap solution Psylla : This is a (seeParaffin oil). Sucker light green slender insect about an eighth of an inch long, which or
hose
brown
of Gardening Encyclopaedia be
may
in
seen
flightin autumn,
Apple and spring that
other
lime-water
in
the
on
A
buds.
spring,just before
25 gallonsof water. be slacked in it should
The
to
white
in
with
spray Ib. of lime
lime
and is necessary, first. Caterpillars :
stone
quantity of
of
lays eggs on the shoots winglessyellow larvae
good remedy is to buds start, using 40
the
best
small
a
into
hatch
these
trees;
feed
it
when
143
water
Several
is that of the winter attack Apples, but the worst caterpillars which trees in ascends the and autumn moth, lays eggs that hatch the feed on trusses the bloom followingspring. The caterpillars and
leaves.
preventive,fasten stripsof grease-proofpaper the trees just under the crutch (ifthe trees deep also be protected)and with are smear an staked, the stake must their way on approved grease, in order to trap the crawling moths about
As
round
with
spray
they
are
the
leaves with
arsenate
of foul
train
arsenate
In
:
paste districts
wash
from
comes
The
this precaution,
grub it.
eats
eggs laid in the eye into the fruit, and
The
remedy flowers
directlythe
weevil
MOTH.
per gallon of water, directly
behind
matter
LACKEY
spring in spiteof
oz.
This
directlyit forms.
fruit a
in
appear
paste, | Grub
Codlin
seen.
the
Weevil
THE
should caterpillars
If
up.
MOTH.
WINTER
THE
of
a
7 ins.
into the
eats
is to
spray Blossom
set.
fruit bud
just before breaking stages, and, destroyingthe fertilising organs, prevents lime fruit forming; the recommended under Sucker is spray :
some
a
the
good.
Moss
become
and
lichen
:
they should
green
When
the
be
cleansed.
in bad cases in caustic be found
it may
and
of
pearl-ash,in
One
soda.
lime
spray
is
tend
an
to
lent excel-
be
more
pound
will cleanse
gallonsof water,
10
A
something
cleanser, but
of fruit trees
branches
required, may of this,with i Ib.
the
wood
if
sprayed
in winter.
on
of the
Apricot (Prunus (Armeniaca) vulgaris). One "
of
most
delicious
is also
of the most stone one fruits,the Apricot capricious. in good loam It is difficult to suit in soil,and even limestone on it often casts its main which is the ideal soil for fruit branches It should be given firm soil with plenty of lime after a few years. this account It blooms rubble. should on not only very early,and the
"
"
protectionand support of a wall, but should have tiffany nettinghung in front of it while in flower when frost threatens. trained tree from In startingwith Apricots it is best to buy a young If it grows fruit dealer, and a plant it in autumn. very strongly have
the
or
root for
prune
it.
summer
The
pruning
Park, Powell's
Blackberry Britain, where
side shoots
summer
under
Fruit.
be shortened advised as may Varieties: Moor Blenheim,
Late. or
Bramble it is
a
(Rubus feature
fruticosus).A wilding in Great hedgerows, and its fruit is
of many
"
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
144 FRUIT much for
in
continued.
"
sought after making jelly.
of little
it is wise and
in
use
dry,
prune
improved deep, fertile,and soils.
As
worth
growing
but
moist;
also
and
purposes,
well
are
they
are
often
shy in starting with plan generallypractised Raspberries, in autumn. at planting time back This
the
them
generallyinduces be kept in order
stewing
varieties
hard
them
for
summer
shallow
adopt
to
late
soil is
the
where
gardens
in
The
break
to
they
from
are
below.
Thereafter
they
can
If more are by thinning out old fruited wood. the and be wanted down can canes over they got by bending pegging the tips in late summer, or by dividing the stools in autumn. Parsley-leavedis a good variety,with large,richlyflavoured fruit. Cherry (Prunus Cerasus). The Cherry is suitable for culture as "
a
standard
tree
half-standard
or
for walls
the
on
the Gean
on
Mahaleb
It likes bush, pyramid, or cordon. brick-earth rich, deep, substantial
a
"
it grows
great
a
size and With
Fruit
under back
to
and
apply. shaping is
stock, and also as a trained It is not often grown as a On loamy soil on limestone.
stock. "
to
little
necessary,
with
they
has
early pruning fruitingspurs.
shoots,
so
that
should
wood
be
only old left.
black
fly,which
Cherries
clusters
are
troubled
not
and caterpillars walls
on
in
wood,
on
the
the
young
they ming gum-
a
rule,
contrary, the
young The new
with
silver leaf
sometimes
are
tips of
much
as
the
Morello
fruited
by
avoid
to of
If
die.
judiciously; Cherry bears on piecesshould be cut out.
The
be attacked but they may Fruit and Plum). Trees
and
done
been
make
general remarks
pruning, while early cutting subsequent pruning should be
throw the trees may out done, otherwise gum them while full of leaf in summer get too thick, thin make a thick mass ; they do not, however, if the
beneath
ragstone
The
heavily.
crops
regard
loams
canker,
(seeunder
attacked shoots.
by
It may
destroyed by syringingwith a solution of paraffinand soft soap with almost or (seeParaffin oil), any of the proprietaryinsecticides sold by seedsmen. of washing soda Very hot water, with an ounce be
Some gallon,syringed on forcibly,is efficacious. growers shoots in the the May to avoid fly. When pinch out the tipsof the Cherry is grown as a trained tree it is found that it does better with fastened the branches horizontallythan diagonally or vertically. Bone meal and sulphate of potash, 2 oz. of each per square Black yard in March, will do good. Varieties: Eagle, Governor Wood, Napoleon Bigarreau,Morello, and Kentish, the last two for cooking. Crab, Ornamental (Pyrus acerba). The ordinary Crab is only of fruit value to as a stock (seeApples),but the better species, growers which Ornamental Crabs are as by fruit generally described the alike for their and for of use dealers, are worth beauty growing, the fruit for jelly. They are and as standards, generally grown under the for Apples. The conditions will thrive recommended to
the
"
"
fruit is small, but coloured.
it is borne The
four
"
in considerable most
quantities and
varieties
popular John Downie, Siberian, and Transcendent. and Currant (Ribes nigrum rubrum album). "
are
The
is brilliantly
Dartmouth, reader
must
of Gardening Encyclopaedia the
confuse
not
Black
red
and
in
fruits, for
garden
former
are
Grapes, and belong to a different genus. Currants are ful a less degree white very usemake delicious excellent stewed, they are
latter
and
"
The
grocer'sCurrants.
the
and
garden
the
Currants,
true
145
are
"
The black not are entirelynegligiblefor eating raw. easilygrown in any fairlydeep, fertile soil; it does not varieties are for poor, dry, shallow care ground. The largemodern 6 ft. and at least should be planted apart; 8 ft. vigorous growers, other is not be planted, with too much. fruit, from They may and jellies, Currant
is
November
largetrees, such ; but they should
among Plums or
inclusive, either in
to March
both
soil.
standard
as
quarter
a
themselves,
to
and half-standard close to the stems
Apples
or
and
of the latter, robbing each other of the food in the not put on to stocks, like Apples, are be
not
fruits will surfer by Currants
Propagation:
put
Pears, Cherries, and Plums, but same year's wood, taken about a
struck
are
from
cuttings of the firmly in
inserted
long, and
foot
shoots The cut back to are following year the young one-half. and later This ins. shortened makes a long, 3 year The of them by encouraging them to form side branches.
September. about bushes
be left to extend, and which come any sucker shoots may also be retained. Thereafter the roots may pruning will up from which has fruited; but a merely consist in thinning out old wood
growths
Currant
black
must
the
by
destructive
a
which
best
gets
cleared
of young that wood, because useful fruit is unfortunatelyharassed the form of a mite (Eriophyes ribis),
be
never
This
fruit.
bears
most
in enemy into the heart of the
kills the trees. Its presence may and rounded. swollen The best affected at
the
end
dew.
with
of March
freshlyslacked of
directly they
shoots
May.
feeds
buds, be
known
flowers
lime,
repeatingat the
middle
This
should
Boskoop
Giant
and
be done Baldwin's
substance,
by
buds
becoming
and dust
the
noticed, and
parts
2
the the
is to cut
remedy
are
on
while are
of
of the
two
out to
burn
and
any trees
sulphur and i part April and the beginning trees are damp with The good varieties.
the black, and is little,if any, less useful than it as and the bears old needs it less on wood, form, room, grows while yieldingquite as heavily. It is a most useful fruit,and will in most soils,unless they are either very poor, shallow, and grow stiff The bushes raised from cuttingsthe and wet. are or dry, very red
Currant
in closer
same
as
blacks, except
that
it is
from
to
customary
the base by removing the buds on the ground so and also for 3 or 4 ins. above be the same, The earlypruning should stem.
sucker half of the
prevent
the lower
should
differ in
as
to
but
allow the
of
later
growth
cutting clean
a
pruning
shorteningthe annually,preferablyin summer. to the
mite
which
healthy very varieties. White a
works
such
plant.
Red
Versailles
should be done wood, which young red The Currant is not subject havoc with the black, and is generally 'Dutch and Fay's Prolific are good useful is a Currant, and requires
the red varieties. treatment same as and Damson The Bullace Damson is one of (Prunus insititia). the hardiest and toughest of fruits,and on that account is often put the outside of plantations, in order to serve and on as a wind-break to protect more The fruit is useful for stewing,and valuable trees.
just the
"
K
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
146 FRUIT also
continued.
"
preserving;it
for
for
suitable
is
an
Fig (FicusCarica). "
little
be
not
grown.
old and
esteemed fruit,but Fig very two There of small are gardens. majority things againstit : its rampant habit and It is of complete hardiness. its want is
The
cultivated in the
it is not
need
made
culture
on
pruning very Bradley's King. The
Prune,
and
inferior Damson,
It is
Plums.
good
It needs
the Damson. apply in bearing. Varieties:
once
Bullace
as
to
Plum
under when
culture
the is less luscious than remarks The a standard.
a
sometimes
given
in
corner
snug walls, and a
the
with
a then, angle of two shaping to keep it within bounds, its existence; but if neglected it justifies is it apt to stragglebadly and become
little
rather
a
In
nuisance.
such
A
soil with
firm
The autumn
or
plenty
trees
each
wood which
may and
winter
in
stood
be
may
good. is desirable.
lime
planted
If increase
spring.
be effected
it may
of
root
case
a
pruning (seeFruit, p. 139) will do
in
is desired
by cuttingsof
mature
containinga couple of buds, be
in
inserted
plunged
in
sandy
mild
a
soil in
hotbed
or
house
times F\g"*are somements, establishlarge grown FIG. FRUITING OF OUTDOOR the varieties and best yield The first (lower)fruits swell and The second (see delicious fruit. They give two and even ripen. crop three in a year. Thus pruning crops the^ifnter\^fal\innspringU must be done or fruiting guardedly, If the pruning is restricted to thinning be cut away. wood may is mainly concentrated shoots on crowded bushes, and removing the does fruit has been not which from gathered, grower go far is about for It Brown the best variety outdoors. Turkey wrong. Where feature is is also good for pots, and so is Negro Largo. a for its earliness,and Grizzly of Figs,St. John's may be added made Bourjasotte for its fine flavour. Gooseberry (RibesGrossularia) The Gooseberry is an old cottage and hall garden fruit that is familiar on every countryside. It has immemorial Elms." been growing in British gardens as long as the the has bred and contempt, Gooseberry Unfortunately,familiarity a
warm
in
pots
in
"
.
"
bush but and
could have Such to itself. left very much been a course thick mass of interlacing shoots end in any fertile soil a small fruit difficult to gather. The Gooseberry is a reallyuseful has
one
"
of culture fruit, and it responds so readilyto a very simple course Like the Currants, well. as it is,it ought to be treated that, common its own it is generallygrown on roots, being struck, as they are,
cuttings in
from same
way.
shoots the
Like
late the
springing up
grower,
and
and summer, subsequently shortened red Currant it is best on a clean stem.
in
should
a
be
thicket avoided
from
by
the
roots
picking the
are
a
lower
in the
Spiny
nuisance buds
to
from
of Gardening Encyclopaedia cuttings.
the
It is
double
a
advantage
to
Gooseberry
the
keep
147
bushes
well open when they get to the fruiting stage,as largerberries and be gathered more produced, they can quickly. This can be
are
effected
the by restricting side shortening the young
in
The
summer.
back The
pruned winter. does
not
soil.
rule
for
splendid variety one
of the
of
best
a
or
8, and
a
it
Bob
"
thrives
"
7
the
clay, but Crown all
to
in
Gooseberry
care
branches
be
can
buds likes
As
of main
shoots
stumps
close to the
fertile,loamy
number
on
heavy ground if the drainage is good. The Gooseberry has many enemies, be
small
and
into
taken
and
and
they most al-
bushes
strip many entirely. This
the
to
winter,
in
buds
often
nuisance,
have
for
account,
the dormant
attack
birds
is
great
a
crop is reduced paired. imof the bush limesmall cultures the
as
health In
the spraying v".
(see
bushes
Fruit,
J
p.
T,
143) is good,
be twined may It is doubtful would
market,
pay but
or
small
mite,
thread
the
shoots.
large
but
demand
for
standard
the removal
GOOSEBERRIES.
of any
except
wood.
unripe
2.
for Side
3,6,7. Spurs 4, 5, 8. Young growths. The right-hand side is pruned, the left unpnmed. The latter should be P^ned to correspond with the former,
often
under grown the by process. Gooseberries and do a
benefit
attack
damage, part of
WINTER-PRUNING
Leading growth, unpnmed, shoots.
for
are
and
may it is
",
either
cultures
Gooseberries
lime-sprayed,
are
black
among whether
in
,,
T
'"
big Red
that
trees
spider, a
great deal
of
rarely very bad except in dry, dusty places. A suffer and the inner a a high-road may plantation near serious clean. More is the American be quite portions Gooseberry the young attacks mildew, which growing shoots, causing purplish In bad cases it spreads to the fruit,covering patches on the wood. of down and spoilingit. This enemy it with a mat should be looked should combated for in May and and be by cutting off and June, the affected shoots and the bushes with liver of spraying burning Another serious enemy is sulphur, \ oz. per gallon of water. the which attacks and the caterpillar, foliagein early summer, The when present in force does great damage. remedy for this is the bushes hellebore dusted as soon as over are powder caterpillars the fruit is the at but not when seen, picking stage. Well-pruned a considerable Gooseberry bushes will do 6 ft. apart. There is now cuttings,but
Gooseberries,
grafted species. They are suitable yield splendid fruit. grown when no
treated side
are
as
branches
against walls Industry, and
on
to
which
stocks
are
of Ribes
not
for
private gardens, and also give very cordons, that is, spur pruned to a main In such form allowed. a they can
fences. and Whitesmith.
Gooseberries
Varieties: If
sorts
Crown are
wanted
Bob, of
from
grown
aureum
allied
and
when
well
fine berries stem
and
be
grown Whinham's fine
flavour
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
148 FRUIT
continued.
"
Greengage, Early Sulphur, Rough Red, Red Champagne, Pitmaston be chosen. Rifleman, Langley Gem Bright Venus, and may varieties. three and Leveller are large Antagonist, Grape Vine (VitisVinifera). The Grape is one of the oldest fruits in British gardens. It was cultivated probably found in Egypt. In somewhat mediaeval times it was extensivelyin the open air, grown but cheap glasshas enabled to grow us superiorcrops economically "
VINES
PROPAGATING
bud
A
cut
eye
or
from
a
EYES.
BY
VINES
PROPAGATING
ripe tatcral.
piece of
Growth
EYES.
BY
starting.
given to cordon fruit trees, space is now climbers. The Grape Vine is an interesting to beautiful flowering or is well within of the first to last, and from fruit to grow scope The amateurs. : are Propagation plants grown and
in houses,
outside
wall
their
on
roots, like
own
the
of
majority
the
soft fruits,and may be struck either from buds while in dormant winter. A bud or cuttings "
termed (technically of side
growth
several
are
in
with
placed
loam
with
a
third
ins.
in the
would do growers fruit dealers, who
well
and
and
and
the
this
better
of
liberal
a
file of
leave
to
raise
can
may
hotbed,
rank
soil
consist
kept moist,
mild
a
piece
it, and
on
prepared
mould
If it is
short
a
bud
in
apart compost
of leaf
But
start.
one 2
sprinklingof sand. plunged pots are soon
eye
The
large pot.
a
is
") plump
an
the
eyes
Grape
work
to
plants than
Vineries : Grapes can be grown in well wide lean-to is a any light house, but than convenient Amateurs more a span roof. often nice from small when houses get crops amateurs.
VINES PROPAGATING CUTTINGS. BY of old wood. Basal buds (tobe
Heel
i.
2.
3. Stem be moved). re-
removed). buds (to
4.
buds
to
be 5.
Top tained re-
Depth
to insert.
if
only
under
a
the
of
they kinds
resist the of
other
4 ft. apart at the front clear run a up the roof The vinery should be
with
roof
and
be heated return
18 ins. from
3 ft. of old
It
ventilators. unless
it is advisable
flow
temptation of crowding plants. By planting the
the
glass. with
as
house
far
as
light and
is not
have
are
:
An
should inside
broken
vines have
back
wall.
well
provided that
pipes be
in
it,
strained
border,
bones
it but
wanted,
hot-water
Wires
Soil
some
the
all
they
necessary
earlyGrapes to
4-in.circuit.
turves,
of the
in
and
sisting con-
lime
of Gardening Encyclopaedia rubbish
mixed
in, will grow be drained, otherwise soil,and the bunches
should
of "he berries will shrivel up
colour,
never
the
before
get into
"
shank
site is
If the
will
roots "
will
logged water-
sour,
is, the footstalks
that
"
it
damp
Grapes are ripe,and they will ing Planting : A good plant-
the
flavour.
develop
or
well.
Grapes
149
proper will prove in autumn to winter or nursery be from 6 to 10 ft. long,but the whole length should not be retained. After the Vine has been planted the cane should be shortened, and will depend on the extent the height of the glassfront; if the Vine Vine
is cut
back
to
directlythe should
be
round
covered
the
the cut
lightly,and Pruning and training:
top of the house, and way, it makes.
to
Vine
be to
may
regarded retain
all
be the contrary, the rod should in winter with the objectof thickening
On
of its
third
the
first year
The
its progress may not be advisable
while
it would
one
which
growth back
starting shoot will have full light growth it will be right. The roots the soil trodden firmly but gently
the
into
breaks
satisfactoryin
as
a
point where
a
bud
them.
reach
from
bought
length part. The growth that goes to the top the second will be much has not year stronger than the first,but if the cane thickened one-half. well it had better be shortened Anyagain by side shoots that push must be pruned close in to basal buds, which the
lower
it is the which
a
of
habit
the A
:
is
few
main
chosen
from
should
the
best
shoots
foot
as
unlimited
Moisture
not
like well with
gone bunch.
a
be
These each
that
in
the
When
rod.
of fruit the
the
When
ventilation very
Air
:
first.
and
The
near
water
Grape
are
Vine
if the
until the
crop
vine,
the
side of the
rod
to the
lateral has
should
end
a
thus
ing Fruit-
each
laterals should
push on brought carefullydown
be cut back lateral may this time to the basal bud
"
the
the
be
the
wires
and
made
two
pinched off,
fruit has rod
been
further
in autumn.
"
tions considera-
important loves
be
about
fresh, pure,
but
well-managed vinery is a pleasant place to enter, it is light, buoyant; gardeners well call sparkling. The condition is secured by providingplenty
dry air.
because
Deliberation
anything
from
rod, and
to half its length, and
and
from
be
is undesirable.
extension
gathered each pruned back
not
bear
to
apart, and should tied at right angles with leaves beyond the bunch
a
push.
if all has
season,
allowed
be
shoots
main
the
near
in future years. will be rewarded of fruit may the second be taken year
there
in which
year, lateral may
to form
rod
bunches
strong, but
third
Vines
year's lateral
next
developing the rod
Grape
the
fresh, and
A
"
"
air is what
of ventilation, keeping the soil moist, and syringingregularlyfrom the the Let not time be caught napping growth starts. grower house If the sun breaks which is with his ventilation. out on a
quite closed while he is still abed there may be scorching of leaf and scalding of berry. These troubles are the most likelyto happen portant imbecomes after a damp Artificial heat spell. Temperatures : in proportion to the amount of forcing which is to be done. be provided to If Grapes are in April,enough piping must wanted maintain a by artificial temperature of 50" to 60" in November means,
and
understood, r
through
the
65"
to
75" when
without winter.
sun
If
the heat.
Grapes
Vines It are
come
means,
not
into bloom; of course, wanted
this, be
it
forcing all July or
before
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
150 FRUIT,
GRAPES
August, things before
the
forcingin
continued.
"
It should
spring.
the
the
If the
pollen.
it difficult to
fertilisation
necessary of berries The
weather
is wet
task.
to
they
Without
large and
a
popular to
BUNCH
GRAPES
OF
the
black be
spread of period,rendering
favour
at that
Grapes, kept fairly
the
buoyant air,it will be well When
the
Vines
go
to assist rest
to
in
frost is
minimum;
as long as severe Thinning : A tedious but bunches become shapelessmasses not at all. some ripen irregularly, permission to watch a neighbour-
it the
call and
ask
? A
help
will be safe.
small, which
beginner should
will
air should
dull
and
pleasantflow of
house
the The
in order
bloom,
started
be
not
heat
than
or
Alicante.
in
are
fire heat
of the
out
Sweetwater,
get by shaking the rods. a
reduce
autumn
kept
Vines
need
the delicious white Grape the Foster's hardier
that
heat
more
Black
house
increasingsun
be noted
needs
Seedling and Buckland Black Hamburgh and dry while
and
February,
of Alexandria
Muscat
the
simplified,as
are
of
end
4
RENOVATING
THINNED.
3. Notches
made
4. Fibrous
roots
"*
4 VINES.
in the
strong roots.
pushing.
ing professional. Troubles : The real troubles begin when ing, shankscalding,scorching, mealy bug, and red spider attack the Vines. If shanking is persistentin young Vines over-croppingmay be suspected, and the tackled difficulty by taking fewer large bunches and giving liquidmanure while the crop is developing; if in old vines the roots should be examined. Deep-strikingones may be
severed, and for
remedy is to
others
raised
scalding and
into
fresh
scorching
serious
pest, as when it once dislodge,and may spread to
a
soil
the
near
is proper
surface.
ventilation.
gets well established
The
bug Mealyit is difficult
the bunches. An infested house in winter, the woodwork cleaned being well scrubbed with a solution containingparaffinoil,and the Vines freed of loose bark and scrubbed with an insecticide. Vigorous syringing
should
be
thoroughly
will
under. Red help to keep the enemy spider will not gain a footing if the house is kept moist. Syringing is the best remedy. and be kept out of the must destructive, Wasps sometimes prove house the ventilators with muslin and by covering keeping the door
shut.
indoor are
Varieties
culture
:
Black
The
-two
most
useful
all-round
and Foster's Hamburgh vigorous, relativelyhardy, productive, and are
varieties
for
Seedling. They of
good
flavour.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia of Alexandria
Muscat Gros is the and
is
Maroc
a
is
Other
late
For
of fair flavour. well-known
sorts
I
Alicante
use
Alnwick
are
5
heat.
superiorin flavour, but requiresmore
large Grape
useful.
most
I
Seedling
is very large,but the If Grapes are to colour. is not remarkable, while it is bad Miller's and Citronelle Ascot for outdoor Burgundy culture, Downe's
Lady
flavour wanted
Colman
Gros
Seedling.
kept fresh and cut with for a long time if the bunches a sweet are piece of lateral be cool, dry, The store should and this is fixed in a bottle of water. It is and hardly feasible to airy. Grapes in mixed greenhouses: good Grapes in a general greenhouse unless the plants are grow be
may
restricted
keep Grapes : Grapes
To
chosen.
which
to kinds
in summer. shade it starts the Vines
endure
winter which
spend
the
not If
too
is
much
want
is
house
a
early.
outdoors
summer
The
do
and
be
can
heat
kept
and
in winter
warm
for
It is best to work little heat need
can
plants in on plants in winter.
instance.
notable
a Chrysanthemum tercross Loganberry. A hybrid fruit, raised in America, perhaps by inIn the Great Britain and a a Raspberry. Blackberry Loganberry has been crossed with the Raspberry in the hope of vigour and cropping power as the gettinga sub-hybrid of the same Poor with better flavour. but quality is,indeed, the Loganberry, It is tremendous of defect the a Loganberry. cially espegrower, great in moist clay land or rich loam, making shoots 10 ft. long or fruit is much The and more, nearly an inch thick, in a season. that Blackberries than of either or Raspberries,and is borne larger It in be stewed, preserved as jam, or canned profusely. may that is the is for last it It now being largely planted. purpose syrup. trained The shoots are horizontallyor diagonally to horizontal of which there are wires, generally4 lengths,each a foot above the other, strained on stout posts. The plants should be 12 ft. apart, be rooted from be 7 ft. apart. Plants and the rows tips may may the will well of and bear in the down towards end summer, pegged "
third
year.
Three
tons
to
the
is
acre
satisfactory crop.
a
is suitable
the
planting against deeply dug and manured inclusive. The clumps should old wood, but should be kept
private gardens Loganberry arches or pillars. It may be planted March November soil between and with not to get crowded be allowed thin by pruning out in early autumn
In
for
in
shoots
which
have
fruited.
(MespilusGermanica). An unimportant fruit, and one only be given space in largegardens. The twisted growth is peculiarand the flowers are not without beauty, so that it may be in in well-drained shrubberies. It will extensive succeed planted loamy soil. Fruit dealers bud their Medlars on to Quince or other stocks. quired. Beyond a little early shaping not much pruning is refruit should be gathered at the end The of summer, and Medlar
that
stored "
"
need
until
bletted
"
begins to decay. It stage and ready for use. it
is then
in what
is known
as
the
delicious fruit, (Cucumis Melo). A large, juicy, and small practicallyevery largegarden and in a good many grown It is not a difficult plant to grow, ones. given heat and glass. The in small frames. French Melons Melons gardeners grow Canteloupe in in and in frames. are span-roofhouses, pits, They thrive grown Melon
"
in
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
152
FRUIT, MELONS
soil made
of
mounds
in
out
planted
when
continued.
"
slates
on
stage of
a
warm
house, the
same
but
the
on
span-roof bers; Cucum-
as
need
they
more
than less moisture -p soil the and Cucumbers, air
and
firmer, closer,and
be
should
lumpy. The be light,as
less must
this account
on
be avoided. There is
SYSTEM
A.
.
from
should
seed, which
singly in
.
.
.
.
.
_"
when
Approximately 4 months the time be but may
be
allowed
plants
small
be
pots
of loam, leaf sand, in winter
compost
a
of the side shoots. Main B. One stem. C. mould, and , D. Male bloom. bloom. Female E. Unopened a-m-i-mr or sPrmg" F. Point of pinching. male flowers. .
difficultyin of
in
MELONS.
OF
Propagation : no
getting a supply sown FRUITING
without
will be poor; must shade
flavour
the
sun
structure
the
from
,
o/^r^/^tirr according
required.
is
crop
cutting, spring crops and shorter with be If the pots can ones. summer heat, or plunged in bottom in stood a warm house, germination will be speedy, and the plants be for When ready putting out within the month. they have may in the small be rooted shifted to freely pots they may 5 -in.,and grown
in
shoot
must
until
them
be
not
depend
condition
good a
foot
If leaves. it is well to
they
about
are
it
nip
made
has
a
encourage
it to
the
hotbed.
over
should
plants may go but they are for planting when
high are
and
off the of
push
side
minimum
The
maintained.
of loam, with a and mould some
frame
the
turned
be
shoot
may
where
it a
foot
kinds
the
base,
of the
of
allowed
to
go
the
glass,
other
will
without.
the
up
below blossom
leading MELON
The
to
Side
The
roof,
PLANT
STOPPED
" *^RAGE
LATERAL
strained
wires
show,
be
when ings dress-
Top
pot.
secured
up leaf
or
ball
a
be
can
made
the
be
The
should
there
its
so
in which
afterwards.
given be
can
two
out
they rough
:
manure
nicely cover
out.
training
60" be
may and
pinched
rally gene-
culture
pit
decayed
sand,
soil to
just enough the plant is can
mounds
leading
culture
for
shoots or
The
plant when
a
little
them. should be
rough leaves, and
House be
for
tip of
pair
to
must
several
have
grown
for
ready
side shoots
but
light,airy one night temperature of
structure
about
the
is
house
stopped,
sowing
with
circumstances,
on
in
longer
the
length to which
The
may
one
shoots
with
will an
latter is the
form,
on
which
incipientfruit
at
and pollen-bearer,
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
153
be picked and loose the flower should the pollen is ripe and thus the the of into centre fruit-bearer,which, pressed impregnated, will begin to swell. each Half a dozen fruits may be fertilised on
when
of 2 or 3 days. The shoots at intervals it may be done fruits leaves the bunch. be 2 beyond stopped bearing may the air should with not be saturated While be kept fresh, it should culture : To grow Frame Melons moisture like a Cucumber house.
plant, and
the
successfullyin made
up
hotbed
a
the
turning
in the
The
centre.
of
2
well
be
stopping previouslyadvised, bed in different directions, so as Side
shoots
and
crowd
leaves
top dress watering, attack
the
water
there.
part.
may the frame.
is desirable. with
of
stems
lodges round Sulphur and
to
well
collar.
the
lime
Keep
be mixed
may
Green-flesh
of soil of the
over
crowding. large numbers
in
thick
a
rubbed
is very
of
of soil
attention Canker
soil close
the
pack,
mound
houses, pits,or
and
to
it without
cover
in
plants, whether
be
result
a
trained
be
can
as
through Give regular dust dry. get
soil to
the
mound
a
shoots
the
show
compost.
warm
Imperial
:
side
these
and
roots
allowing
never
Varieties
A When
fresh
trodden, and
bodily if they push close covering,but not
removed
be
3
or
plants will push
the
leaves should and times at intervals
manure
manure
it; the heap should
sweeten
put
frame,
a
after
to
may if
frames,
and
concave
the affected
over
fine; it is
large,
a
fruit. Hero of Lockinge (whiteflesh) is smaller, solid,well-flavoured in remark but to and the Read's same flavour, applies splendid Hero sort. of Superlative is a large red-flesh Orange. Lockinge is good for a frame, and so is Blenheim Mulberry (Morus nigra). An interestingold tree, the acid fruit of which is found agreeableby many people. As is well known, the for leaves used the are feeding silkworms, and for this purpose speciesalba is liked. The Mulberry will thrive in any deep, fertile for dry, shallow soil,but does not care ground. It may be planted in autumn, and wood, propagated by layers,or cuttingsof young It is rarely that the Mulberry is cultivated is desired. if increase as a a tree, and the fruit is fruit; it is generally planted to form if side issue. But cultivated for the fruit, it considered a pleasant Scarlet-flesh.
"
should
be
restricted
to
limited
a
Pears. Apples pruned. Nut (CorylusAvellana). The
cultivated
"
to the
wild
forms,
soil is suitable.
below,
do
and
of
number
branches
and
spur
and
See
and
are
They not
well
like
a
worth
nuts in
growing
rich, friable
much
are
superior where
gardens with
loam,
for poor The dry ground. of this class Lambert's varietyis care
the
limestone
Filbert
is the
of the best. one popular,and differ slightlyfrom soil and ment. treatFilberts, but like the same the little best Nuts to a results, as they study require get One, the nut-bearer, is a small produce two distinct forms of flower. with a swellingat the base; the other, the male, is a pink blossom and bears the catkin," pollen,which is ripe and loose long yellow most
Cobs
"
late
in winter.
and
pruning
where
the bushes are convenient time
any sacrifice
a
The should
flowers
female not
be
done
until the
thick, in which in winter.
little fruit blossom
borne
are
case
The at
this
on
short
side shoots,
pollen has spread, except they
grower
should
need
thinning;
be
not
bushes
thinned
be
afraid are
never
at to
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
"54 FRUIT
continued.
"
The
productive for being crowded. pinch back a young plant to induce more
dozen
a
and
growth more
are
by
suckers
drawn
and
about
to leave
ft.
2
pegged
long
the
to
push according to
a are
main
as
from
placed round main
the
and
root
basal
are
case
when
and
the
of
the
lower
be
head
the
set
the a
12
ft.
removed,
first set of side branches In
is removed. and
The
the
the
with
spray
water
bushes
If
winter.
the
arsenate
boards
the weevils
shake
northern look
very
the
purpose suitableK fact
does
and conservatories. suits it. The habit
pruning
is
needed,
but
the
or
tubs For
It is thus
should
pots
is
Orange
require much frost
from
very
heat, in in
winter
for cool houses greenand leaf mould,
suitable
compost of loam, naturally compact, so leaves
in
for
full of fruit.
Otaheite not
is
in the
plants when
A
is
Orange
purposes it is often grown
protection
mere
will suffice. sand
small
as
effective
this
per beneath
off.
The
"
are
oz.
for commercial
countries, but
ornament,
4-
paste,
put tarred
; or
and
cultivated
not
attached.
be
must
weevils
any
Orange (CitrusAurantium).
in the stem
should
trees
weevil
nut
a
sheltered
nut.
gallon of
is made
forming a
purposes
in check.
seen,
cut
in
as
leaving, however,
suckers, the
apart.
throughout
A
shoots
in May, and pierces It appears into full-fed it turns When young and lies buried in the chrysalis ground
kept
AN
are
being
layers,young
buds
plantationfor commercial be chosen, place should
GRAFT
buds
horizontally and the lower part rooting if they are partially planted, When rooted through. they are trans-
sufficient to form
TO
or
It facilitates
the
ORANGE.
shoots,
lower
the of
case
few
down
drawn
ground. cut
How
central
propagated mainly
are
planted, In the
clear stem.
centre,
No
branches, and
Nuts
space.
the
branches.
former, which
The
the
from
away
removed
shoots
layers.
well
are
extend
to let these
then
Side up. retained
is taken
that
secured
been
have
system of trainingis to push side shoots until about
it to
that
very
little
be
sponged occasionally seedlingOranges are raised from into good fruiting pips they may be made plants by inarching branches of When the Otaheite fruiting repotting is Orange. it should be done in spring. necessary Peach and Nectarine differ from (Prunus Persica). Peaches Nectarines skin; for only in having a downy instead of a smooth be considered cultural purposes the two fruits may as one. They the most are juicy and luscious of all the larger fruits, with the possibleexception of the Pear. They are not, however, so hardy to
keep
the
plant clean
and
healthy.
If
"
as
their relatives
and
they
partly are
the
because
almost
Plum
and
they
lend
the
Cherry.
themselves
exclusivelygrown
Partly so
well
.againstwalls,
from
this cause,
to
flat
but
in
training, the
corn-
of Gardening Encyclopaedia orchard
parativelyfew places where they
often
are
included In the
bushes.
open grown
outside,
in
form
the
but
they is
of what
are
failures
are
It may
grown
in satisfactorily
successful
the
blister attacks
is
if the
good
a
them
preventive,if
ventilators
are
causes
shoots
This
be kept under pest must be destroyed by syringingwith with
or
almost
seedsmen.
of the
any mistake
A
indoor) Peaches restriction
of the
the
made
as
wood a
upper rich and a
tree
part of
enough
the
for
often
more
barrow-load
ashes a
in
the
and
two-
third
or
lime
other,
so
as
to
them.
be
spring
the
deaux) (seeBor-
the leaves
as
fold, un-
possibleby providing
black
trees
solution
a
fly,which
runs
3 years fruit only
offered
by florists and (and sometimes soil,and provide no
outdoor
are
and
The
This
The
tree, and
should
admit
be
materials.
to grow out front of the
the be
be
is
smaller
enough
for each
nearly on
the
generally
the
branches
prune then
fastened
Wood
tree.
It is wise
lower
growths
of young should
thick
as
wall
wood kitchen-garden soil is
followingyear
wood.
of the
the
on
shorten
insures
is
ft., and
5
or
base
result is that
are
likelyto
suitable
4 the
The
naturallyvigorous growers, accelerating. In any case, half
they
as
establishes
out the life-giving sap. will be spoiled. It can of paraffinoil and water,
with
made
Ordinary
is
manure
There
allowed
from
killed
sucks
the
curbing than
length.
of the
between
or
Peaches,
the branches. with well furnished skeleton
and
or
summer 2
bears wall.
rubble
of
must
in
three-year-oldtree
of their
if
proprietarywashes
often
the
need
of
soon
as
in rich, loose is to plant them luxuriant growth that follows.
walking-cane;
bare, and
on
attack
the
crippledby
the young
on
to
called
Peaches
sometimes
are
itself in force
an
exposed
Mixture
Bordeaux
sprayed
avoid
to
possiblethe kitchen-gardenwalls.
Peaches
If
should be grown the inner on Blister may indoor Peaches on appear left open when cold wind is blowing from a a it to cut through them to the trees. door Outon
Where
quarter
is
Peach
and
deformans.
it is desirable
which
spicuously con-
England. early stages of
in the form of largeswellings appears of a to shrivel and fall,is the work
blister,which
the leaves, and causes fungus called Exoascus
on
but
are
of
fungi. The foliageis delicate.
its
be
cannot
south
in the
It must
:
the
the
The
insects
it
rule
the
culture
gardeners the
not as
terrible disease a sap is checked, and which are trees, seriouslyretarded, or even
spring winds
outright.
from
bloomer, and
and
early grower
face of
air.
open
greater
that
Nectarines
and Some
with
freedom
training,and
shelter.
more
Peaches
the
air; be and more
Outdoor
in them, especially matters are care shelter, important
most
cold
that
however,
with
is, a
that
"
gardeners does
school of in the open
and it becomes fruit under cover.
assumed,
"
case
that
be
common,
this delicious
most
a
as
as
grown
generally places,if only were
"
technically known
practised
and
Nectarines
and
is
trees
pot
given glassin
now
structure.
to grow be not
The
of
collection
prevalence of glasshouses the modern fullylearn the art of Peach culture may,
cultivation
-house
days Peaches
old
corridor-like
narrow
in the
155
to start
with
back
one-
to half the
to
length
part of the wall
being
will form the secured in quite clear of each
fruitingside shoots being laid in crossingof shoots, and no shoot
no
from
the
branches
face
of
should
the
'wall; all that
be
cut
clean
out.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
56
i
PEACHES
FRUIT,
be
done
plan
to
Planting
may excellent
an
below
the
the
scrim) to hang
about
coping
It is
wide
foot
a
just protection, or (tiffany
a
allowed be fixed to it and netting, may under Peaches trees on frosty nights.
,
of the
in front
down
inclusive.
March
to
It serves the trees. as in bloom, lightcanvas are
trees
fish
tanned
even
or
wooden
a
wall above
of the
top
November
from fix
spring,when
in
and
continued.
"
glass Training: Peaches and Nectarines wire walls under on glass,and sometimes With
house.
wide
sometimes
are
"
frames
on
grown under
fixed
the
house
against a high, strong trainingmay adopted. In each case a flat, Little heat is required,unless earlyfruit is fan-shaped tree is used. For the wanted, and a flow and return 4-in. pipe will suffice. the that at will the lowest the be trees is, front, roof, planted near roof
of
wall
both
lean-to
a
the house; below, where
foot
In the
to.
the
will be strained
back
wall
The
the
for the
rise of the
shoots
roof tied
be
to
be planted will, of course, to wires fastened to it,or secured system will be adopted. Early
the
attached
shoots
nails.
and
shreds
will follow
branches
the
wires
of the
case
againstit,and by
be
and
part, of a
a
of
methods
fan
trees
trees, if they are pruning will be desirable, as in the case of outdoor older to It is easy trees, already in an bought quite young.' get and advanced ready to give fruit the first year, but stage of training, the
will
cost
good the
be
by
trees
older
branches
in hand
turf
is available
soil be poor, ashes In
get the
at
no
for
spread
it in
on
and
covered,
which
need of
it
used,
bones
should
the
tree
well
be
chosen
than
of the
some
set
as
are
front
the
away
well
for
in
placed
tying
in
loam. turf
position,the roots Planting may Pruning of the
main
tree
should
will
more
push them,
among of the
branches
has
fill in
to
shoots
made
When
:
proceed
healthy be
the
between
of wood the
decayed
retainingsuch
first,and
shoots
is
should
natural
them.
round
tree
purpose. selection and a
needed,
are
cutting
If the
decayed
the
with
the buds begin to swell. up to the time of wood the necessary the framework to form amount been secured by early shortening, the grower may The with best placed of the summer fruitingwood.
for this
simple if
If
bushel
done
be
is
will contain
tree
a
mixed
be
be loosened,
soil trodden
should
half
when
base
work
for each
But
may
the
the
planting :
even
loam
good
requires.
of broken
top
base, yet Soil and
be
lumpy state,
a
the
the
time.
people spoil
some
from
wood
new
up
near
proper
subsoil
planting,the
bare
barrow-load
a
quart
a
train
manure
nutriment and
high. Unfortunately,
neglecting to
taken
all the
rather
others
without
be neatly laid in when the leaf shoots may young fruit the following year. will bear falls, and They will also push be gradually pinched out but these must side shoots of their own,
These
crowding.
while
small,
top.
The
will
trees.
may
exception of be
allowed
fruitingshoot
a
stopped
at
suffer
soon
atmosphere. the
the
former
provide
be may Peaches
with
If the If
the
the from
air soil
for second
one
to the
at
the
extend
base
and
unchecked,
following year;
leaf.
one
Watering
but and
the
near
because the
it
latter
syringing:
dryness, either at the root or in the attack gets very parched, red spider may the is kept moist growing throughout
of Gardening Encyclopaedia and
season,
is
house
the
weather, there sunny Low : temperatures Temperatures 45" (night)to 55" (day) will do at
syringed daily during
will be
no
should
be the rule to start with; the fruit has stoned and
trouble
this
on
score.
will aid
given. it gains power sun
the
as
forcing is
ventilation
carried
be
to
thus
crop: the end
towards
more
must
6 months
on,
gathering the
to
made
and
more
of
have
to
swelling,another 10" may be and the springadvances, as If earlyspring be increased. from starting must be allowed be fruit in June a start must Peaches are Propagation :
is
first; when
The
157
December.
clusively Julien stock, but the work is almost exin nurseries. carried on Seedling stocks raised from in summer stones be budded can or grafted in spring like other be made fruits (seeApples). Varieties : Selections according may The as following early,midseason, and late varieties are wanted. Nectarine Peach : and in their indicates a classes are a good (N) ; (P)
largelybudded
St.
the
on
"
Dymond (P) Napier (N)
Early. Cardinal
Lord
(N)
Rivers
Early Kale's
(N)
Late.
Early (P) Barrington (P)
Early
Midseason.
Walburton
Grosse
Sea
Mignonne (P)
Admirable
(P)
Eagle (P)
The
Hale's culture: Early, following are suitable for outdoor Dymond, Sea Eagle, and Salwey. Pear (Pyrus communis). A delicious fruit,well suited according to variety either for dessert for bottling. or stewing,and admirable Pears are not largelygrown orchard as districts they thrive. trees, but in some They are excellent as neat pyramids "
side
the
at
collection
grow Pears
a
small
number
benefit
the
making Soil
a
and
under
Apple
They
are
can
Stocks
garden
Pears
nrrvna
era
because
is
many
another
the and
not
a
strong
stock
Quince,
advised fraHp
varieties
have
for but
to leave f"vr"f"r+"; experts,
to
A4
that
only worth
FOR
PEAR"
BUDDING
LAYER.
be
on is,budded is itself budded
varietywhich Quince. Bergamotte Esperen, Oliver
QUINCE STOCK i.
double-worked,"
on
the
thp
fn
made to Pears.
apply
best on The best
will be well firm
of varieties.
remarks
Fruit
:
of
got easily by
choice
their
at
dessert
succession
a
The
:
and
loam. amateurs
of be
suitable
site
choice
dons cor-
often
preference to a pyramids, in order
of
fruit, which
lovers
in
cordons
as
get
of
be
may and
fans
Fruit
walls.
on
"
walls, and
successfullyas
grown
to
of
Roots. 2. Stem. 3. Side shoots. 4. Leader.
Beurre
d'Amanlis,
de Serres are Pears of double value, because growing for their fruit,but are also valuable
ence, Confer-
they as
af e
foster-
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
158 FRUIT
continued.
"
for
mothers
more
delicate
Pears
do
when
but directly,
stock
so
that do not
take
kindly to the Quince venes. foregoingvarieties inter-
of the
one
Marie Benoist, Marie Louise, Passe Knight's Monarch, du Congres may be indicated Crasanne, Thompson's, and Souvenir delicious Pears that only develop their best qualitywhen doubleas The and worked. remarks made under : pruning Planting Apple diseases : The under Fruit and remarks apply. Insects and word be said to but which often a as scale, Apple apply, may in large quantities. The lime spray fastens on the bark to tends be used in winter: reduce it, or the followingspecialspray may Varieties : I gallon paraffinoil, 5 Ib. soft soap, 25 gallonswater. number of varieties,from which There is an enormous the following be selected-: (i)Jargonelle, (2)Williams's Bon Chretien, (3)Dr. may de du Congres, (6) Fondante Jules Guyot, (4) Hessle, (5) Souvenir Emile Thirriott, (7) Beurre Conference, Hardy, (8) d'Heyst, (9) of Jersey, (n) Magnate, (12)Marguerite Marillat, (10)Louise Bonne d'Automne, (14) Beurre Clairgeau, (15) Knight's {13) Fondante Monarch, (16)Beurre Diel, (17)Beurre Ranee, (18)Beurre d'Amanlis, Duchess, (19)Doyenne du Cornice, (20)Marie Louise, (21)Pitmaston (22)Thompson's, (23)Passe Crasanne, (24)Beurre Superfin,(25)BerNelis, gamotte Esperen, (26) Josephine de Malines, (27) Winter Easter Beurre. The list with earlies Glou Mor9eau, (29) (28) begins and
with
ends
would
Nos.
lates.
make a should flavour
good
fruits which
the
are
"
form
The
"
"
stones
Plum
are
on
The
for market.
grown of
lime
shallow
in
limestone
class of fruit tree. limestone underneath It must
is suitable.
and
Plum
of
on
a
low
to
on
used
for
point of 26.
important
most
pips, and
strong
a
28
in
of
loam.
of
tricts, dis-
some
A
acres
certain
soil benefits it, but it is not at its best soil,which is reallynot fertile enough for any Three four feet depth of good loam, with or
it, will grow be remembered
site.
The
Plums
to
in
that
remarks
planting, and worked
a
the
Apricots,Cherries, Peaches, earlier than Apples and Pears, and
flowers frost from
make
Maidstone, hundreds
loves
fruits,
stone
are
is the
instead
notably Pershore, Evesham, amount
who
7, 12, 13, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, and Catillac and Uvedale's St. Germains.
(Prunus communis).
Plum
19, 20, 24, 27, and
Nos.
procure fine stewing Pears
Two
3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, Those of twelve.
2,
selection
perfectionif with
common
and
Nectarines,
the
is liable to suffer under
Fruit
Plums.
as
the
site
the other
to
Plum
severely ing, manur-
staking apply They generally Brompton and Mussel stocks, although several others particularvarieties by the trade experts. They are to
are
standards, half-standards, bushes, and fans, more rarely grown and cordons .as espaliers.Pruning : After the early pruning to to under referred form heads do not Fruit, Plums Apple and as
pruning
require much because
the
smaller, as other hand,
quantityof a
rule, than
as
half-standards, and
standards,
summer
in the
shoots case
of
which
they produce Apples and Pears; and stubby shoots
quantity of fruit spurs greater. naturally develop fruit buds is much growth, summer pruning good deal of summer the
Where will
bushes, is much on
there be
the
which is
a
beneficial.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Enemies
:
The
Plum
addicted
is not
to
159
canker, scab, spot, American
like the Apple, but it is grub, silver pillars Caterleaf," and gum. aphides, by caterpillars, best checked and if that are by grease-banding in autumn, not suffice by spraying in spring (seeApple). Lime-spraying check aphides. Silver leaf is a comparatively new but insidious which gets quite into the system of the tree dangerous enemy, the leaves to assume If the causes a grey, shiny appearance.
blight,codlin
and
weevil
blossom
"
attacked does will and
and disease check
endeavour an puts in an appearance, it by promptly cutting out the affected
should
be
made
to
part and burning it, No other stone destroyinga whole tree in case of emergency. be planted on the same fruit should The following Varieties : spot. are culture, in order of good cooking Plums, suitable for market ripening: (i) Rivers' Prolific, (2) Morocco, (3) Czar, (4) Heron, Belle (5)Victoria, (6)Pond's Seedling,(7)Monarch, (8)President. de Louvain, White and Pershore also good Bonum, are Magnum Plums. The followingare garden varieties of good flavour : Greengage, Late Transparent, Bryanston Gage, Early Transparent, Jefferson'sGage, and Coe's Golden Drop. fruit, colouring Quince (Pyrus Cydonia). A highly aromatic when useful and for The tree is of rather ripe, brightyellow jelly. but the root is shallow and fibrous, thus straggly habit, system rendering it valuable as a stock (seePears). The Quince will thrive in well-drained loamy soil. It is propagated by cuttings and latter. layers, principally the even
"
There
several
are
varieties,and
ornamental
Japonica, the is Japanese Quince, much planted
as
a
of
for
shrub
the
one,
walls
profusion
brilliant
flowers itself
clothes
account
on
of
large
in
and
which
with
it The
sp~mg.
varietyMaulei is also fine. Raspberry (Rubus Idaeus). The esteemed Raspberry is an fruit, alike for cooking and preserving, it and can fortunately be i n all but successfully grown "
the like Its
It does not poorest soils. dry, hot ground, however. is to spread at the root nature
by underground surface, and
suckers throw
to
near
up
the
long,
TRAINING
RASPBERRIES
ON
WIRE.
shoots
slender
bearing leaves; produce small fruitingclusters
the desirable
following year except where late year, but that is not fruit is wanted. to get heavy crops It will be gathered that the way annual to of Raspberriesis to manage them succession so as secure an is no difficulty If young of good fruiting There about this. canes. these
shoots
sometimes
suckers
the
are
same
from
taken
horizontal
wire
the
old stools in autumn, foot apart in a a
soil,either
tilled,well-manured a
yard high, or
in
clusters
of
"
planted in deeply to be
row
3
or
tied to 5 to form
a a
i
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
60 FRUIT
continued.
"
and
clump
6 ins. of the
within
to
supported by a strong stake, and are then cut back established. ground, they will quickly become be pruned away after bearing,and the one year may
be
fruiters of
The
the
giveplaceto
The
year.
ing which will be the fruiters of the followshallow. should be Top dressingsof digging weevil fruitfulness. A sometimes vigour and shoots
young annual
will sustain
manure
should
Raspberries,and night while feeding.
attacks at
are
Red
October
Hornet,
"
unique
it
as
on
to tarred
good
varieties:
autumn
fruit
delicious
Strawberry (Fragaria). This
position,inasmuch
off
shaken
be
following (the last for
The
be fruited formation
can
lative, Superbearing). occupies an almost
within of
plant, and be brought cropping scheme
the
kitchen
a
Taking smallest
culture
coarse
bed
might place of vegetables which
very
the
allowed
to
than
space in little deserve
Those
OF
^"o
marked
FORCED
be
the
a
more
BLOOMS
in
and
gardens;
take
often
THE
it is
Strawberries
well
THINNING
if desired.
garden
little room,
up for
suitable of
of the
year
a
the
therefore
may within of
boards
are
far occupy their merits
places.
will grow
Strawberries
the
Soil
:
in most
soils,heavy or light.They like a friable,fertile loarn, but they
picked off.
give good results on well-worked clay,and also on light,sandy it is well manured. Fair be got from thin, provided crops can soil Manure Two barrow-loads : by manuring liberally. chalky per of decayed yard manure, rod or 30 cartloads supplemented per acre will give heavy be of artificial, by 6 Ib. or 8 cwt. as the case may will
soil
The
crops.
artificial may
(or the
consist
quantity
same
nitrolim, provided it is turned bed
of young be done from
externally Planting : May if young pot plants are on
to
1
8 ins.
able
be
safe to lift plant. The
to
the
be may in the rows.
rows
quickly cleared spring. Propagation other
:
parts kainit, 2
slag on
September strike
orders
to
be
fill a
they will have
rooted But
planted.
will kill the
put
in
inclusive
periods when Early autumn
"
plants. in
fact, if
during summer in
Strawberries
small
it would
at
is
pots in not
be
time
to a good apart, and the plants set Spring Onions, early Lettuces, or some be put between the rows the first may
open. made
crop Those
30
ins.
wish
who
number
and
phate superphossoil),and i of not be spread
must
May
to
raise
of 3 -in. pots firmly with which the first form the set on plantlets July, in them with stone and a or position keep peg. should
of
limeless
well in, but kainit Strawberries, or it
they could
execute
plants from
apart
used
fruit dealers
Most
desired. order
a
of 3
of basic
freely,and plantsshould
may not
their
own
light,loamy
plants soil in
the soil, on 6 weeks about from the runner
runners
In
be cut away to form be allowed
any
runners
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
quite likelyto after being
first year. plants are Fruiting : Strong young that fruit the first year bear is, the summer some struck. Long, clean straw should be spread between the
"
they
into
come
frost, but weather. cleared bear
a
bloom,
mainly If the
to
crop
the
upon
fruit
from
at the
is removed
cut
splendid
protect
the
the
prevent
straw
off, runners
will turn
partly to
and away, the second
the
the
flowers
being
year. beds
Thereafter
late
soiled
wet
in
the weeds
plants will cropping
the
well dressed
are
when
rows
against a
end of summer, soil stirred, the
If the
treatment.
161
annually
in with artificial manure in summer, given liquidmanure the the form of sulphate of potash and superphosphate between in February, they will yieldgood crops for several years. On rows if not the other the to and allowed are beds are hand, get crowded, A the fruit soon small. becomes properly cleaned and manured, few plants in most beds fail to bloom, and they should be destroyed, and
as
are
if left
runners
stock
of Strawberries
the
may
barren
purpose,
in
plants spring should
or
shift home-raised
temperature
the
place near
and
to
Forcing :
65" will be
a
dash
who
of leaf mould
want
sand.
and
before
winter.
fruitingcrown in January or later. house better than a very high one.
glassis desirable, otherwise the
Those
buy plants ready prepared for plants from small into 6-in. pots
September, using loamy soil with nice plump The a plants will make They can be put into a gently heated 55"
the
inadvertently, and
either
in
of
them
from taken increased.
be
fruit be poor. dozen and weak liquidmanure A
the
flower
stems
will
A A run
fruits will be
enough to given while the crop is swelling. Mildew Strawberries much are : subject to which whitens often the mildew, foliagecompletely. The best remedy is liver of sulphur,which, however, is only effectual when the crystalsare kept perfectlyfresh up to the time of use in a sealed will suffice. The receptacle. Half an ounce per gallon of water and has is smell. It thus made offensive must be an liquid green, used at the first stage of attack. Varieties : For earliness,productiveness, and there is no Strawberry superior good flavour combined to Royal Sovereign. Other good all-rounders are Sir Joseph Paxton, and Bedford is One of the best late sorts Reward, Champion. Givon's Late Prolific. are Royal Sovereign and Sir Joseph Paxton the two market most Bedford but varieties, Champion important and who Those want to make berry StrawTrafalgarare gaining favour. in End jam quantity should grow the little variety Grove The remark Scarlet, as it keeps its shape well. same applies to de Thury. Vicomtesse Hericart Perpetual Strawberries : The nonof who reads Strawberries that give large crops every professional month if he likes, but he may, in the year should remain sceptical, of Laxton's try a few rows Perpetual or St. Joseph, as these smallfruited varieties certainlybear successional crops. Walnut is hardly a fruit for small (Juglans regia). The Walnut gardens, but it is ornamental enough to claim a place in a large It is garden, and also in parks, while the nuts are highlyesteemed. and in thrives soils most unless a tree, hardy very poor, dry, and up
each
weakly
plant.
Water
should
be
"
shallow.
autumn,
The and
nuts stored
are
thrashed
for
use
down
in winter.
in their thick
coats
in
early
1
62
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
Hybrid fruits. "
some
of which
The
Loganberry
are
There
several
are
with
dealt
fruits
hybrid their
under
own
available in
names
now,
this work.
important (seep. 151). The StrawberryIt is a Raspberry is of no importance, as the flavour is very poor. with herbaceous a white, Japanese plant, hardy perennial, fumed perflowers. The berries are globular and dark in colour, and the new wood. The borne between are on reputed origin a cross The and is doubtful. Japanese WineStrawberry Raspberry very is is and a a berry hardy shrub, species (Rubus phoenicolasius) which bears red fruit in clusters, ripe in summer. It is juicy and is the
most
"
"
,
Austen The Dewberry is a preserve. fruit of good flavour ; it thrives in damp sites. is a hybrid between Raspberry and Blackberry, and The Raspberry-likefruit of good flavour. Lowberry is
and
sweet
makes
largeform
with
The
Mahdi bears dark also a good
good
a
black
hybrid.
Fuchsia
Fuchs. after Herr This Ord. Onagrarieae) (fu-chsia, few has admirers. There are more graceful plant plants many elegant and pleasing,and the culture is not difficult. Bud-dropping in be avoided with is the only serious defect, and that can care watering (seeWatering). The Fuchsia thrives in a cool greenhouse if in summer, be grown and window a as plant with success may and ventilated. When pushed on by repotting properly watered specimens of great size may be grown, and such plants,6 or 7 ft. high and laden with flowers, are very beautiful objects; but smaller "
.
plants These
in
useful more 5 -in. or 6-in. pots are of be by cuttings got striking may young
in
in
sandy compost long spring; they 6 ins. high the tops may by a bell-glass. When A compost freelybranched plants will follow. mould
they the
and
part,
i
will grow
brought
will
sand
rapidly,and
the
season
root
water
rest.
supply
should
be
stored
for the
winter;
house
and
can
and
fresh
a
encourage good varieties:
lot
into
come
They in springcan syringed. They may
to
With
suit them. soon
of shoots
be in
any
be
then
the
of Aberdeen
litter
some
The
following
for the in mild
the
over are
Fumigation. "
is what
The
back
to
following
are
The
Girl
Lucy
Finnis
Phenomenal
roots
good:
garden, districts. after
macrostema
The Riccartoni, scarlet. red; macrostema scarlet, and its white variety are sometimes
which
the
hard
pruned
base.
Miss
of Castile
put
of
end
plants dry, frost-proofplace by being put in a warm
Ballet
Excelsior
hardy speciesare often used after year, making largebushes to
and
the
Avalanche
The
autumn.
At
Double.
Loveliness
is well
surely pinched off,and of loam 3 parts, leaf adequate moisture
"
Countess
Rose
3 ins. if covered
about
be
bloom.
Single.
Lye's
gardeners.
most
shoots
reduced
be retarded from
more
to
and In
come
cold
up
year
places it
in down cutting them gracilis,purplishspecies corymbiflora, under glass. grown
tobacco-paper in plant-houses, gardeners understand by fumigation, has largely
burning
of
of Gardening Encyclopaedia given place to vaporisationwith nicotine. other
The
cones
should
sold
are
containing a preparation of
cones
seedsmen
by
163
be
florists.
and
One
or
a fortnight practised periodically say once through the growing season. Fungi, Fungicide. A fungus is a low vegetable organism devoid of chlorophyll,and from host a deriving its nitrogen and carbon dead. There of which feed numbers or are plant,living large fungi and on which live livingplants, they are called parasites. Those of these on termed are decaying matter saprophytes. Some fungi referred the are to under Bordeaux they attack. plants which Mixture is the best of of one (which see) fungicides. Sulphide of is also flowers of potassium good. Dry sulphur destroys mildew. "
"
"
Fostite, Strawsonite,
Vermorite,
and
Woburn
Bordeaux
good proprietaryfungicides. Condy's fluid of and good.
Funkia, Plantain See
"
pink
paste colour
Qrd.
Funk.
are
is safe
Liliaceae) .
Bulbs.
Furze, Gorse, It is
after Herr
Lily (fun-kia,
a
well-known
a
Whin.
or
The
"
Furze
common
is Ulex
occupant of heathy, sandy wastes, of
europaeus. is in bloom
and
The double-flowered (florepleno) is year. it be particularlygood; propagated by cuttingsin spring or may autumn. the Irish but is Strictus, Furze, is a variety of europaeus, not a free bloomer. Nanus is a dwarf species,blooming in autumn. months
many
the
'
Gaillardia Annuals
freelyin sold
are
after M. (gaillard-ia, perennials,with rich
and
The
summer.
in mixed
Lorenziana
is
a
annuals
packets by of picta with
kept
autumn,
plants for
handsome
in
For
the
tubular
varieties
culture,
through
herbaceous
Annuals.
see
The
florets.
perennial
becoming known,
are
division
propagated by
frame
a
"
varieties
are
form
are
Ord. Compositae). yellow flowers, borne of pulchellapicta,and
and
seedsmen.
named Gaillardias, of which hybrids of G. aristata, and in
Gaillard. brown
winter.
the
border, and
tings cut-
They are particular
not
are
are
by
or
to soil.
as
Galanthus, Snowdrop flower, referringto
(galan-thus,from white
the
flowers.
gala, milk, Ord.
and
anthos,
Amaryllideae). "
See
Bulbs. Galax
(ga-lax,from gala, milk, referringto of this genus Diapensiaceae). One member
Ord. is
"
aphylla, a pretty hardy rockery
"bloom.
Its white
flowers
are
white flowers. and is grown, that plant, attractive both in leaf and
Magazine,
Galega, Goat's Rue good for cows.
vigorousborder
by division
.
of loam
in autumn.
It likes and
a
See the
a
very
good
deal
Botanical
from gala, milk ; formerly supposed (gale-ga, Leguminosae). One of our most brilliant plants,thrivinganywhere and easilypropagated and November April. Both the lilac species Ord.
between its white officinalis and may
vigour in
summer.
fourth
a
t. 754.
to be
and
in
borne
with friable soil,such as leaf mould of grit. Propagation is by division
the
summer.
be
"
variety alba should if desired
grown Flower
See
be
; it becomes
Garden
"
grown.
The when
gated-leaved variein full
green Herbaceous plants.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
164 Galtonia.
See
"
Gardenia
Hyacinthus
(garde-ma,
candicans
after
Dr.
moist
warm,
A
of
compost part each,
is
atmosphere, and
be
however,
florida
flowers best
in
with
provided in winter. Propagation in spring. in bottom heat bell-glass
G.
florida,of which
has
the
double
yellow-margined leaves.
Garlic.
See
"
Rubiaceae). "
shape
and
venient con-
It thrives
in
a
when
planted out; it may, /-in. being suitable sizes.
pots, 6-in. and and dried cow manure 3 parts, leaf mould A suits it. of 60" to 70" should sand, temperature
grown loam
be a
Ord. of neat
popular plant.
a
does
Bulbs.
Garden.
Producing white, strongly scented size, Gardenia
and
Kitchen
is
by cuttingsinserted
There
is the
white Others
are
several
are
best
Fortuneana
under
varieties
known.
i
of
Variegata radicans.
and
Garden.
Garrya (gar-rya,after Mr. Garry. Ord. Cornaceae). The one is a hardy evergreen shrub, speciesgrown to any extent, elliptica, in flowers It is soil. not to producing yellow spring. particularas is in September. See a by cuttings under Propagation bell-glass the Botanical Register,t. 1686. "
after Dr. Gaulther. Ord. Gaultheria,Wintergreen (Gaulthe-ria, of this small genus esteemed are Ericaceae). One or two members for the rock shrubs that thrive garden. They are small evergreen in peaty soil and ridge the Partare propagated by layers. Procumbens, Berry,has white flowers in July. Shallon has white flowers in spring. See the Botanical Magazine, t. 2843. "
Gazania
(gaza-nia,from gaza, richness, alluding to the brilliant Ord. flowers. Compositae). Half-hardy plants suitable for the flower garden in summer. Splendens is the most commonly grown, it' bears and flowers. Ordinary friable soil suits it, and it orange be propagated by cuttingsunder in summer. a bell-glass may "
Genista, Broom
Ord. Leguminosae) (genis-ta, Virgil'sname. allied to Cytisus. They are These are easilygrown, thriving in most soils,and propagated by cuttingsin a frame. Hispanica,the its varieties; and the Broom; Greenweed, tinctoria, Spanish Dyer's and .and virgata are the principalsorts. See Broom Cytisus. "
.
after Gentius, King of Illyria. Ord. Gentiana, Gentian (gentia-na, of account valuable of Alpines,on the most Gentianeae). Among "
their
brilliant The
"colour. from no
seed choicer
in
a
blue
flowers, which
are
unexcelled
Alpine specieslike a peaty soil. greenhouse in spring,or divided
flowers
popular expression Gentians: -principal
for
rockwork.
to
indicate
"
They in
Gentian-blue
brilliance.
for
The
richness
may
spring. "
has
be raised There are
become
following are
"
Acaulis, blue, spring,4 ins. high (BotanicalMagazine, t. 52). 2 ft. Andrewsii, blue, summer, alba, white, i ft. (Bot.Mag., t. 1078). asclepiadea,blue, earlysummer, alba, white. Bavarica, blue, summer, 3 ins. Gentian. 2 ft.,yieldsthe commercial .lutea, yellow,summer, ,,
of
a
the
of Gardening Encyclopaedia septemfida,blue, summer, 9 ins. (Bot.Mag., tt. ins. blue, verna, (Bot.Mag., t. 491). spring,3
165
and
1229
1410).
alba, white Walujewi, pale blue, early summer. Geonoma
that skill skilled, conveying (geono-ma, from genomos, is Ord. propagation required. Palmae). Geonoma gracilisis of the best of room tion plants,and should be included in any collecin small pots. of palms grown For culture, see Palms.
in
"
one
Geranium,
Cranesbill
to the
beak-like
true
Geraniums
The
flowers
in
(gera-nium,
projectionfrom are hardy They
summer.
from geranos, the seed. Ord.
in
crane,
a
sion allu-
Geraniaceae). plants, with bright 'not particularas to soil, and are
are
"
herbaceous
sion easilypropagated by -diviin spring,also by seeds. Such speciesas argenteum, with light red flowers and silvery leaves; armenum, purple; Endressi, rose; san-
guineum, crimson,
its
and
variety Lancastriense, rose striped,are worth growing in every herbaceous The Zonal Geranium we
as
grow ribbon
border as
summer,
both
a
as
window-box
a
true
a
derived
Geranium.
from the
Zonal;
The
garden
hardy
herbaceous A
Zonal as
now,
start
TO
real
"
PLANT
A
"
LEGGY
rightto
varieties
Zonale
ZONAL
GERANIUM.
and
the name,
of what
we
for it is a Pelargonium. call Geraniums
P.
tinguishe inquinans. They are disPelargoniums by having a marked leaf, this is used regularlythere is no fear of
other
the
no
modern
Pelargonium
flower
largely.
It has
of the
term
confusion.
HOW
is
season,
from hence
orna-
warm
Most
;
winter,
and
for the
ment
which
bedding and plant in pot plant for
summer
and
not
a
border.
if
Geraniums
do
not hold entire sway in the did in years gone by, because borders of the vogue; but are still used they are
they
plants be
made
by buying
of young plants ins. may apart in but not manured soil. These will flower ously continuwell-dug unless it the is wet. Pick off decaying summer, through very trusses thrown are regularly; fresh ones up continuously. About mid -August a piece of ground in a sunny be raked over spot may about
the
middle
may of
May, heavily
which
be
a
stock
planted
18
and
shoots, 3 or 4 ins. long, taken cuttings of the young underneath of their lower a leaves, and joint,divested firmly 2 ins. deep. Or cuttings may be put 4 ins. apart in boxes and a
of
sandy
it is not
shelf in
a
soil.
They
desirable cool
house
old plants may be tied in bundles, and
that
from
will make
they which
very
should.
off
little growth before
They
can
shallow
spring,
be wintered
frost is excluded.
lifted in November, trimmed root in cool cellar a as a reserve. hung
A
few
and In
just
inserted
on
of the
branch,
spring the
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
66
1
be potted old (but the former or preferred),may plants, young or pit until the singly into 3 -in. or 4-in.,and stood in a frame for of them be for planting; or some time comes potted-on may in To in house bloom heated in the a get greenhouse. flowering until strike cuttings in spring,repot the plants as required winter twice to make them or in 6-in., pinch once are bushy, and they then until fast show buds the as out flower as November, they pick let them
bloom.
into
come
sand, makes
suitable
a
Loam,
compost.
with
a
little leaf mould
Zonal
Geraniums
are
and insects free from diseases, but the foliagewill become The to decay on allowed them. if the fallingpetals are are good varieties:
and
some
generally blotched
following
"
For
Saxonia, scarlet
Bedding.
Sir T.
Pink
Beckwith's
Crampel, scarlet of Spring, silver Flower
Venus, white
Paul
Mrs. Mr.
gated varie-
Pollock, golden variegated Henry Cox, dark variegated
Singlesfor Pots. Carmania, salmon-rose Hatfield, pink Lady Warwick, Picotee
blush
Hanbury, Doubles
for Pots.
Colossus, crimson Calif ornie, orange Rosa Bonheur, pink Pierre Loti, rose King of Denmark, salmon
Raspail Improved, Hermione,
edge
scarlet
white
Ord. Gerbera, Barberton Daisy (ger-bera,after Herr Gerber. The beautiful Gerbera is modern a Compositae). Jamesoni quite South from plant in European gardens, having being introduced in 1889 (seethe Africa Botanical Magazine, t. 7087). It arrested its large,starry, brilliant scarlet flowers, instant attention, with and in hand being taken promptly by the hybridists,soon gave different colours. There is now The quite a range of hues. plant is not sheltered have should a quite hardy, and if grown outdoors in a best It is treated as a place. perhaps pot plant,being grown "
frame
cool
or
equal parts of
suits it.
sandy soil
A
greenhouse. in
Seed
is
of
sandy compost
procurable,and
frame
may
loam be
and sown
in
peat
in pans
greenhouse in spring, the seedlings and Five-inch repotted as desired. being pricked off,potted singly, and soil the consist of loam with a third of pots are largeenough, may If growths from and sand. be secured leaf mould the base can some they may be used as cuttings. The plants come readilyfrom seed in
sown
a
singly,and Gesnera
Very
a
warm
greenhouse repotted
in
as
spring,the
seedlingspricked off, potted
needed.
(gesne-ra,after
brilliant
or
Conrad
Gesner.
Ord.
Gesneraceae)
"
.
warm-house
plants, with large, rough leaves and flowers tubular borne loosely on long stems. The flowers are mostly both and abundant brilliant,so that the plants are very showy. The tubers should be started They are suitable for pots or baskets. heat in in bottom in February, and a potted compost of loam and leaf mould dried cow manure i 3 parts, part each, and sand. in 6-in. pots. be flowered Give and house warm a They may
plenty
of moisture
until
they
come
into
bloom,
when
they
may
go
of Gardening Encyclopaedia to
cooler
a
white,
Geum,
off after
flowering. Cardinalis, ref ulgens,violet ; maculata, purple,spotted; and good. them
Dry
white
scarlet and and
house.
67
1
are
(ge-um, from
Avens
of
the
stimulate, owing
to
geyo,
Ord.
root.
to
the
perties pro-
Brilliant
Rosaceae). orange-flowered plants,blooming in spring and early summer. floweringearly and long,they are any soil,and useful. For Flower Garden Herbaceous see culture, plants. very Chiloense scarlet and its t. (coccineum), (BotanicalRegister, 1088), and montanum, variety miniatum; yellow, with its varieties, are "
hard}'-herbaceous Thriving in almost
"
most
grown.
Gilia
after (gil-ia,
of this small
popular members and
alba, which is
there
is illustrated Gillenia of
genus much It
in the
For
produces red Botanical
It
The
the Indian
flowers
old
in
"
Garden
July
A
Rosaceae).
small
of which, trifoliata, is Herbaceous plants. "
and
grows
3 ft. high. See
489. for
name
Carnations, Wallflowers,
and
speltin various
was
Gillivor.
and
white
and
"
Flower
culture, see
Magazine, t.
Gilliflower. Stocks.
Botanical
old
the
Gillenius. Ord. after (gille-nia, herbaceous plants,only one hardy
grown.
most
"
which speciescoronopifolia, produces beautiful rosy flowers in biennial as a (seeBiennials). Tricolor t. 3463. Magazine,
30 ins. It is best treated
summer.
Polernoniaceae). The
Ord.
the hardy annuals tricolor are genus foot high and bloom in summer; but
a
plant in high and
about
grows
the
about
grow finer
much
a
Gilio.
Seiior
It
clove
Gilofre, ways, includingGillyflower, of probably originatedfrom caryophyllus,the name of the clove tree, Caryophyllus aromaticus, because
scent.
Maidenhair
Ginkgo,
Tree
Coniferae). Ginkgo biloba foliageresembling that of rapidly,and may therefore "
It thrives
It may sown as
(Gink-go, the is one the
of the
most
Maidenhair
be used
as
a
be
Ord. name. distinct of Conifers, its Fern. It does not grow
lawn
will grow in any in autumn or spring.
and
towns,
near
Japanese
tree in small gardens. well-drained fertile soil.
planted Propagation in spring. There several garden forms are and pyramidalis. laciniata, fastigiata,
is
in heat
seeds
of it, such
Gladiolus of the
by
from gladius, to a sword, referring (gladi-olus, leaves. Ord. Irideae). See Bulbs.
the
shape
"
Glastonbury to the
See
"
Horned
Glaucium, allusion
Thorn.
colour
Crataegus.
Poppy (glau-cium,from glaukos,grey-green, in Ord. Papaveraceae) of the leaves. A small "
.
genus Horned
of
be raised
Poppies, the Poppy; from
most
it bears
seed
in
familiar
of which large yellow flowers
spring,and
does
not
is
luteum, the yellow
in
It may
summer.
requirespecialsoil.
Glaucous, greyish-green. Gleichenia small
genus rhizomes on
after (gleiche-nia, requiringa
of ferns
the surface
of the
Herr warm
soil.
Gleichen. house.
Peat, with
Ord.
They
Filices).A creeping "
form
broken
sandstone,
1
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
68
forms
Propagation is by Circinata, flabellata,and rupestrisare good compost.
a
spores. There
varieties
several
are
Globe
Amaranth.
Globe
Flower.
Globe
Thistle.
the
in
spring, or principalspecies.
of each.
Gomphrena.
See
"
division
See Trollius,
"
See
"
Echinops.
from to the gloriosus,glorious,in reference (glorio-sa, Ord. Liliaceae) ."Gloriosa is brilliant a superba and hothouse twiner, with long orange are yellow flowers which It should be repotted, when curiously contorted. required, in the pots get very The crowded. January; but that is only when of should taken be of the offsets for some removing opportunity Gloriosa
flowers.
beautiful
in summer, in It likes plenty of moisture but none loam and in equal parts, with Peat The winter. sand, suit. in the Botanical Magazine, t. 5216. * varietygrandiflorais shown
fresh
stock.
Glory
Pea.
P.
(gloxm-ia, after
Gloxinia Gloxinia
The
Clianthus.
See
"
is
of the
one
Gloxin.
B.
beautiful
most
Gesneraceae). "
of all tuberous-rooted
leaves
produces broad, handsome
plants,for it
Ord. and
of
abundance
and It is very easy to grow, therefore Heat is required best plants for amateurs.
large, bell-shapedflowers. takes
rank
of the
one
when the plants come into bloom the flowers last well. The old cool house, where class has erect ones. drooping flowers, but the modern
early stages of growth, but
in the
they type
as
in
best
are
had
Gloxinias
a
Begonias, and By using or
months.
of bloom from
seed
can
from
leaf mould
and
Those
be had.
store
decayed
in
manure
rarely grown
do
tubers
spring. Loam,
not
wish
in
winter
with
same
in
as
way
in less than
for different
who
the
in the
flowered
a
to raise
plants
cession suc-
like those fourth
a
6
batches
of
each
laying it in the soil. divided in spring. The species of Gloxinias to gardens nowadays, attention being devoted
be
may
be
of
and some sand, is suitable. gation Propathe stalk either leaf leaves, by inserting
sandy soil,or nicking the
tubers
in winter
good plants withholding heat
also be effected
may
seed
can
year may every and restart them
Begonias
in
raised
be
may
tuberous
midrib
and
The are
the
florists' varieties. Goat's
Beard, Spiraea aruncus.
Goat's
Rue, Galega. (gode-tia,after
ful Onagrarieae) Beautifor their profusion of large,brilliant hardy annuals, remarkable flowers and late flowering. For culture, see Annuals Hardy. The varieties: Dwarf Double Pink, Rose, Schaminii followingare good flore pleno, double pink; Lady Albemarle, carmine; and Duchess Godetia
M.
Godet.
Ord.
"
.
"
of
Albany, Golden
Chain.
Golden
Feather.
Parthenium botanists.
Botanists
white.
See
"
refer the
genus
to
Oenothera.
Laburnum.
popular plant is the Chrysanthemum (formerly Pyrethrum parthenifolium aureum) of the For culture, see Chrysanthemum, "
This
once
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Rod.
[den
perennial
graceful,late-blooming, hardy herbaceous from solidare, to Solidago virg-aurea (solida-goj to the healingproperties. Ord. Compositae) of
This
"
is the
unite, in reference the
botanists.
cool, moist forms, but
it becomes
peat, where
Fern.
Goldilocks. Gold
in almost
common
a
There
object.
It is
well grown.
when
serves
noble
does
soil,but
any
best
on
several
are
easilypropagated
division.
by Gold
It will thrive
the
169
See
"
Gymnogramme.
Chrysocoma
"
(or Aster) Linosyris.
Thread, Coptis trifoliata.
Gomphrena, Globe referringto the form
Amaranth
(gomphre-na, from gomphos, a club, Ord. Amarantaceae) Pretty half-hardy annuals, well adapted for cool greenhouses in summer. The popular speciesis globosa,which has small roundish red flowers, like little crimson
of the
flowers.
There
balls.
flowers
are so persistentas They are easily raised from seed particularas to soil. See Annuals
Good
King
Henry
or
several
are
to be
"
.
in all the
varieties,and "
suitable
for use as everlastings." glassin spring,and are not Half-hardy.
under "
(Chenopodium).
Mercury
See
"
Kitchen
Garden.
J.Goodyer. Ord. Orchidaceae) Tuberous-rooted terrestrial Orchids, thrivingin peat with a fourth of leaf mould, and propagated by young shoots with a portion of tuber. for their beautifully marked leaves. color, Disare They grown and the Pubescens velutina, are pubescens, principalspecies. (Botanical Magazine, t. 2540) is hardy; the others require a warm Goodyera (goodye-ra,after
Mr.
"
.
house.
Gooseberry. Gorse.
Furze.
See
"
Fruit.
See
"
Cucurbita
from curbita,a gourd. Ord. Cucur(cucur-bita, bitaceae). A very largeclass,bearing fruits of different shapes and colours. all be grown as They may half-hardy annuals the same Marrows Kitchen as (see Vegetable Garden). They are suitable for arches. a nd The followingare of over a few growing againstpillars the most popular kinds:
Gourd,
"
"
Grafting. "
its
By
means
The a
of may into
fruit tree, and a Brier is a form of graftingwhich a
done
and graftingis an interesting be a
changed,
Rose.
is done
"
a
stock
Budding in summer,
useful
"
converted (seeFruit and when
one..
into
Roses)
the
plants are growth. spring,when the is beginning to flow strongly. Indoor grafting,which is practised with Roses, Clematises, and other popular plants,is generally
in full
sap
Cap
Yokohama
process
variety
Crookneck
Summer Turk's
Egg-shaped Hubbard Squash Ohio Squash
Outdoor
in winter
Outdoor
in
a
warm
grafting. This "
graftingis best
done
in
house. is
generallylimited
a variety is unsatisfactory, stronger
one
can
to
be
fruit trees.
grafted on
If to
a
it.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
170 This
by taking
is done
variety while cool, shady place,then,
of the
shoots
few
a
chosen
in a in winter, and putting them which action in the trees (an when the sap moves slightchange in the buds), the tops are shortened
dormant
the
up 4 dormant
"each with
to
stumps,
by
a
and
cigarette,
Turkish
a
wedge-
is sliced down
inch
lower
The
buds.
size of
the
piecesabout
into
graftscut
be told
can
dealt The stumps are now point at the base. shaped, with : a slit the length of the wedge-shaped slice is cut in the two sides, and the edges of the bark gently raised; the graftis slipped of union, in and tied securelywith raphia. To further the chances
taperingto
WHIP
OR
a
GRAFTING.
TONGUE
B.
FRUIT
GRAFTING
Scion prepared. 4. First cut. 5. Second 6. Point of raising the tongue. cut. inserted in stock cut with a tongue Scion it. to receive
A.
Whip
or
cut.
TREES.
tongue grafting First See also A, B, in
accompanying figures.
"
"
melted candle; composition wax paint all over the cut part some the following, melted a fire : 6 parts resin, or together in a pot over will exclude The wax the air. Some i tallow. 2 beeswax, grafters end the of horse same cow by plasteringa compound manure, gain in a largecone round the grafts and loam the graft. When manure, begin to grow it is a good plan to tie flower sticks to the clumps and the graftsto the sticks, as a safeguard against their being attach in shady places. They should blown out; but this is not necessary be in active
growth
within
The
month.
a
process
is called
"
"
crown
Where Paradise, Crab, Quince, or other stocks are young different dealt As a rule, nurserywith, a being system is necessary. men such first bud as stocks, and the process is the same budding
grafting.
One
Roses.
is inserted
bud
6
ins. from
the
along the
cut
stem
fresh
it fail the
ground
grafting is performed. half way
in the
If it remains
the
ground. spring; but should
above
top of grafted.
and A
face
slice is made a
cut
is made
of each the
stock
shoot
the stock Here
"
grows is taken
whip upwards in downwards.
few
a
"
the
the
inches ing follow-
off about
(" tongue ") stock, and The
graftis
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
171 in this
prepared with a slice and a cut (upward and downward case, however), the two are fitted together, tied, and waxed. of expert propagators Indoor grafting. This is the work also
in
"
is
and
rarely
upwards
the
centre
and
tied.
it
that
so
"
Grape Hyacinth. Grass.
Fly.
Greenhouse.
glass,and
they
would
to be
a
greenhouse,heated
which
grown
flowers
have
Lawn.
aid of
the
be
plants may
many is no
and
See Annuals.
"
With
"
Hyacinth.
"
Aphides.
See
"
Bulbs
Garden
Grasses, Ornamental. Green
is desirable.
See
"
See Flower
"
a
Fruit.
See
Grape.
The stock
The
grafting. ridge,and the graftis slit up pressedgently on to the ridge or saddle
be
can
heat
Bottom
"
saddle
sides, forming
two
on
"
series, nur-
establishments.
trade
the
generallycalled
is
adopted
process is cut
outside
done
be
can
have
produced
be
to at
unheated,
or
omitted
where
there
periodsof
the year when without if there
done
procured by purchase or
available. Greenhouses, therefore, are a plant structure At the the entail to useful auxiliary tional addisame time, they garden. these and and responsibility, sidered. things should be conexpense of many and and Greenhouses are sizes, they are shapes in but to various devoted large establishments, where purposes; has different glass structures, several there are a greenhouse is It intermediate not an a stove," house," a m eaning. specific it is "the a "pit," or a "conservatory;" greenhouse" mildly heated house, used mainly for bringing on young plants which are
was
no
"
"
"
"
"
in
to be flowered
conservatory.
a
greenhouse is
the
however,
a
With
amateurs
of limited
generalstructure, in which
which
means,
all kinds
of
for
is used
floweringmature plants are grown, and plants as as bringing on young ones. Forms ing of greenhouse. A greenhouse may have a singleroof, leanother it wall have or or a a roof, support; against may span each side supporting the other a against ridge-board. Against a make short dip, and rise again to the wall, low wall it may a rise, pound forming a hip." A plain span or lean-to is better than a comwell
"
"
"
"
for amateurs.
structure
Materials.
The
"
timber, painted
putty.
It should
coats,
4 be
and
with
glazed
fixed to the freehold owner
a
Urban
apply, a
year
the
person
may
plans to
the
"
an
a
span
roof
side.
If the structure
to rest
on
loose bricks, the case of
In
blocks.
mortared brick walls. rest on may urban districts where building laws
of any district council, or corporation,
greenhouses. from
into
In
without
In
erect
not
"
round
turned
screws
house
building laws.
Unheated the
wall with
well-seasoned
glass
2i-oz.
ventilators.
ventilator on each be at least one in sections is to be movable it should be made there should
and
of
.
suppliedwith
well
consist
should
greenhouse
It
a
will
unheated
greenhouse not
be
house
kind
before
other
possibleto by growing
get the
mitting sub-
authority. bloom
all
ordinary
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
IJ2 GREENHOUSE
continued.
"
pot plants,but by using bulbs will
Plants
some
"
raised
from
half-hardy annuals
Various
well there
garden plants as followingare available :
The
flowers.
generallybe
and
Seed.
(seeAnnuals)
Auriculas, also offsets (seeAuricula) Carnations, Marguerite and Grenadin (seeCarnation) and
Primroses Sweet
Polyanthuses (seeFlower
(seeSweet Peas) Alpine plants (seeFlower
Various
from Bulbs, Tiibcvs,or Onsets
Plants
Garden)
Peas
Garden)
Lilies
Arum
Cannas
Bulbs).
(forparticulars,see Hyacinths Irises
(seeCanna)
Daffodils
Liliums
Freesias
Tulips
Gladioli Plants
from Cuttings.
Azaleas
(seeAzalea) (seeCamellia) Chrysanthemums (seeChrysanthemum) Geraniums, Zonal (seeGeranium, Zonal) Roses, also from buds (seeRoses) Violets, also divisions and runners (seeViolets) Camellias
Plants Christmas Deutzia
propagated by Division.
Roses
(seeBulbs) Dielytraspectabilis Spiraea Japonica (seeSpiraea)
(seeBulbs) (seeDeutzia) gracilis
The Auriculas, Primroses, Polyanthuses, Alpine plants, Arum in mild Lilies, various spells early bulbs, and Violets will bloom will in The of bulk the bulbs the or winter, 'earlyspring. during
spring, followed
in flower Camellias.
The
Spiraea, Sweet will
Roses
bloom
and
accompanied
or
by
the
Azaleas
and
Carnations, various annuals, Deutzia, Dielytra, and Peas, Cannas, Gladioli, Liliums, Geraniums, in
The
summer.
Christmas
Chrysanthemums,
will
Roses
bloom
in
autumn
Zonal and
niums, Gera-
early
winter.
greenhouses. A temperature ranges from Cool
former be
"
cool
"
figureeven in it:
grown
Plants Abutilon Acroclinium Alonsoa Balsam
45"
in very
to
cold
"
in which the greenhouse is one below the in not winter, 50" falling The followingplantsmay weather.
"
from Seeds. (seeAbutilon)
(seeAnnuals) (seeAlonsoa) (seeAnnuals)
Begonia (see Begonia)
Calceolaria, herbaceous
ceolaria) (seeCal-
Campanula pyramidalis Biennials) Carnations (seeCarnation) Celosias (seeAnnuals)
(see
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Plants
Sweet
continued. from Seeds (seeCineraria) Coleuses (seeColeus) Cyclamen (seeBulbs) "
Cinerarias
Diascia Francoas
Gerberas Gloxinias Grevillea
Zinnias
Coleuses
(seeColeus) (seeCytisus) Cytisus racemosus Fuchsias (seeFuchsia) Geraniums, Zonal (seeGeranium) Hydrangeas (seeHydrangea) Oleanders (seeNerium) Pelargoniums (seePelargonium) Plumbagos (seePlumbago) Salvias (seeSalvia) Solanums (seeSolanum)
from
Bulbs
Offsets(seeBulbs).
or
Lilies
Gladioli
Hyacinths
Daffodils
Liliums
Freesias
Tulips propagated by Budding
Plants
! Rose
(seeLilac)
It will
be
that
seen
uiiheated
the
house
a
are
they may be expected to of Warm greenhouse. Some "
earlier bloom, and seedlingsfor the flower into
minimum
winter
(seeRoses)
flower the
the
structure
and
kitchen
preceding will
(seeBulbs)
its
kinds
also be
gardens.
temperature of ; except grown
followingplants may plant is dealt with separatelyunder
60"
house
a
be
can
otherwise
where own
can
useful
In
name:
be for
forced
raising
in which
obtained stated
the each
"
Gardenias
Allamandas
Gesneras
Amaryllises
Hoyas Impatiens
Anthuriums
for in the
earlier.
be
Achimenes
Graftinp.
or
of the kinds recommended good many for the cool structure; also available
latter
a
from Cuttings.
(seeAcacia) themum) Chrysanthemums (see Chrysan-
Clivias
Lilac
raised
Acacias
(seeGrevillea) Humea elegans (seeHumea) Mignonette (seeAnnuals) Musk (seeMimulus) Petunias (seeAnnuals) Primulas (seePrimula) Rhodanthe (seeAnnuals) Schizanthuses (seeAnnuals) Streptocarpuses (see Streptocarpus)
Arum
(seeAnnuals) (seeAnnuals)
Plants
robusta
Plants
Peas
Verbenas
(seeAnnuals) (seeFrancoa) (seeGerbera) (seeGloxinia)
173
Begonias Bougainvilleas
Ixoras
Bouvardias Caladiums
Jasmines Justicias
Carnations
Lapagerias
Clerodendrons Cockscombs
Lily of the Nepenthes
Crotons
Poinsettias
Dipladenias Eucharises
Stephanotis Thunbergias
Exacum
Torenias
Jacobinias
Valley (seeBulbs)
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
174 GREENHOUSE
continued.
"
Aspect. Span-roof "
houses
should "
it is
large houses
should be
may is the
be used, but considered. of
task
alightfor be
may
be fixed
can
pipes within, ready
oil stove
careful
consideration.
particularfire-boiler
the claims
structures
smaller
of oil and
fire-boiler is the
a
are
flame
a
A
a
slightsmell "
run
up wide
a
with
connected
of
wick, rubbed
up wall
For
past.
of the
small-medium
house,
houses
upright
an
with
connected
and
set jurious in-
clean daily,should The lightshould be
kept
is
a
is not
petroleum
used, together with the best qualityof oil. low when till the danger-point first lit,and watched
be
gas difficult
more
deadly, and every one knows an spontaneously. Whenever
are
"
house,
and
house,
fumes
thick
is to
is set inside
the
outside
safest.
plants, but
to
how
smaller
The
have
and dampering it in such a way to keep it as hours. consecutive oil On this heaters account 10 The for very small houses. types in which a lamp
chosen
boiler
and
of
with
possible.
as
must
question of which
a
Lean-to
south.
stokingit or
9
only
and
north
run
it
face south, or as near is a subject that
This
Heating. In
should
houses
flow
of
boiler
running in
set
the
and
return 4~in. pipe pipesmay be jointed with india-rubber rings and end in an expansion cistern. They of houses should rise slightlyfrom For large ranges the boiler. a be used. The flat boiler should setting and fittingof the pipes be a matter in buying the heating apparatus. should of contract
along
sides and
two
Anthracite
by
observation.
should
bars
the
and
topped with some glowing embers once
a
"
small should
fuel.
damp be
drawn
should
most
with
white
said to be of
drawn
beneficial
and
cleared
tiffany
up ideal.
scrim;
shading by
some
cover
a
The the
is to
latter
seedsmen.
"
blinds
the
fresh
daily and
shingle. plants
This
at the
top
makes
the This
of the and
admirable
glass with
one
when
the
fuel
the flues
can
be
kept
many
while
it may it lessens labour
Movable on
house
of the
and
shading
rollers which in dull
nurserymen A blinds.
under
grown
Orchids;
weather,
mounted
largerseedsmen
paint
Manure.
and
for all in hot
scrim
or
bright weather.
Green
or
necessityfor watering.
the
under
is the
in
fiat-boiler
weather.
by reducing
as
be
shell
"
sold
a
front,
be
durable flat stage, and the best for the plants, work framelarge slates restingon a strong wooden
ashes
is essential to Shading. Shade glass,notably Ferns, Cucumbers,
and
In the
to
fire may furnace
The
in hot
form
The
The
surfaced
and
be
Stoking can be learned have a bright bottom,
clear, last thing at night.
be
consistingof
one
moist
fire should
little breeze
month.
Staging. is
The
a
back.
well
thrown
fuel, with
or
house
practiceand
The
be used as coke, may cinders, for upright ones.
coal,
refuse
and
a
be used.
end, may
one
or
wet
in the can
be
weather
supply tiffany cheap form of
specialpreparations
in dull remain on must, of course, in autumn. It should be removed
as
well
See Manure.
after Mr. C. F. Greville. Ord. Proteaceae). (Grevill-ea, for the is a graceful plant, grown sake of its robusta Grevillea It is for useful slender and cut branches elegantly foliage. very Grevillea
"
of Gardening Encyclopaedia with
mixing for
also be used plants in a greenhouse, and may a in watering (seeWatering) and ventilating care It is not quite be kept healthy for a long time.
other With
rooms.
plant
room
may should
hardy, and
from
withdrawn
be
protected with
and
175
Plants greenhouse in
newspaper.
a
in cold
window
a
raised
be
may
weather
from
seed
spring,pricked off, potted good size for the final pot. repotted. a with a Loam and peat in equal parts, good deal of sand, make Botanical in the suitable compost. G. robusta is illustrated Magazine, in soil in
sown
frame
a
or
t.
is
Six-inch
singly,and
a
3184.
Ivy, Nepeta Glechoma.
Ground
vulgaris.
Groundsel, Senecio
nitrogenous fertiliser. In addition to the coarse imported product, called Peruvian, there are refined forms, be used with It may such as Canary. specialadvantage to green rate of 2 the at oz. Onions yard. A thin per square vegetablesand in and watered the soil of well-rooted coat pot plants spread over be made is good. A useful liquidmanure by mixing half an may in a gallonof water. ounce Guano.
excellent
An
"
Guelder
Rose.
Viburnum.
See
"
Guernsey Lily (Nerinesarniensis).See Bulbs Blue.
Gum,
Cistus.
Gum
Gumming. trees
exude
should
be
scabra
is
a
to
grow checked
hardy
as
Plums,
each
across
by
J.
root
E.
and
other
pruning.
Gunner.
herbaceous
Cherriesv
Peaches, and
particularlyafter hard pruning pruning is preferable. The
(gun-nera, after
Gunnera Gunnera
gum, Summer
allowed
be
not
luxuriance
ladaniferus.
fruits,such
Stone
leafless.
are
should
See Cistus
"
"
liable to
are
Eucalyptus.
See
"
Nerine.
and
"
while
the
branches
rub.
Over-
also Fruit.
See
Ord.
Halorageae). ing, large,spread"
perennial,with
A healthy plantmakes side. watera fine object by the hairy leaves. with leaf mould, a It likes plenty of peat and covering of litter in winter. Propagation is by division in spring.
gymnos,
naked,
fern, Silver
Gold
Gymnogramme, and
fern
(gymnogram-me, writing,alluding to the spore
gramma,
from cases.
ferns beautiful for pots the most Filices).These are among culture of the basket and baskets; charming permits hanging in about colours being clearlyseen. Loam, peat, and leaf mould in is heat (seeby spores equal parts, with sand, suit. Propagation Ferns). They need a good deal of water, with shade from hot sun in summer. Calomelanos chrysophylla,yellow; and schizophylla, forms several beautiful There kinds. the are are silvery, principal and the of of both. crested the variety Elegantissima,pulchella,
Ord.
latter
"
called Wettenhalliana
Gynerium, erion, wool,
Pampas in allusion
Gynerium argenteum silkywhite plumes in
are
Grass to
the
is the
also very
good.
(gyne-rium, from woolly stigmas. noblest
late summer,
female, and! gyne, Ord. Gramineae).
of grasses, which remain
"
up long beautiful many
throwing
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
176 weeks
before
;
touches
frost
them
few
a
y be
ma
for house
cut
splendid positionis sheltered, and the soil well be planted in autumn is a hardy perennial,and may under glass in spring. Propagation is by seed, sown The
of
a
makes
Grass
Pampas
bed
a
on
if the
lawn
from Gypsophila (gypsoph-ila,
gypsos, chalk,
tion. decora-
the
outskirts
drained.
It
spring.
or
and
a phileo,to love of Caryophylleae) plants,one species which, paniculata,is a hardy perennialthat spreads into a broad bush of lace-like bloom and bears numerous ; it is good for mixing sprays be propagated by division, or raised from It may with cut flowers.
seed
Ord.
lover.
chalk
in
is
a
good
an
Habenaria
are
Orchis, which
grows
useful
a
double
for the
.
used
a
with
a
foot
for
fixing
advantage
rein, in allusion
mentioned
high
variety. G. repens
rockery.
valuable fertiliser,
be
habena,
be
may
about
is
of Orchids, the most genus and thrive in sandy peat in
hardy,
these
Among
garden.
a
A
it may thin coat.
"
which
speciesof
in
There
perennial,suitable
(habena-ria,from Orchidaceae). A
Ord.
spur.
reason
soils.
(forculture, see Annuals)
"
this
For
heap, spread
manure
bifolia, the
over
to
a
the
popular the
rock
Butterfly
produces white flowers Propagation is by division,
and
and fimbriata, lilac. early summer; piecesbeing potted and started in a frame.
Haberlea "
as
in most
annual
(Sulphateof lime).
Gypsum
the
thrives
creeping white-flowered
ammonia.
in
.
spring,and
elegans is
G.
"
Graceful
"
Herbaceous
after Professor Haberle. (haber-lea, the most popular of perennials,
Ord.
Gesneraceae) rhodopensis, .
which
is
for the rockery, where it thrives in peaty soil if a plant esteemed It may be propagated by seeds given a little protectionin winter. in spring on division in spring. It bears its lilac flowers stems or a t. few inches high. See the Botanical 6651. Magazine,
Habrothamnus.
"
See
Cestrum.
Haemanthus (haeman-thus, from haima, blood, and anthos, flower, Ord. referring to the colour. bulbs, Amaryllideae). Warm-house in third with loam of a thriving sandy peat, propagated by offsets, and and easilymanaged if given plenty of water in summer kept A little of the top soil should be removed dry in winter. every "
spring and followingare
fresh
substituted.
The
flowers
few
of the
best:
Ha-ha.
"
brilliant.
The
Cinnabarinus, red, spring; coccineus,
(see Botanical Magazine, scarlet, spring (Bot.Mag., (Kalbreyeri),
scarlet, late florus
are .
a
summer
A
sunk
t. tt.
1075);.and multi961 and 1995).
fence.
Ord. StryaHalesia, Snowdrop Tree (hale-sia,after Dr. Hales. is H. beautiful small deciduous a tree, which ceae). tetraptera white flowers in bears charming Snowdrop-like July. It likes a in the sheltered shrubbery and a light,loamy, well-drained position soil. Propagation is by root cuttings in a frame in spring,or by seeds. Very little pruning is required,but the bush should be kept "
shapely.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Hamamelis,
Witch
(hamame-lis,from
Hazel
together, and
hame,
the tree deciduous Hamamelideae) trees are valuable because they flower early in the year and will thrive in town gation gardens. They enjoy a good loamy soil. Propais by cuttingsand layers in autumn. Mollis is the best; it bare of leaves, is covered with yellow flowers at mid-winter, when This and Arborea is pleasantlyscented. also has yellow flowers.
mela, fruit,in allusion the
at
is the
time.
same
Japonica of
flowers
the
to
and
Ord.
"
.
Botanical
the
fruit These
177
Magazine,
t.
being
on
small
6659.
made Hand-glass or Hand-light. A small glasscase, sometimes useful for movable a protectinghalf-hardy light, top, very plants,or for keeping cuttingsclose until rooted; generallymade "
with with
cast-iron
a
frame.
Hardening-off. "
A
used
term
set of young plantswhich inured air. to the open in
putting them Harebell
in Great
been
The
process
in heat, and
a
to be
have
generally performed by
rotundifolia.
Davallia
canariensis.
(Lagurus ovatus). See Annuals. ripeseeds of Kidney Beans. They rarely mature
Grass The
"
is
of
treatment
cold frame.
a
Fern,
Hare's-tail
raised
have
Hairbell,Campanula
or
Hare's-foot
Haricot.
distinguishthe
to
"
Britain.
Harpalium (harpa-lium,after Harpalyce. Ord. Compositae)." Hardy herbaceous perennialswith showy yellow flowers, propagated is now by division in spring. Rigidum, the only speciesgrown, botanists. called Heliantlms by rigidus Hart's-tongue Fern, Scolopendrium vulgare. A small Strawberry. See Fruit. Hautbois. "
Hieracium.
Hawkweed, Hawthorn.
See
Crataegus. (CorylusAvellana).
"
Hazel, Nut
"
Hazel, Witch. Heart' Heath.
s-ease.
See Hamamelis.
"
See
"
Pansy.
See Daboecia
"
and
Erica.
See Calluna.
Heather."
See
Heating. "
Greenhouse.
cord, referringto the Hedera, Ivy (hed-era,from hedda (Celtic), would not Ord. Araliaceae). Many people recognise the under the but of well to keep Hedera it is name helix, Ivy green
stems. "
See Fruit.
the
"
"
botanical
planted a
on
in
name
forms
of
Ivy
houses But the
bank,
or
as
mind, because Hederas.
The
nurserymen common
often green
the
variegatedsorts is useful for making a common Ivy That plantingagainst an outhouse. nowadays,
of the
as
fastest
Those
exhibit
are
screen
two
proved im-
rarely tractive. at-
more
ing cover-
screen,
and
(Canariensis) growers. as quickly as possibleshould buy strong plants on pots. Each plant will have several shoots, which may are
is
Ivy
Irish
the
who
want
stakes be
a
in
spread M
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
178
tied in
and
out
and
is
there
a
of which
leaves
with
Maderensis
Another
yellow edge.
a
variegata,green Raegneriana, and be planted in Ivies may
The
forms.
autumn
handsome
will
spring,and
or
planted late
is
Marginata
also
are
green
form
edge.
rhombea
if
of soil,though
dull
handsome
white
broad
a
marmorata,
aurea,
is dentata,
of this called
form
have
Ivies largest-leaved variegata,the
of the
One
position.
handsome
poor chalky in making slow start. are soil they are a They propagated by and in the nurseries by grafting. cuttingsin a cold frame in autumn, growth starts in spring. Clipping should be done just before new thrive
The in
kinds
most
on
has
Ivy, arborescens,
tree
shady spots
and
need
a
the
double
who
are
with
get
fair
a
reason
i,
a
is
good plan
a
fence,
of wire
one
with
safe.
should
be
planted 9
three
will
while
as
and
the
ins.
should
be
make
an
soil should
The
about 9 ins. high, pruned annually it
impenetrable barrier
stock, which
to
shortened
evergreen,
but
It
be
should
drawback
to
flowers, which
Jpalan Plum
sheep will
or
good pruned a
Privet
many,
sometimes
twice
annually,
in
the
a
estimation
The
oval-leaved
all,the in of
June
and
many
in the
same
plants have protected
is
nominally
fall in winter.
leaves
disagreeable, and even good, inexpensive hedge.
find
they makes
nursery;
eat it down.
attractive.
be
well
be
it must
but
"
manured
be
When in bloom in May clear of it. be treated is another good hedge plant,and may if the that suffices row a Quick, except single in the
It
to
If
base.
that
lambs,
thus
row,
it will
young,
It
keep hedge plant. out
double
shortened
freelyat the
to
best
a
At
it down.
part
the in
all ways
triangle.
a
Quick
and
bushy
lower
(Quick) is
apart
it break
to make
well
cattle,
(seeFences).
cattle will eat
at the
keep
Privet way been
netting
plants forming
beforehand, will grow
left,or
Whitethorn
be
in order
be
wire
it will
each
and
plant a hedge within a fence, for the sake of the close to the provides. It should not be made If the fence is an open not be pruned properly.
4 ft. must
distance, and
is
immediate
an
guard againstsheep
is needed
this
For
enclosure
as
in addition
years; climate
to
it could
or
fence
6
dry
a
hedge
service
no
a
wire
it
which
ridge.
a
and
or
wooden
and
shelter
of into
made
side and
soil
in
hedge
a
time
possibleto
required.
HO\T
ground.
it is
soil and
poor are
10
the
soil and
rich
climate
moist
that
required to
the
With
climate.
a
be
however,
good hedge,
varying
and
for
It must
are
years a
with
fence
a
living dividing line.
make
of
grown
enclosing ground
remembered,
Level
of
purpose
several
2.
be
may
support.
no
A
"
forms, which
many
good hedge serves a shelter; consequently, many garden turn their thpughts to Hedges.
on
September.
is the
odour
A
of the
injurious. MyroFor
inner
hedges
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Yew
(which is poisonous to animals)
(seeBrier)
Brier
Sweet
hedges are shape
into
Hardy In
desired,
Holly
be
may
gardens,and
formal
Yew-
mentioned. be
may
clipped
slowly.
grow
(hele-nium,after Helen
of
Compositae).
Ord.
Troy.
"
Pumilum perennials,with showy flowers in late summer. has foot it about stems flowers a on ; high. popular yellow with red. Grandistriatum flowers the are variety striped All these has large flowers. for varieties of autumnale, are the Botanical Flower For t. see see culture, Magazine, 2994. Herbaceous plants.
most
the
florum
which Garden
"
Helianthemum, and
and
appropriatefor but they
very as
Helenium is the
Laurel, Box,
beam, Horn-
,
,
Beech,
179
rock
Sun
(helian-themum, from helios, the sun, Cistineae). Brilliant plants for the will thrive in light,sandy soil in sunny they bright display in early summer. They may be in The common frame. a propagated by cuttings
where
garden, spots, and make
raised
from
Rose
flower.
anthemon,
a
seed
or
Ord.
"
flower lovers speciesis vulgare,a yellow-flowered trailer,but many forms for their rockeries, such as prefer to select a few good named Primrose Fireball, Golden Innocence, Dame, Queen, Jubilee, colours to choose Garibaldi, and Pink Beauty. There are many
from.
Helianthus,Sunflower a
flower;
called
so
Ord.
round.
sun
annual
popular
most and
from (helian-thus,
because
flowers
the
Compositae). perennial,are
The
"
and of
are
believed
to
anthos,
follow
the
flowers, Sunthe
among
herbaceous
hardy
and
helios,sun,
plants,
should
always be planted in largeborders to give a displaywhen most of the summer flowers The are over. speciesvary a great deal in height,some than 3 or being no more others 8 while rise ft. to or 10 ft., 4 They make
their
soil.
The
finest
perennialsare
division
by
from
annuals
by Annuals). New Stella
growth
Of
(see Flower
the
Miniature,
a
moist, fertile
easilypropagated to spring,and the
autumn
seed
in
Garden
and
annuals, cucumerifolius, Primrose, and
Munstead
maximus is a good. Multiflorus flore pleno a fine singleperennialform, and the double. All splendid foregoing grow about is Mellish 4 ft. high. Rigidus Miss also a good plant. are
(Everlasting). See
Helichrysum
"
Annuals. HELIOTROPE
PROPAGATING
Heliotrope, Heliotropium from
"
One
of
flowers, and
and
helios,sun,
sion to the
trope, twining,in
twining shoots. the
and
most
if It
not
(heliotro-pmm,
BY
allu-
Growing tip.
.
Ord.
Boragineae). richly perfumed of all brilliant
pleasing. may kept fairlycompact and
be
grown suitable
yet in for
severance.
small
if
house.
Point Leaves
2.
3.
removed. insertion. be
pretty pots, and a
CUTTINGS.
4.
pinched On
Depth
can
the
of ta
of
be other
i8o
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
hand, if there
is
plenty of room againsta wall or pillarit may be and allowed to ramble, when it will soon glass and considerable bloom Standard cover a area tropes Helioprofusely. be formed can by pinching out the side shoots to a height of then These a foot, and be stopped at can lettinga few shoots start. ins. about to induce and head is formed. so a laterals, Loam, 4 long under
planted
out
with
fourth
a
is
Propagation in late
seeds
in
a
old lilac
is suitable.
glassin spring or by cuttings Heliotropes are tender plants, doors in June. The followingare
house.
be
Miss
floriferous
kill,and
sand,
some
under
sown
warm
and
Roses from Lenten (helleb-orus, Ord. indicatingits poisonous nature. and
bora, food, Bulbs
culaceae).:See "
Christmas
"
and
from Lily (hemerocal-lis,
Hemerocallis, Day "
it is
helcim, Ranun-
Roses.
Lenten
hemero,
of the
hallos, beauty, alludingto the brief duration
Liliaceae). See
But
sweet.
Helleborus,Christmas to
and
manure,
planted out of Nightingale,Rose Clair, and White Lady. species,peruvianum, should not be overlooked, as
they may good: Adele, very
decayed
by
summer
but
the
of
day,
flowers.
and Ord.
Bulbs.
Hen-and-chickens.
Bellis
See
"
(Daisy).
The
is sometimes
name
Saxifragaumbrosa.
applied to
liver, in allusion to the lobed hepaticos, leaves. Ord. These Ranunculaceae) charming little plants are but they are classed with the Anemones now botanists, generally by little beautiful in plants, gardens. They are separately grown blooming freelyin winter. They are not particularas to soil,but shade. There several must have are Propagation is by seeds. from Hepatica (hepat-ica,
"
.
with
varieties
different
Herbaceous Herb
Borders
colours. and
Plants.
Robert, Geranium
Herbs.
Kitchen
See
"
"
Flower
Garden.
Robertianum. Garden. which
Flowers
Hermaphrodite.
See
"
contain
male
both
and
female
organs.
Herniaria, Rupture Ord.
Illecebraceae) .
bedders,
who
it for
use
small
lines and
making
fastidious
hardy plant, not
from hernia, (hernia-ria, is in demand speciesglabra
Wort
The
"
as
to
cushions
soil, and
rupture. by carpet
a
of green.
It is
a
easilypropagated by
in autumn.
division Heron
's-bill. "
See
Erodium.
from Hesperis, Rocket hesperos,evening star, alluding (hes-peris, to the strong perfume at night. Ord. Cruciferae). Hardy biennials and perennials,thrivingin ordinary soil,and easily propagated by "
division.
The
Sweet
seed
or
with
purplishflowers, but
forms almost variable
this
of
handsome
anywhere, in
Magazine,
t.
and
and thrives
colour, and
730).
the
H. matronalis, is There colour is variable. fragrant old plant, which
Rocket,
in
sweetest
chalk. at
Tristis
is
a
night (see
a
perennial
are
several
will
grow
biennial, also the
Botanical
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Heuchera
Professor
after
(heu-chera,
is
18 Ord.
Heucher.
i
Saxi-
esteemed
hardy plant, long graceful sprays colours have been Other of brilliant rosy-carmine flowers. got by is herbaceous selection and crossing. The a hardy perennial, plant frageae).
Heuchera
producing
close
"
and
raised
be
may
particularabout Both
shade.
The
sanguinea
as
or
soil,and
does
well
border
and
after Mr. (hibber-tia, Evergreen greenhouse trailers. which is
with
well
contrast
in winter.
loam
Sandy
dark a
leaves in
sinensis
is in
borne
a
There
winter.
species,which of
varieties
with
the
Marsh
herbaceous
with
it; it thrives
Mag.,
purple flowers,
Rosa-
3152).
of
and
(see the
towns
shrubby following yellow spotted
158.
t.
Mallow.
flowers
varieties
Bot.
near
of
and The
and
1702
rosy-crimson
in the
shrub
tt.
several
are
is shown
deciduous
hardy
for
both
Magazine,
rambler
stove
flowers
ruddy stems, blooms peat suits. Propagation spring.
perennials. All are showy. is a greenhouse rambler with
popular: Manihot flowers (seethe Botanical are
Dilleniaceae)."
yellow
and
name
includes
genus
little
a
is desirable.
of
third
by cuttingsin a propagating case the Hibiscus classical (hibis-cus,
Ord. Mai vaceae) ."This and plants, annuals
Ord. the
Dentata,
the
enjoys
cutting (see the Botanical yellowishflowers, is also worth
G. Hibbert.
with
It
Heuchera
the
for
with
Hibbertia
It is not
spring.
limestone.
on
rockery plant
Micrantha,
6929).
t.
in
division
by
charming
are
and
leaves
seed
a
highly
a
roundish
from
flowers
Magazine, growing.
of
tufts
which
this
are
brilliant
Syriacus
there
are
is
a
many
Bot.
Mag., t. 83). species in heat,
by cuttings,those of the indoor in cold frames. those of the hardy ones Sandy loam, with leaf a good compost. soil,makes Hieracium, Hawkweed (hiera-cium,from Pliny's name, given because of the supposed virtues of the juice. Ord. Compositae). herbaceous with perennials, of which Hardy gymnocephalum, downy leaves and yellow flowers in July, is one of the best for the rockery. Ordinary soil. Propagation by division. Hippeastrum (Amaryllis). See Bulbs. Hippophae, Sea Buckthorn (hippoph-ae,from hippos,a horse, and kill. Ord. to thorn, Elaeagnaceae) H. rhamnoides, the Sea Buckphao, Propagation
is
"
"
"
.
is close
dwarf
a
the
to
deciduous
hardy
sea.
It bears
a
is
One
"
for
good
small
of the
most
The
draw
and
useful
running through
weeds.
of
crop
propagated by seeds, suckers, Hoe.
shrub
the
which
yellowish fruits.
sand
on
It
may
hills be
layers. of
tools.
garden
soil to loosen
hoe, of which with
for
thrives
The
the surface
the
Dutch and
swan-neck
is
hoe
uproot an
proved im-
dealing good chopping required. The Sproughton may be used either as a push draw or hoe, and is a valuable although somewhat heavy tool. The made is for with 2 or teeth, good Canterbury, drawing largedrills 3 for earthing Potatoes. and is Regular hoeing good for crops, particularly it prevents the soil cracking and in dry wreather, because form,
action
largerweeds
when
a
is
drying. ash
is
The
handles.
various
forms
of
hoe
should
be
of steel, mounted
on
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
82
I
Virgil'sIlex, the
from Holly, Ilex (i-lex, the
to
resemblance
beautiful shines
with
cheerful
bright and
a
best of land, and inches of fresh growth a fertile,moist but drained the
on
is
in
our
Christmas.
at
rooms
in its
slow
early stages grower show only a few poor chalky soil may A deep, year until it is well established. a
on
soil is desirable. with
shifted
April, when,
"
glow
soils,but it is
in most
It will thrive
Ilicinae). One of our most good service in the garden and
does
Holly
the
evergreens,
being given owing
name
Ord.
leaves.
of the
The
best time
for
planting planted Propagation
of fibrous
mass
a
roots,
in, they generally thrive. immediately, and watered in the nurseries the choice varieties are increased is by seeds, but will in summer. stocks. strike common on Cuttings by grafting The are For good varieties: following pruning, see Evergreens. argentea marginata, argentea medio-picta (SilverMilkmaid), aurea
regina (Golden Queen), ferox argentea (SilverHedgehog), Hodginsii, and All Watereriana. except Hodginsii have variegatedleaves.
medio-picta (Gold Milkmaid),
aurea
Hollyhock (Althaea A
"
grand in
suffered of
the
on
the
recent
stems,
lower
attack
which
gins be-
its way
up
malvacearum, and
leaves
has
Hollyhock
through the
years
fungus, Puccinia
a
Malvaceae).
Ord.
rosea.
favourite, the
old
works
completely disfiguringthe
plants.
Mixture early application of Bordeaux that is consider a see) remedy. (which Many
An
disease
the
induced
was
in
propagation DISEASE
HOLLYHOCK
l'SSSfe
varieties
named
quently, they Saves,
on
the planting out in autumn, exposed places the plants ought to
and
also
may heat, and
Oak.
Honesty, the
to name
"
flowers. decoration
Eryngium.
See
Quercus. biennis Ord.
vessels.
flat white
the
These in
Honey
pods
may The
winter.
wintered
"
Honeysuckle,
See
In
in frames.
cold,
gation Propa-
in
be
cut
plant
allusion
derives
"
follow
its the
in
and for room used sprays is easily raised from seed in late in most
soils if the
It is attractive are
when
site in
in colour.
brightrose
Hoya.
Lonicera
foliaceae). Beautiful "
lings, seed-
earlysummer
(luna-ria,from luna, moon, Cruciferae). The Honesty transparent seed pods which
a
Plant.
in
Wallflowers.
be
hardy perennial, and will thrive is shady, but prefersa moist, heavy soil. bloom, for the flowers are borne freely,and is a white There variety.
spring,is
conseas
by cuttings in spring,in sandy soil in soil is desirable. deep, fertile,well -drained
A
See
Lunaria
seed from
"
grow of doors
out
as
when
demand;
Hollyhocks
same
tative vege-
effected
by grafting.
Holly, Sea. Holm
be
in
were
now
raisingthem
by excessive bygone years,
and
after Dr. Lonicer. (Ionic-era,
fragrant twiners,
walls, pillars, pergolas,trelliswork,
and
suitable
fences.
Ord.
Capricovering are hardy
for
They
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
183
soils. perennials,thriving in most Planting should be done between and November mid-April inclusive. Propagation red The is effected by layers in autumn. fruits of some of the Flexuosa and attractive. are (syns. brachypoda species Japonica chinensis) (seethe Botanical Register,t. 712) is one of the best of deciduous
Honeysuckles, and its variety aureo-reticulata, which has small, gold-netted leaves, is a pretty plant. Caprifolium, with pale yellow flowers, and Periclymenum, yellow and red, are fragrant the
British and
species with
rantissima
Hop.
(see the
Standishi
and
A
"
Horehound.
A
spring with up straight from the off the
in
boxes
and
Grass.
For
white
bear
Frag-
flowers.
useful
and
turned
in
A
it.
In
frame
Hoteia.
"
Hothouse. Hottonia
can
autumn
material
well then
It may should
"
be made be
successive
on
be as
Dahlias
manure.
hotbed
Annuals
see
built
the
days
into
up
work
taken
a
to
bed A
proceeds.
Half-hardy annuals, Tomatoes, be Celery, and other crops can in spring,being sown in pots or
frame
the
garden.
a
trodden
on.
manure-heated on
in
The
it should
be
stood
culture,
Ord.
barley.
Hedge.
placed Vegetable Marrows,
a
of
name
Herbs.
"
alone.
gases;
Mushrooms. a
is very
stables
then
can
raised
force
Latin
yard high, being well
a
Cucumbers,
and
and
scarlet
Garden.
manure
rank
the
and
Kitchen
hotbed
in
started
bloomers
Garden
Carpinus
See
"
"
Kitchen
See
"
Horseradish. Hotbeds.
hardy annual See
"
Hornbeam.
frame
winter
are
jubatum (hor-deum,
Gramineae). Hardy.
about
Sempervirens has Magazine, t. 761).
Botanical
See Humulus.
"
Hordeum
drive
fruits.
attractive
flowers
yellow
also
be
and
used
manure
and
for
other
plants
growing
leaves
can
can
be
Cucumbers
be
mixed
to
of Violets. See
Astilbe. See
"
Greenhouse.
(Water Violet). "
Houseleek.
"
See
See
Flower
Garden
"
Water
plants.
Sempervivum.
Houstonia
Ord. (housto-nia,after Dr. Houston. Rubiaceae). a charming little plant for the rockery, clinging closely to the stones, and bearing blue flowers in spring. It likes a loamy soil, but does not object to lime. Propagation is by division or is a white seeds in spring. There variety. H.
caerulea
"
is
Hoya, Wax-Flower There
are
several
Ord. Asclepiadeae). (hoy-a, after Mr. Hoy. of all Hoya, species distinguishedby flowers of
The
"
popular is carnosa, pink, blooming in summer (see the Botanical Magazine, t. 778). There is a variety with variegatedleaves. Bella, with purple and white flowers (Bot. t. also is 4402), They are rambling plants suitable Mag., grown. for the roof of a warm greenhouse, or a pillar. They like peat, with third of loam and a sand. Propagation is by cuttingsin heat in waxy
texture.
most
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
184 spring or
a
elegansis
of the
one
distinctive
most
three
plants
seed, which
will
scent be
may
sown
a
large
in
a
We
Ord. of
"
frame
account
high
greenhouse in
a or
from
easily raised
is
in
Two
inflorescence.
or
of its
because feet
several
It
house.
warm
but
know
Humea
Compositae). plants,not only oh
of its appearance, although that is uncommon, and agreeable perfume. It grows piquant and season, produces long plumes of red
they down
keep
winter.
be
Hume.
(hu-mea, after Lady
Humea
a
when
out
will
summer
given in sitting-room.
should in
years
thinned
be
syringing in
Vigorous
plant thrivingfor
should
shoots
little water
Very
mealy bug. of
The
summer.
crowded.
become
summer,
seedlings pricked off,potted singly,and repotted till they are in bloom. 6-in. or Loam, with a third of /-in.,in which they may The makes suitable and some manure a sand, compost. decayed the
after
discarded
be
plants may
flowering.
It
is thus
treated
as
a
biennial. the
(hu-mulus, from humus, Ord. Urticaceae) creeping habit. Humulus
ground,
in reference
to the
This genus mercial comgives us The beer. flavouring Hop, Japanese hop, H. Japonicus, is worth planting in the garden for the pillarof a be increased by pergola. It will thrive in ordinary soil,and may is a golden-leavedvariety called aureus. division in spring. There the
"
.
Humus.
See Manure
"
Hunnemannia
for
is used
which
and
Lime.
(hunneman-nia, fumariaefolia
after
Ord.
Hunnemann.
Herr
is
with
brilliant
a Poppywort, Papaveraceae) It is a herbaceous perennial,not entirely yellow flowers in summer. hardy, and needing a sheltered place or frame protectionin winter. in summer, and likes outdoors be propagated by seeds It may sown soil. See the Botanical Magazine, t. 3061. light,well-drained Ord. after Miss Hutchins. Hutchinsia Cruciferae). (hutchin-sia, this small is of "The most alpina,a pretty popular species genus and covering little plant for the rockery, clingingcloselyto the stones white flowers in spring. It likes a sandy compost, itself with and thrives in limestone. Propagation is by seed in spring. "
.
Hyacinth. "
H.
See Bulbs.
Hyacinthus (see also Bulbs). H. amethystinus is the Spanish Hyacinth (seethe Botanical Magazine, t. 2425); H. orientalis is the common Hyacinth (Bot. Mag., t. 937). The variety of orientalis is also Roman is the white albulus called Hyacinth. H. candicans herbaceous It is a good plant for the candicans. called Galtonia "
border.
Hybrid, Hybridisation. A hybrid cases rare amongst a few (e.g., "
In
been
crossed,
hybrids
the
crossed
are
varieties.
and
When
species are
hybridisation;when fertilisation. anthers
of
one
In
offspringare between
both
flower
varieties cases
and
is
called
the
crossed
placingit on
work it is
crossed
it consists
two
of
kinds
themselves
are
between
species. Orchids) g;enera have bigenerichybrids. When the offspringare called
cross
a
in
the
is
described of
spoken taking pollen from stigma of another. as
as
cross-
the
This
of Gardening Encyclopaedia process either
would
the
transferred
had
been
the
anthers
if the
be inocuous
by pollenfrom
wind
bee
or
removed
be
must
stigma had been already fertilised^ -fertilisation or selfing) or (self
flower
same
by
185
from
,
from the
flower; therefore
another flower
to
before
crossed
be
pollenis ripeand the blossom enclosed with a muslin bag. Those laws. wish to hybridisesystematically should study Mendel's Hydrangea (hydran-gea,from hydor, water, and aggeion,a vessel, in allusion Saxifrato the cupped shape of the seed vessel. Ord. geae) The Hydrangeas are
the who
"
.
deciduous
hardy
species
some
in the hortensis
and
shrubs, are
clusively ex-
grown
air; but open esteemed as
is much
of the
pot plant,on account of pink large heads a
blooms
it
produces. It is easily cuttings. Shoots in spring, and be taken may inserted singly in small pots in sandy compost containing which
raised
from
leaf mould or
in
plants
well
are
shifted
be
may
which
Loam,
with
will in
planted out
the colour water.
frames.
The
6-in.,
decayed
and mould, When suit,
soil
HYDRANGEAS
PROPAGATING
For
to blue.
pot plants use
it,notably Mariesii
and
Thomas
a
outside
wall
in mild
districts,but
alum in in unheated
oz.
in
pots
several
are
flowers
in
varieties
granciflora late
is sometimes
it is not
i
is Hortensia
Paniculata
Hogg.
splendid hardy variety with white flowers has white in spring,and Petiolaris
is
I
wintered
be
Young pot plants may commonly species most grown which is not (hortensis), quite hardy. There
of
CUTTINGS,
BY
containing
changes
gallon of
they
or
flower.
may little
a
sand,
some
the
rooted
leaf
or
be
may When
to 5 -in.
they
manure
iron
buds
in autumn.
struck
in
frame,
warm
a
with
shoots
summer.
seen
quite hardy.
on
an
See
the
Botanical
Magazine, t. 6788. Bulbs. under Hymenocallis. See Pancratium (hymenophyl-lum, from hymen, a membrane, Hymenophyllum and phyllon,leaf. Ord. Filices).Filmy ferns. They thrive in peat sand. and with broken sandstone, moss, They must Sphagnum have saturated and a (see Ferns). Tunbridgense atmosphere unilaterale the best-known are species. Wort St. count Hypericum, (hyper-icum, from yperikon,on acJohn's Ord. Hypericineae) of, and ereike, heath, from the habitat. Useful herbaceous, others shrubby, with hardy perennials,some dense flowers. The and best species is calyfoliage yellow green "
"
.
"
cinum, .under
the trees.
Rose
of
Sharon,
It should
be
for it will thrive
planted a
foot
on
apart
dry
banks
in autumn
as
if
well a
as
close
1
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
86 is wanted.
mass
See
Botanical
Magazine,
propagated by cuttings in a frame, is a good sub-shrub. Androsaemum and
Moserianum
Hyssop.
in
Kitchen
See
"
fine
a
yellow flowers
have
.and
is
the
t.
herbs
146. The shrubs are by division in spring.
Hookerianum
hybrid.
is worth
All those
named
ing, grow-
shrubs,
are
summer.
Garden
Herbs.
"
from Iberia. ful (ibe-ris, Ord; Cruciferae). Useand perennials. For the former, see Candytuft in the rock The Annuals. and garden, and perennialsare grown about considerable not fastidious area. are cover a soil, soon They The and are easily increased by cuttingsor seeds. followingare a of the best: not quite few corifolia,evergreen, 4 ins.; gibraltarica, ft. Botanical t. green, i (see Magazine, 124); sempervirens, everhardy, and has its i ft., variety Garrexiana, which larger flowers. in early summer. Gibraltarica is pink. They have white blossoms
Iberis,Candytuft hardy annuals
Plant.
Ice
Ilex."
See
"
See
lap
over
Mesembryanthemum.
Holly.
Imantophyllum. Imbricated.
"
A
"
each
See Clivia
"
is said
flower
Bulbs.
and
be
to
imbricated
when
the
petals
other.
Impatiens, Balsam (impa-tiens,from impatiens, referringto the the seeds. of the most of Ord. Geraniaceae) One "quickdischarge "
.
popular carmine so
speciesof Impatiens is Sultani, a dwarf flowers, easily raised from cuttings in
floriferous
thrives
in
it is
that
with
loam,
hardly
before
rooted
little leaf mould
a
and
it
plant with a
begins to sand.
brilliant
house, and
warm
See
bloom.
It
Botanical
is Magazine, t. 6643. Episcopi is a good variety of it. Hawkeri with most scarlet flowers. The also a good hothouse species popular Balsam. of the Impatiens is, however, the half-hardy annual See Balsam
and
Annuals.
Impregnation. "
See
Hybridisation.
(incarvill-ea,after P. Incarville. the most hardy plants, of which
Incarvillea
Ord.
Bignonia"ceae). popular species have are Delavayi and grandiflora. Both large,deeply cut leaves in carmine-rose flowers and summer. They are hardy bell-shaped in and from seed under most raised soils, easily perennials,growing The height is about glass in spring, or propagated by division. Grandiflora is considered to be merely a variety 1 8 ins. by many "of Delavayi. Olgae is a purple-floweredspeciesgrowing somewhat "
Beautiful
taller. Indian
Corn.
See Maize.
Indian
Cress.
Indian
Fig (Opuntia). See Cactus.
Indian
Pink.
Indian
Shot.
"
"
See
Nasturtium. "
India-rubber
"
"
See Dianthus
and
See Canna. Plant.
"
See
Ficus.
Biennials.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Insects. their
own
principalinsect pests of plantsare
The
"
in this work, or in connection remedies given.
names
they affect,and Inula
(in-ula,perhaps I.
fine
referred
with
to under
the crops
which
Ord.
Com-
Helenium.
corruption of
a
glandulosais
187
herbaceous
a hardy perennial,growing high,and with large deep yellow flowers in summer. the front of the border. It thrives It is well worthy of a place near in most likes clay if friable. fertile soils,and Propagation is by the Elecampane, is a taller plant. division in spring. I. Helenium, Hookeri is a fine pale yellow speciesblooming in late summer (see the Botanical t. 6411). Magazine,
positae). "
about
1
8 ins.
is
about
from
2
seed
ins.
Ord.
Cruciferae). "
annual
hardy
only
ing grow-
in almost It will grow any soil,and is raised in spring (syn. Cochlearia it is to bloom
high. where
sown
(ionopsid-ium.
little violet-flowered
dainty
a
Cress
Violet
lonopsidium, I. acaule
acaulis). Ipomaea,
Convolvulus
homoios,
similar.
allied
that
to
Ord.
of
Convolvuluses
purpurea.
Ipomaea
may
"
.
and
Convolvulus,
mentioned
be
ips, bindweed, This
genus
is
and
closely
plants commonly called C. really Ipomaeas. major, for instance, is the Of under the name plants usually grown
are
reallyI.
(ipomae-a, from Convolvulaceae)
climber, blooming
in
some
Bona-nox,
late
white
a
hothouse
(see the
evergreen
Botanical
Magazine, t. 752) ; hederacea (syn.Nil),a blue half-hardyperennial(Bot.Mag., its varieties grandifloraand Huberi t. 1 88), and variegata; Horshothouse Leari falliae, a rose winter-flowering (syn. evergreen; Pharbitis blue hothouse a Learii), autumn-blooming evergreen (Bot. Mag., t. 3928); and versicolor (syn. Mina lobata),a hardy colours.
various
annual,
leaf soil,decayed hothouse climbers
should
from (iresi-ne, Amarantaceae)
the
"
.
old
annuals
sand, makes
be thinned
raised
are
in heat.
sandy peat
and
manure,
Iresine Ord.
The
cuttingsin
perennialsfrom
summer
after
a
Iresines
carpet-beddingdays
were
Loam,
suitable
seed, with
compost.
the
some
The
flowering.
eiros, wool, in allusion The
from
to the
woolly shoots. important plants in They are tender
more
than
they are now. highly coloured leaves, which made them useful for formal designs. They thrive in most soils. Propagation is by cuttingsin gentle heat towards of summer. the end They should not be potted off till spring,and need very little water in winter. Herbstii (seeBotanical Magazine, t. 5499),Wallisii,and perennials,dwarf,
Lindcni Iris
all have from (i-ris, beautiful
with
dark
narrow,
leaves.
iris, the
hardy
Ord.
eye.
flower,
and
ingly Iridae). The Iris is a strikthat surprising many the speciesneed all be not Flag, English,and Spanish, "
it is not
But people like to grow a collection. put together. The larger,such as the be the borders; and the smaller on planted in herbaceous may The have roots and rhizome the rockery. Flags foliage;evergreen roots and bulbous have lose and their leaves English Spanish every
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
88
i
followingare beautiful Flag Irises,which : planted in ordinary soil in autumn The
year. and
bought
Hannibal
Bridesmaid Dalmatica
Pallida
Any The
is fond
who
one
of named
collection
extent, and
Spanish Irises,and likes to plant the bulbs among
interfere
not
about
November,
or
pretty varieties:
The
2
little
a
his
Roses.
other
to any injurious be planted Irises may deep. The following are
The
ins.
Leander Louise Snowball
j
Tendresse is not
Iris lover
real
form
"
Blanche Superbe Chrysolora King of the Blues La
each
with
well in association.
look
they
October
of
sorts, may
plants do
two
Chereau
Madame Sibirica
Gracchus
in
be
may
"
He
English, and
Thunderbolt
likelyto stop
Spanish. beautiful species,and the followingare
all
with
short
will want
she
or
to
have
the a
Flags, of
number
lovely: "
alata
Pavonia
Bakeriana
Persica
(nothardy)
biflora
pumila
cristata
reticulata
florentina Gatesii
Sindjarensis Sisyrinchium
histrio
stylosa
iberica
Susiana
laevigata
Tubergeniana
Lortetti
These, with
the
an
splendid waterside the
Irish Heath. Irish
"
sunny
bulbous
spots
on
varieties,on the
rockery.
Daboecia.
from isazo, to equal, alludingto its (isa-tis, Ord. Cruciferae). A small only one genus, glauca, a yellow hardy biennial, blooming in to any extent. Propagation is by seed, and "
is grown soil suits. now
dry,
warm,
laevigata(Kaempferi) are
small
Ivy.
smoothing power. species of which,
is
of
of the
Woad
Isatis,Dyer's
summer,
make by hardy plant specialists,
varieties Most
plants.
See
"
See
Ivy.
ordinary industry
The
hand, do best in
other
sold
hybrids now
selection. interesting
is
Woad
of small
obtained
from
I.
tinctoria.
The
proportions.
from Isolepis (i-so-le-pis,
isos,
equal, and lepis, a scale. Ord. is a pretty grassy gracilis plant,well adapted for Cyperaceae). growing in small pots to stand at the edge of greenhouse stages, and making a foreground to floweringplants, where, drooping over "
it or
a
serves
I.
useful
greenhouse, and
in heat
in
suits it.
purpose. when
spring. Loam,
be raised from It may seed be increased established may with and of leaf mould a third
in
by some
frame a division
sand,
189
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Ivy.
Hedera.
See
"
Ivy-leaved Geranium. Ivy-leaved Toadflax
See
"
Geranium
(LinariaCymbalaria).
from ixia, birdlime, (ix-ia, Bulbs. See Iridae)." Ixia
Ixiolirion
Lily.
of the
because
for the
rockery
"
soil.
not
particularas
and
Pallasi, i ft. high,with
to
front
the
or
flowers
of the
border. offsets.
is
Propagation blue
Ord.
juice.
hardy
"
June, suitable
thick
leirion, lily the Ixia-like bulbs, flowering in
from ixia, and (ixiolir-ion, Charming Amaryllideae).
Ord.
Pelargonium.
and
in
by June,
two
are
They
are
Montanum of the best.
Ord. Rubiaceae). Brilliant after the god Iswara. (ixor-a, somewhat resembling Bouvardias, but with larger plants, heads of bloom. They like a compost of 2 parts loam, i each leaf sand. and mould and some Propagation is by decayed manure, the shoots half The heat in matured. when are cuttings young bushy. Regular syringingin plants may be pinched to make them will do a good deal towards summer keeping insects under, but if necessary should insecticide. the leaves be syringed with an best The with are cones. coccinea, scarlet, summer Vaporise Duffii (syn.macrothyrsa) scarlet, summer. and Grandibloomer; flora,Fraseri, and superba are. good varieties of coccinea. Ixora
"
hothouse
,
Jacobaea.
"
See
Senecio.
formossima Jacobaea Lily. See Amaryllis (Sprekelia) "
under
Bulbs.
Hothouse shrubs Acanthaceae) Jacobinia (jacobm-ia. Ord. in winter, when brilliant flowers. J. chryostephana blooms of beautiful it produces large clusters yellow flowers (see the Botanical (syn. Justiciacarnea) has Magazine, t. 5887). Carnea in flowers summer (see Botanical Register,t. 1397). pale rose All has in scarlet flowers winter. about 2 ft. Ghiesbreghtiana grow and little decayed manure peat, with a high. Equal parts of loam and some sand, suit. Propagation is by cuttingsin a propagating "
.
with
case.
Jacob's Ladder, Polemonium
caeruleum.
Japan Cedar, Cryptomeria. Japanese Dwarf quaint examples British the
shoots,
American trees
"
many
are
Jasmine,
Considerable
art, and
gardens.
Jasminum
old
years
generallygrown in somewhat expensive.
They are
and
Trees. of Eastern
By cramping are
kept
ornamental
(jasmi-num,
is taken
interest
collections at
are
the a
bowls.
from
ysmyn
grown roots
and
height of Genuine
in
these
in various
twisting 2
or
3 ft.
specimens
(Arabic).
Ord.
are Oleaceae). These great favourites, and in most one hardy species,nudiflorum, is common gardens, large and small, bearing its yellow flowers during mild spellsin winter leaves when devoid of (see the Botanical Magazine, t. 4649). The pretty white Jasmine, gracillimum, is also a great favourite Grandiflorum house. (Bot. Mag., t. 6559). It requires a warm "
sweet-scented
ramblers
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
190 will thrive
in
Jasmine
bears
greenhouse, and Register,t. 91).
a
(seeBotanical
fertile
any
be
may
suit
the
increased
the
in
Artichoke.
Jerusalem Jessamine.
Tears.
Jonquil. "
"
-6*
Judas PRUNING
JASMINE.
deciduous in
encased
a
See
Tree.
will
thinned
^t
a
"
The
Kitchen
fertile
which
will the
or
There
get
; or
of
plants.
they
Soot
be
may
trapped
is
nut
storing in
kind, by budding several
are
and
water
The
after
decay
common
and
"
roots
get
Garden.
soil.
Julus (Millipede).The species complanatus short, many-legged, quick-moving guttatus are the about rid of them
they
JupiterJovis,the literally,Jupiter's nut. Walnut, Juglans regia,is a
any
Propagation is by seeds for graftingfor the specialvarieties.
to
freely.
break
when
to spars.
See
"
autumn.
found
be
should
from (ju-glans,
Juglandeae). thriving in case,
tip
Cercis.
tree,
green
the
Bulbs.
"
thick
and
wood
Coix.
See
"
old
Jasmine.
See
"
Juglans, Walnut god' and glans" Ord.
hardy
See
"
indoor
bell-glass.When
grow
cut
kinds
the
Androsace.
See
"
of
a
shoots
be wood
young
Rock.
Jasmine,
side
should
and
crowded,
to
outdoor
suckers,
heel
a
under
peat
when
branches
Job's
off with
sandy
pinched out, The
The
others.
plants begin
young
summer
white
common
by layers or
by cuttings taken inserted
in late
hardy hardy Jasmines will thrive in soil; equal parts of peat and loam, with
sand,
some
flowers
is the
The
31).
t.
(Bot. Mag.,
white
Officinale
with
"
varieties.
pulchellus
insects," often
brine
be used may of pieces Mangold.
Juniperus, Juniper (junip-erus,from juniperus (Celtic), rough. others some quiring reConiferae). Handsome hardy, evergreens,
Ord.
"
the
shelter lawn
of
greenhouse. Good varieties are well worth for stiff,damp soil, plants. They do not care light,friable ground. Propagation is by seeds or a
growing as thriving best in cuttingsin August in a frame or and C. albo-variegataare good
under
bell-glass. Chinensis
a
lawn
There
trees.
are
several
aurea
good
varieties
and of communis, the common Juniper,notably fastigiata and there is varieties the Red are Cedar, glauca. Virginiana many of it,such as argentea, aureo-variegata, and pendula. Bermudiana, the
Bermuda
Cedar,
must
after Justicia (justl-cia,
be Mr.
in
grown
a
greenhouse. Ord.
Acanthaceae) in fact is incorporated to This genus is closelyrelated it by modern in with botanists, but certain species are grown under the of name Justicia. Carnea, coccinea, ghiesbreghgardens in point. For culture, see Jacobinia. tiana, and magnifica are cases Kaffir
J. Justice. Jacobinia, and
Lily (Schizostylis coccinea).
Kalanchoe
"
(kalancho-e,the
Chinese
See name.
"
.
Bulbs. Ord.
Crassulaceae) .
"
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Succulent
plants,with
brilliant
flowers
terminal
on
greenhouse plant, grown spring. It likes loam with a third Propagation is by cuttingsin sandy soil. warm
sand. Kale.
See
"
Kalmia
Kitchen
flammea
its beautiful
for
in
flowers
K.
heads.
191
of leaf mould
(kalm-ia,after
Peter
Kalm.
shrubs.
hardy evergreen
several
are
a
orange and
Garden. some Ericaceae). Handgrowing as a propagated by seeds
Ord.
"
latifolia is worth
K.
foliageshrub alone. They like peat, and are in spring,layers in autumn, or cuttingsof side shoots The three speciesangustifolia, glauca, and latifolia are There
is
varieties
of the
first and
last.
in
They
summer.
all grown. all dislike
lime. Kalosanthes.
-See Crassula
"
Kentia
after (kent-ia, or palms, giving us one
and
Lt.-Col.
Rochea.
Kent.
Ord.
A
Palmae). "
of genus Canter-
two species,such as Belmoreana, well as for are as Forsteriana, which good for rooms For culture, see Palms. Botanists refer the first now the genus Howea, and Canterburyana to Hedyscepe.
buryana, and greenhouses. last to
and
Kerria
after Mr. Japonica (ker-ria,
M.
Kerr.
Ord.
Rosaceae). A useful dwarf shrub, thrivingin almost yellow-flowereddeciduous blooming profusely in late spring (seethe Botanical any soil,and tt. Magazine, 1873 and 1296). Corchorus Japonicus is a synonym; the double, flore pleno, is a still better plant,givinga richer and more in the be grown lastingeffect with its larger flowers. They may better but walls fences. are on or shrubbery, Propagation is by shoots of under consist of a hand-light. Pruning may cuttings young crowded The shoots. cutting out plants may be forced in pots if "
desired.
Kidney
Bean.
Kitchen
See
"
Garden.
of garden is a source much benefit to the household, as a constant supply of delicious and wholesome be provided. It will contain not vegetables can of the table which most an are only adequate supply vegetables appreciated,but also plenty of fresh salads and a sufficiencyof herbs. In large kitchen ciated gardens fruit (seeFruit) is generallyassowith vegetables,trees being grown the paths, and alongside the walls. also on The fruit and houses are plant generallyput in the
for
Garden.
Kitchen
kitchen
A
"
well-managed
In
garden.
vegetablesis limited
to omit
the
which
be
in
winter
coarser
could
very
better
area
small and
kitchen
establishments, where is
the
near
house, it may
Greens, partly because
devoted
to
choice
partly because
weather.
there be
is
a
separated
vShelter of not
fair amount from kind
some
only because
because
it is
of the
disagreeable in
ground
house
by
is desirable.
of the
available
the
wet
kitchen
salads;
and
Where
garden
may
flower A
gardens and shrubberies. high, strong wall is the best,
complete shelter which it provides,but alsosupporting lean-to and hip-roofed greenother glassstructures, and fruit trees. More-
capable
houses, vineries, and
is
room
Asparagus,
as
and
odour
space be well
they take up
things,such
Seakale, Celery, Cauliflowers, spring Cabbages, their
the
of
!
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
92 KITCHEN
GARDEN
"over,
wide
south
and
the
made the inner side, and those with on will favourable be for early crops. aspects Failing be a hedge of Quick, Privet, Hornbeam, must or
borders west
wall
there
Beech;
or
Paths.
continued.
"
be
can
fence.
a
Substantial
"
paths
with
6
ins. of rubble
with
2
ins. of
well
desirable, and
are
in
rammed should
gravel. They
the best clinkers and
with
slope from
centre
made
are
surfaced sides
to
to
off water.
carry Soil. An
soil should
The
"
excellent
plan
deeplyand
cultivated
be
is to take
stripat
one
a
"
and
liberally.
bastard-trench off the top soil
is,take
that
it
manured
time
the full depth of a spade, to break up the soil underneath the depth of a spade or fork,
to
^j^^"^
put
on
m?^
In
"t?^~ 3K3s
the
TRENCHING.
AFTER
land
the level is raised). 5. Top soil (note how 6. Subsoil broken up and manured. 7. Third spit broken up.
be
left
raked
and
lumpy,
the
late
fine for
down
Manure.
sowing Decayed stable
"
ought
Drainage).
spring. yard manure
or
loads
loads
rod, or 30 per square per -shallow, dry soil is improved by green Mustard
at the in
vacant
Tares in
be
2
A
be
rate
of
a
garden top soil.
light land
the
this
site low
drained
be The
it.
top It
at the rate
can
of
(see
soil may then be
2
barrow-
will be
good. Light, that is, sowing manuring rod on ground that becomes winter or during autumn; acre,
"
square in
digging it
quarter preference on
for
Ib. per
at the
sown
spring.
of and
summer,
may
in
rate
to
frost will crumble in
of
case
soil is stiff and
the
it
any
replacethe
be done in autumn if convenient; in the case of heavy in winter after frost. If
may GROUND
and
manure
refuse, and
of i4- Ib. per rod in autumn and dug of basic each slag phate (superphospound kainit
soil)and
limestone
per
square
rod
in with
turned the dung. Cropping. Many gardeners arrange for a rotation of the annual one on piece of ground in successive "crops, using different crops It if the have is feasible rotation to a perfect four-course years. class different classes are grown in the same but not if one quantities, may
"
is grown
another. Given equal larger proportions than each in follow other successive proportions following might (i)Potatoes; (2)Peas, Beans, Celery,and Leeks; (3)Beetroot, years: in
much
the
and Carrots, Parsnips,Salsify, A
tap-rooted
"Ground
"Greens,
crop be
may and
is
a
heavily
Onions,
Parsnips, and "successions with French
of
good
for
manured
but
Tomatoes.
Scorzonera; succession for
not
a
and
Onions.
fibrous-rooted
one.
Peas, Beans, Celery, Leeks, Potatoes, Beetroot, Carrots, culture provides for quick in connection considered
Intensive
vegetables,and
(4)Greens to
be
may
Gardening (which see) .
Special remarks salads, and Artichoke.
herbs "
on are
There
the
culture
of
all the
principalvegetables,
appended. are
two
distinct
kinds
grown
in
gardens,
of Gardening Encyclopaedia namely, the Globe, and occasionally.The its popular name from
the
and
cooked
The
with
eaten
throughout the perennial, and
large Green
summer.
Jerusalem;
Globe
seen
third
a
Artichoke
193 Chinese
the
"
large,globularflower-heads, sauce. They are produced The plant is a hardy the
dies to the Globe is a
in
root
is
"
(Cynara Scolymus) gets
the
which
are
autumn.
gation good variety. Propaplants,in the first place seed in spring,heat is sown being given if it is desired to push the plantson rapidly, but not being otherwise The be thinned, can seedlings necessary. :
and
a
To
get
a
later
year
stock
of
in rich
out
put
soil 4
ft.
apart.
Subsequently the stock can be increased by taking off suckers in April,and it is well to do this every out. Soil : 2 or 3 years, as old plantssoon get worn in deep, well-manured Plant soil, as the plant is feeder. plants in autumn. a
Ashes
gross
that in
push
as
a
when
straw
may Chards
THE
the
round
heaped
ClJINESE
ARTICHOKE
the young growths (stachys tuberifera). the Artichokes down cutting has been taken; they are blanched crop of heads The 2 ft. high. Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus are
result of
a
July, after
with
be
which form the edible part. They do what their close starch, texture, not less than their someThe plant earthy flavour, renders them unpalatableto many. strong grower, and should be planted at the end of the garden,
tuberosus) produces tubers, not
is
contain
a
and
it will also crops, and where in weight, about tubers i oz. Propagation: By 6 planted ins. deep, and 1 8 ins. apart, in rows 3 ft. asunder, in spring. Soil : A light, well-drained, poorishsoil is best if the crcp is grown for home consumption; deep, rich, moist soil may yielda heavier
where form
a
it will not wind-break.
interfere
with
other
be lifted in The tubers may crop, but the produce will be coarse. November and covered and soil similarly to Potatoes. with straw The Chinese Artichoke (Stachys tuberifera)has small, corkscrewlike tubers
They They which sand
may like
of be a
well-drained,
causes
in the
warm
The
coarseness.
soil,but crop
asunder, in spring.
18 ins. not
may
a
of manure, in stored lifted and
great deal
be
autumn.
Asparagus (Culinary). Asparagus "
delicious
it is increased.
of which
agreeable flavour, by means rows planted 9 ins. apart/in
of all
garden vegetables,and
inexpensivelygrown
than
many
omcinalis as
people suppose, grown
ASPARAGUS
one
it is much
why
AN
is
most
more
easilyand
is should
no
there it
of the
reason
nearly all gardens. Specialraised beds in
fe onljnecessary soil.
KNIFE.
be
not
heavy, damp
in pagation: Pro-
in Aprilin well-pulverised soil, By seeds, which may be sown If the be foot come a plants apart. very thicklythey may thinned, and then, by the end of the season, they will be sturdy little
in drills
of fibrous roots. specimens a foot or 18 ins. high,and with a nice mass in that be a is, transplanted spring They may year from sowing In another the and foot ft. asunder. into rows 2 plants a apart, "
"
N
1
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
94 KITCHEN
GARDEN
continued.
"
be
Soil : Asparagus likes transplantedto the beds. warm, loamy soil. It will thrive in clay well drained when and pulverised. Mortar rubbish and road sweepings will improve it. The ground should be deeply cultivated, and with decayed yard manure. liberallydressed Only moderate be thin soil on success expected overlying chalk, unless the may and the chalk be broken ground deepened by manuring, and up, wood ashes, and leaf mould. mulching with manure, Forming beds : In the olden days very elaborate beds were prepared for Asparagus. The soil was thus and in the formed excavated, pit faggots were
they
year
may
friable, well-drained,
a
covered with were laid, which heavily manured, was put on with
drained
pipes this
is little fear
there
of
this
soil
In
becoming
clay it To
plan.
make
tion accumula-
the
would
be
wise
a
pair of beds
a
soil,
ground is of clay, as
case
through
sour
The
If the
in the
even
undrained
such
refuse.
garden
foundation.
is unnecessary,
of the
stagnant water. to adopt some
follows:
and
roots
caution pre-
proceed
out two preparing the soil mark strips4 ft. wide the soil from the 2-ft. them. Throw each, with a 2-ft. stripbetween of foot to thus the left. The and formed a alley strip depth right will serve thrown will the and the soil out soil of as a path, deepen the beds. Planting : Asparagus may be planted any time in April. if growth has started, so long as the roots not It does matter are as
allowed
not
from
done
of
triangularlyinstead The
clumps apart. They
rows. 1 8 ins.
get
bed
a
2
of
may
consist
foot
a
of
from
from
central
a
of
growth encouraged by purpose
of
treatment
:
that
will
growth
it may
month
soil and
aerating the The
keeping down ripen off in October,
be removed,
and
of
and
large
ins. of soil.
4
first year, but the double
serve
weeds. and
Autumn
at
the
end
with
bed
the
parallel bed,
mass
a
be spread out and covered with may the culture : The bed should not be cut from will
in
of the
and
frequent hoeing,which
be inserted
may other
edge
crown
can
or nurseryman suitable strength.
a
iibres, which Summer
crop
a
each
the
the
quickly than
plants,which
exactly opposite to be
throws
more
be
rows
and
bad,
purchased three-year-oldplantswill be
will accommodate
4-ft.bed
is very
to
should
seeds, roots These
seedsman. A
the latter
get dry;
to
seriously. If it is desired
back
be
After
of
short
top-dressed of damp soil)with the sea, seaweed the beds. refuse. Near burnt be heaped on may of A of oz. : Spring dressing phate superphosspringdressingconsisting 3 and of nitrate of soda per square i oz. yard will do good ; or be applied at the rate of 4 oz. salt may common yard. per square will in in and often be cut May Cutting : Heads cutting April, may
decayed
be
manure,
will be
handle, severs
a
(and preferably in
It should
general.
knife
or
found
useful
long pieceof
the stem
when
at
cease
for
round thrust
the
the
cut
blanched
when
a
Asparagus : Asparagus by growing
French a
case
of
end
steel,and
It
The
ground. 2
ins.
soil.
The
the
scales secure
giantvarietyin rich
Asparagus
consists
short, toothed
a
about
growers
An
June.
purpose.
into the
brownish-green knob as a finger,protrudes through the inches left till it is several long and to
the
of
long, and
are
should
short
which
blade
heads
head
a
ready
are as
thick
not
be
bursting. Large
very
soil,and
large blanched earthing it
as
of Gardening Encyclopaedia it
Britain.
soil.
the
pushes through
It has
Immense small
195
quantitiesare green tip,and is
exported
to
wasteful
only very part is soft ordinary way, as before the blanched end It should be cooked until on the tender green tip is scattered. the white part is soft, and only laid on its side to finish off the green be secured by tip. Forcing : An early crop of Asparagus may of laths over the forcing. One plan is to place a lightframework
Great
in the
if cooked
bed
and
it with
cover
cover
them,
over
the
pit is available
heated
Another
manure.
of soil
inches
few
a a
hot
light,friable soil about
it with
in with Where
a
is to make bed, up a hotins. the roots deep, pack 4 and then place on a light.
merely be packed in temperature of about
need
roots
required,and
in
brought forcingis practisedit is advisable to have a constant of roots succession coming on, so that the forced roots, which are be thrown can Asparagus beetle : The greatly weakened, away. beetle (CriocerisAsparagi) do greenish larvae of the Asparagus shoots and harm much foliage;but the by feeding on the young also If an attack is in. feeds. is about bluish beetle, which J long, in soft of stir in " Ib. each Ib. of boil a gallon water, noticed, -Jsoap of soot and flowers of sulphur, dip the shoots in, and afterwards This disease sometimes blackens Rust the : fungoid syringe. attack far Before the has with deaux Borin got foliage summer. spray Colossal Mixture is (which see). Varieties : Connover's is also Giant reliable. Early Argenteuil good. very In its different species,which Bean. greatly,the Bean is vary of hardy vegetables. The esteemed Broad Bean of the most one the Bean is but Kidney (Phaseolusvulgaris) vulgaris) hardy, (Faba is not, and the Scarlet Runner (Phaseolusmultinorus) still less so. than the Broad valuable Both of the latter are perhaps more Bean, delicate flavour it is, as in addition to more certainlythe Runner if well into the autumn frost much longer,lasting permits. crops soil,watered
as
on
a
Where
65".
"
All
the
like
Beans
deep,
a
well-manured
November
in
March,
soil. the
The
Broad
Bean
seeds
being set singly may into flower When black 8 ins. apart. come they aphides will attack which must of be broken with the off the tips shoots, fingerand and below the point of attack thumb destroyed. The plants will is in an not require sticks, but if the row exposed place it may be be
well
sown
drive
to
string along
as
a
few
every
There
support.
there
feet and
white
are
two
run
two
tiers of
strong
classes, Longpod
and
and
green-seeded sections of each. the is most Exhibition useful of all. The Longpod (white seed) should dwarf before mid- April, not be sown French or Kidney Bean Windsor,
and
in stakes
or
are
dropped singly 6 ins. apart; if very strong This Bean likes moist, growth plants may be thinned. It be must fertile soil in a sheltered place. picked regularlywhile it will be over the pods are Wonder or quickly. Canadian young is now There and Superlativeare two of the best varieties. ing a climband
the
seeds may follows the
section, of which
be
Tender
good representatives.The all the will prey
Beans,
keep to
on
red
Scarlet
in rich, moist bearing for months. and
spider. Early
True
and
crops
and
Runner
Princess is the
of most
Wales useful
are
of
soil,and with regularpicking,it In hot, dry soil it often falls a may
be
had
by sowing
seed
in
1
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
96 KITCHEN
GARDEN
continued.
"
and under glass in March plantingin June; or by wintering It is rarely safe to sow seed of doors out planting old roots. before mid-May. The seeds may be set 9 ins. apart and given a and a 7-in. pole each. Soakings of liquid manure mulching of short will help the plants. Scarlet manure Emperor and Best of boxes
and
All
fine varieties.
are
The
White
much
not
Painted
and
Runners
Lady
are
used
to be. so now as they grown Beetroot the revival of Beetroot culture (Beta vulgaris). With for sugar-making fresh interest has centred in a garden vegetable that had will previously held only a modest position. Beetroot "
grow in almost Little manure
any soil,but does best in rather heavy, moist ground. is required in such land, and if the crop follows one the previous year, such as Peas the soil was well manured
for which
Celery,none
or
is best sow
the labour and
of
these be
must
The
it until
be
can
reduced
away be may without
removed
injury sand
later
one
tanned
15 ins.
with
covered
to
with
kept
rows
and
roots, and it Early sowing results in coarse If roots wanted before are May. September reduces seed and variety at mid- April. It economises thinningto drop three seeds in a cluster at every 9 ins.,
round
a
all.
at
to defer
fish
to the
October and
crowns,
with
or
and
straw
roots
soil.
Good
Borecole hardiest
a
oleracea
(Brassica
Greens,
injured by frost, however is done
winter
a
mild
small
out
and
well the
useful, having
as
of the
attack in
Dwarf
the
Green
Broccoli the
same
mild
in the made
to
Good
same
under
The
sow.
part.
Some
are
as way those
curled
spellsall through
foliage. The
described
way.
time
grown
the
are
injury plants
the
kept
remarks
Kales winter
ornamental
plants are
as
subject to
Broccoli, and are tected provarieties: Arctic, Asparagus, under
is
Broccolis
out
To of
get
doors
is
the than white less pure latter, from to inclusive October be had June may of varieties and choice sowing at different
coarser
and
suitable a districts Cauliflowers but in mild are After would Christmas Broccolis
Cauliflowers. sown
in
edible
which
autumn,
when
seasons
are
they
Curled, Hearting. (Brassicaoleracea botrytisasparagoides) Broccoli It and spring representativeof the Cauliflower.
by making
be
coloured
enemies
somewhat
hardier.
Broccoli.
the
few
the
Kales
that
"
winter
periods;
shoots are
good
often
.
nominally but
side these
spring,and
a
The
"
In
severe.
follows
apply. Early April is
throw
varieties:
acephala). it is not
and
soft too long. The Kales are green and Broccoli and Brussels and the Sprouts, heads
be
heap
a
Globe
of all winter
hard
laid in
Green-top
Kale
or
scares.
Short.
Long.
the
or
should
leaves
the
Birds
deep.
thread,
the
Dell's Crimson Cheltenham
ins.
2
netting,black
In
apart.
Cover
on.
autumn at
the
and
end
preferredto autumn take precedence
Broccoli, seed should
early winter of
March; be
to
get
practisedat
early spring Broccoli, sowing may April; and to get late spring and early summer
of
late
the
winter
middle
produce, seed
and of may
of Gardening Encyclopaedia :
be
the
at
sown
the various
of
end
The
April.
followingare
1 varieties
good
97 for
:
seasons
Model
Early. First of All
L.
Self-Protecting Late
Midseason.
Queen
Methven's
June
Leamington find the
Many all
seed
the
cases
"
white
purple and should
be
in
weeds
rows
The
down.
with
covered
seed if
seedlingsthinned be
greens apart and
foot
a
should
useful.
In
The seed may each other. of soil, and the bed protected with birds will carry off thread, otherwise
they begin to crowd
half
inch
an
netting or black plants. Showery young taken advantage of to plant
tanned
Broccoli Broadcast
sowing is of all kinds, but it is preferableto hoe between the seedlingsto keep be sprinkledin very thinly,and the
sown
generallypractisedwith sow
"
sprouting thinly.
fish
weather
in
June
July should be out 30 ins. apart. Firm, moderately rich Broccoli soil is desirable. and other winter Greens (e.g., and well Brussels as as are Cauliflowers, Kales), Sprouts, Savoys, with that often planted between the result strong-haulm Potatoes, the
the
Greens
and
easilyinjuredby frost.
be
drawn
become
flabby, in which
and
or
state
(i)to plant between of largePotatoes not less than rows express object of accommodating the Greens;
(2) to set the
Potato
alternate
between which
When
of them.
and
rows,
Potatoes
the
the Broccoli. hard round be broken a leaf should
the
the
are
Broocolis
(3)to plant only
tops of the Potatoes the
on
soil should
other
side
be rammed their hearts
formed
have
left till they
and
them
yard apart with
a
Greens
lifted the
When over
draw
from
intercroppedaway
not
are
weak
are
followingprecautions should early,small-topped Potatoes only;
taken:
the
they
of the
One
Club-
cut.
are
; gall-weevil(Ceutorhynchus (Plasmodiophora brassicae) of the Large White, Small White, the caterpillars ; and cicollis)
root
butterflies
Green-banded root
large,ugly excrescences prevalent fallow
causes
Greens, and
lay
this lie six weeks
on
a
the
on
the
when
a
of gas
coat
surface
before
month
another
ground
on
Where
growth. the
Broccolis
attack
and
the stem
piece lime
and
of
half
then
planting the
plants
other
checking speciallyfor
roots,
ground an
inch
thick.
it in.
turn
and Club-
Greens.
and
sul-
Greens.
Leave
Let the
Further, earth
half
to encourage new grown Gall-weevil causes roots. small, marble-like swellings,which may when be sliced off into a vessel containinga little paraffin ing, transplantof and the roots drawn a lime, and water. soot, through puddle The is also efficacious. best remedy The for gas-lime treatment
the
up
stems
is to hand-pick caterpillars in with water plantsforcibly cold
districts
east
and
from
the
it is
west, north
side
quarter until they on
the
heads
when
and
while
are
and the first comers, which a little salt has
then
syringe the
been
stirred.
the
in
to
common
severe
of the
are
row
grow
weather
and
nearly flat.
they
are
Broccoli
approaches
force This
frozen, and
the
take
to
plants over
prevents the prevents severe
In
running
rows
to
soil that
striking injury.
sun
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
198 KITCHEN
GARDEN
Brussels
supply
give
a
is sometimes
seed
is
for several
in order
stumps sprouts ;
check
to
it must
but
August,
of the
few
a
When but
not
Each
to
ought
stem
and
these
can
be
favours soil,which gross Aigburth and Exhibition, should Gem
strong
varieties
had
appreciated will
the
remarks
same
be
and
cropped back to production of at once, or a good shoots the resulting the
should
growth
rows
be
left intact.
clothed
as
be avoided, and smaller kinds like Prize selected instead ; but for poor ground
Northaw
and
and
should
the stems
more
few
a
with sprouts by midrequired. In the case of rich, growth, the largervarieties,such as
picked
moist
Dwarf
Broccoli
leaves
well
become
"
.
are
early crop is wanted principalsupply the April. The seed and
growth and encourage extend to all the leaves
back on deal of sap will be thrown The will be loose. top or crown
autumn,
an
for the
In
gemmif era)
grown
first half of
similarlyto
treated
seedlingsmay be apply. In autumn
well
when
weeks. in the
of doors
out
sown
in
sown
bullata
vegetables
coarser
Sprouts,and
Brussels
seed
of the
few
winter
than
oleracea
(Brassica
Sprouts and
autumn
continued.
"
Exhibition
be chosen.
better
is
one
of the
best.
it is
a now highly Cabbage -Brussels Sprout promising vegetable,as in addition to the sprouts on the stem the plant produces a nice Cabbage at the top in place of the loose cluster the ordinary Brussels Sprout. Brussels of leaves which distinguishes members of the other enemies as Sprouts are attacked by the same
is
A
Brassica
See remarks
tribe.
procurable,and
under
Broccoli.
capitata). One of the most useful of all the Green vegetables,and particularlyvaluable in spring,when good hearts take the place of Brussels Sprouts and Savoys and in every A Cabbage bed should be formed supplement Broccoli. in in kitchen early August, spring. Seed should be sown garden two but it is a good plan to make sowings, one a fortnightearlier. bed be sown of fine soil, and seed The thinly in a reserve may (Brassicaoleracea
Cabbage
half
covered
about bed with
an
inch.
"
If birds
are
troublesome
protect
the
crowded netting. Thin the plants if they become the that Towards end of or month, by the during September. 18 ins. of October, plant the young out middle apart. A Cabbages vegetablehas piece of ground must be chosen from which a summer the ground is both bed is good, because been cleared, and an Onion fertile and firm. Directlythe ground is dry enough to be trodden winter late the in hoe between the plants, and run on sprinkle them at rate of the nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia among If it off the leaves. to oz. i care yard, taking keep per square seed
the
up but are
fish
flower there
it should
The
sown.
Offenham
Ell am'
s
April,and
may
reliable
be
Should
:
"
Emperor Flower
Early
May,
following are
be rammed
followingare
Early Cabbages
firm.
any plants throw stems they should be pulled up and thrown away at once ; if suitable varieties trouble on this score will not be much
soil is loose
had
in
summer
and
of
autumn
and
good
about transplantingwhen varieties for this purpose: "
Spring by sowing in March, 4 ins. high. The
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Defiance
No.
Improved Nonpareil
Imperial
When
cuttingCabbages
heart, because
principalenemies For
the
if left small of
be
not
secondary Cabbages
Cabbages
remedies,
i
should
stem
199
with
removed will form
it.
on
and club-root, gall-weevil,
are
Broccoli.
under
the The
pillar. cater-
for
Cabbages pickling transplantedin autumn ; close, firm hearts in July of the followingyear. they will then make Red is a good variety. Chou de Burghley is a hybrid Early Dwarf of flavour be which in spring and planted transsown Cabbage good may ft. apart. Couve 2 or Tronchuda, Braganza Cabbage, is of the largeleaves, which for the thick midribs make a good grown substitute for Seakale. Sow in spring and ft. transplant2 apart. Coleworts in late spring. The be sown Rosette is good. may Capsicum and Chili. These are mostly grown in gardens for their ornamental fruit. The Cayenne, which has long,narrow, red fruit; and the Mammoth Red which has Chili, large fruit, are the best should
be
see
of doors
out
sown
in
August
and
"
There
known.
coral
fruits.
Red
Long
of culture
method
varieties
are
The
is to
with
yellow, scarlet, crimson,
Capsicum in heat
sow
is used
in
The
pickles. spring,prick off, and
in
and best
quently subse-
pot singly. Cardoon
(Cynara Cardunculus)
"
.
esteemed
in soups and in trenches
the stem be
Continental
by
grown in heat
cooks, who
stews.
like
in March
The
Spanish
Cardoon is much midribs of the leaf and
the
use
Except in damp Celery. They may of doors
out
in
soil the be
plantsshould
raised border
from
seed
in
April. of planted 18 ins. apart and given abundance water. In August the stems be drawn may together,tied, and earthed to exclude so as light and air, and left for two months, when they will be blanched and ready for use. Carrot Carrots Carota) (Daucus in best thrive sandy, friable soil, and should only be put on heavy, wet land sown
They
should
or
a
warm
be
"
.
when
there
such
a
them
can
ridgesa not
be
a
foot
be manured
alternative.
Peas
or
done,
no
to follow crop the ground was
will
manure
draw
good plan apart and to half fill them ashes oyster shell and wood The
seed
covered
March
to
a
may with
then an
inch
In
good plan to grow high. The ground heavily,and if it
arranged for the Celery,for which
well It is
other
no
it is
case
on
should
is
be
be
needed,
drills 15 ins. with crushed
sown
of soil.
in mixture.
thinly and From
mid-
LARGE A
AND
SMALL
CARROTS.
point in soil management.
Small in root shallow Subsoil broken up; follow. roots 2.
to mid-April is a good time to the soil is choosing a period when dry enough to crumble early,and press up readily. Thin the the to round left exclude Carrot fly,whose firmly plants A destructive. further are preventive is to moisten very
soil.
larger
sow,
the soil
grubs some
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
2oo KITCHEN
GARDEN
October
the plants. Lift in among varieties Good
paraffinoil and sprinkle it store similarlyto Beetroot.
with
sand
continued.
"
and
"
Long.
Short.
James's Intermediate Valery
Gem
Early
St.
Guerande
be selected. may forcingor frame culture the Parisian Gardening. of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis cauliflora).One of all Green delicious and esteemed most vegetables,Cauliflowers
See
For
French
the
"
in
from
season
to November
June
by sowing
early summer Autumn
crops
of doors
in
the
be secured
may
inclusive, but
previous autumn, or by sowing thinlyin
April,covering with
half
an
in the
crowded
be
not
spiteof thinning it is wise
seed
to set
bed, them
bed
reserve
a
in
got
in winter. out
of soil,screeningwith transplantingafter rain
netting to keep off birds, and during June or July. It is important should
in heat
are
inch
fish
tanned
crops
be
can
that
they get
thick
too in
9 ins.
out
Cauliflowers
young
if
and
in
a apart varieties ready. Small permanent quarters are ones should be planted 2 ft. apart ultimately,and 2% ft. large and manured should be The asunder. dug deeply liberally. ground is good, and ous lightdressingsof nitrogenDecayed farmyard manure in the plants are be given when fertilisers (see Cabbage) may Cauliflowers convenient to plant autumn It is often full growth. between by the latter. Potatoes, but they should not be overgrown With sowing, it is best done in a frame at the end respect to autumn of absence of glass a sowing out of September, although in the
their
until
bed
doors
early
should
be
in
put
pricking out frame
reserve
in
that
March,
April. All soil. They good :"
may
be
tried.
classes
in
Cauliflowers of
may Cauliflowers
like moist, fertile
be do
ground.
got ready
badly The
in
for
poor,
in an
plants January, unheated
planting dry,
in
shallow
followingvarieties
are
Late.
Early. Early Early
Frame-raised
April. By sowing seed in heat seedlingsin boxes, and hardening in
out
the
month
Erfurt
Autumn
London
Pearl
Giant
Purity Broccoli. enemies, see under Celery (Apium graveolens). Delicious as a relish,excellent when the with sufferers, cooked, and property of relievingrheumatic For
"
as
rows
crop. and cultivation
It benefits
the
whole
watering and liquidmanuring, and provides plenty of earth for blanching, but it is not indispensable. be had Potatoes. of Celery may by planting between crops in in heat be the seed should sown February, for later early crops in a cool house in March. The plant grows very slowly in its
it allows
Nice For
a
the
are as
valuable
garden indirectly, thorough tillageentailed in its culture deep trench The system is convenient, good for succeeding crops.
Celery is
of
abundant
of Gardening Encyclopaedia does
early stages, and however, fix
with
bed
reserve
glasssash
a
limited till
a
If
an
finished.
early crop, They may with
dressed
ground
trenches
the
need
not
such
as
be cut
decayed
little of a done is best Planting
after
rain
with
hot
in
sunshine
June
3
or
make
a
4 ins. of soil,and
is
deep, and
fine
foot
top apart
with
varied
dustings
Should
lines in the grey affected parts and
good plan
to
very made
Peas,
the
of water, and
with
When,
room.
July. Shade in plants are growing.
or
until the
Soakings liquid manure will do good.
is be
8 ins.
a
much a
weather
manure,
soil.
surfaced
it is
covered
it until the
over
demand
crowd
to
little manure
mild.
becomes
therefore
not
seedlingsbegin
the
201
of
soot, make
maggots
leaves, pinch the spray
with
paraffin
tion. (seeParaffin)in soluthe plants are a foot high When the stems together, tie them, and
oil and draw
soft
soap
in October. finishing up partially, litter over In hard weather spread some Standard varieties: the Good tops.
earth
red
Bearer,
;
Wright's Giant, rooted useful raised
Celery is
Sulham
pink ; Turnipgood vegetable and Prize,
white. a
for soups and seed in from
-""
The
It may be spring and planted
BLANCHINBR^wNLpApERE WI"
stews.
a
foot
apart
on
level
ground
in
early summer. Chicory (Cichorium Intybus). Grown mainly for salads in this in spring in rows outdoors late the seed being sown a foot country, Roots are formed, apart and the plants thinned to 9 ins. asunder. "
which
lifted in autumn, place. The blanched
pricked in
are
leaves
which
soil in boxes
and
kept
constitute
the
in
a
salad.
push Chicory is extensivelyforced on the Continent, particularly in Belgium, for yieldingSeakale-like cooked stems, which are and form a delicious vegetable. Lamb's Lettuce Corn Salad or olitoria).A useful (Valerianella in in winter in friable be had salad which by sowing September may at be made intervals soil on a sheltered south border. Sowings may if earlier suppliesare wanted. in spring and summer Cress (Lepidium sativum). The plain and curled forms of Cress with Mustard salads and flavouring in association used as are largely The for is also used garnishing. "eed may be sown ; the curled for its slower to allow Mustard growth. The 4 days earlier than the surface of fine, level soil in seed be sprinkledthicklyon should the open in boxes under or glass; or on flannel stretched tightlyon The and end dripping in water. American wire frame with one a Cress is neglectedin Great Land Britain, but it is very useful, as it be grown from seed in spring,and will yieldcontinuously for may in summer. The flavour is brisk and pungent. Watera long time dark The
Witloof
"
"
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
2O2 KITCHEN
GARDEN
continued.
"
is not generallycultivated, and attention other without than grows from seed. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Few
spring. of
but will
A
humid
a
plant that
a
in
stream
a
be
may
raised
relishes
are more appreciated generallycontrive to have fruits by sowing successionally in winter is that the ance maintenhealthy plant kept growing by atmosphere will bear a prodigiousquantity of fruit, to strugglealong in a hot, dry atmosphere is allowed firm seed may of bearing and lose its colour. One
those
and the Cucumber, of tender long supply
than and
It
picking.
"
a
established
when
cress
like it
who
go out be placed in a small
warm
in
to
soon
pot and stood on a hotbed or in a January, February, or March, or successionally.If house, make
mounds
of
house
be grown the greenhouse
lumpy loam on slates on the glass,and train the plants are near stage so growths on wires strained about a foot below the glass. Allow the glass,but not more, breaking enough laterals to extend to cover shoots to where out roots show prevent crowding, When necessary in
a
up
the
that
the
at
of
top
the
down
damp liquidmanure
weak Cut
and
fresh,
twice
week
a
while
For
frame it well
young.
soil.
warm
Give
water
as
maintain
frequently to
leaves, trample
fruits
the
manure
add
mounds
and
needed,
humidity. plantsare in full bearing.
the
culture
make
and
down,
Give
hotbed
a
up
in mounds
put
of
of soil,
light. Spread the shoots over the bed as they grow maintain moist water to to a prevent crowding. Syringe and of Good Cucumbers be outdoors by atmosphere. crops grown may between other in Pea in vacant rows or some June planting early and Water the soil is rich. should be liquid manure spot where the plants will be attacked given in dry weather, otherwise by red under
one
each
is the worst enemy of plants under
spider,which the
attacks
soil.
close, wet if
once
stems
Always is
attack
an
eel-worm
cause,
make
be
may
fresh start, Lockie's
a
use
seen.
of Cucumbers.
Remove
suspected.
using soil
sometimes
which
has
soil and
plants and well
been
Perfection, Matchless,
varieties:
Canker
is cause glass; the most common coarse, lumpy soil. Rub in sulphur at If the plants collapsefrom external no scorched.
Stockwood
Good
Ridge (for
outdoors). The (Taraxacum officinale). selected by a weed ; but the forms course, growing in order to provide a component Dandelion
"
is to
of culture
plants till they at
intervals
manner
as
stand the
when
autumn,
in
the
sow
a
in drills
seed clear
of each
a
other,
lifted and
seedsmen
apart and
stored.
are
dark
place throughout
are
for salads.
foot
roots
Dandelion
common
the
in
is,of
well The
worth
method
April,thin
the
let them
until grow forced be They may winter in the same
Seakale.
(Aubergine)(Solanum esculentum). These interesting in the largergardens more, are grown perhaps, for ornament than use, although in France the fruits are cooked. be grown out of They are tender plants, and although they can warmest the of doors the best under are part during glass. year they Egg
Plant
"
relatives
of the Potato
The
should
or
seed
earlyMarch,
be the
sown
on
a
hotbed
or
in
seedlingspricked off
a
warm
house
into boxes, then
in
February put singly
of Gardening Encyclopaedia in small
pots, and
finallyshifted
6-in. pots. They will appreciate tion swelling. For the rest, attenoccasional the are syringing principal, to
fruit is
the
when
203;
liquid watering,warmth, and white-fruited varieties arerequirements. Purple, scarlet, and procurable. Endive (Cichorium endivia). One of the most useful of salads,, it is of as easy to grow, fairlyhardy, and of nice flavour, the touch bitterness which it from Lettuce distinguishes being agreeable rather than otherwise. A great thing in favour of Endive is that it can in autumn, be had in use and and where salads are winter, spring, it in request should much be sown successionallyin spring and It requiressubstantially treatment the same summer. as Lettuce, thin in fertile planting a a friable, soil, namely, seeding spare plot, transins. and to when 2 or rows high quite sturdy 15 ins. 3 besowing may apart, and finallyblanching. The first outdoor made seed of in April,and thereafter be sown at pinches may The intervals until the end of September. from the earlierplants in summer into use and autumn, thethose from sowings will come in winter late ones and spring. The latter should be made, and thesheltered border. plants put out, on a warm, They pass most winters liable in safety,but as their numbers to be reduced in are manure
to
"
a
accommodation be found for should as can bemany unheated in and frame. These will an planted in during late winter or early spring,and those left out will The and summer ready, if they survive, early in summer.
severe
as
one,
lifted in autumn come
be
plants may namely, by tying the and spring plants may useful
Green
Curled.
it
be used
can
blanch.
The
outer
The
are
Broad
(Round)
not a
Lettucesr
as
way
The
tightly. dark place. leaved
winter The
Batavian
twoand
useful, because if abundantfor as a vegetable cooking. It is,moreover, easy ta" Curled Green makes a more gracefulsalad, and needs^ "
A
more
white-bulbed
tribe, which
in
bulbs
about
is generallytreated planted in late winter
ripened in
same
but
is the
former
less space. Garlic (Allium sativum). are
the
leaves
up, be lifted and put in
varieties
most
in
blanched
be
autumn
the
same a
of
member way
foot
as
the
Onion.
Shallots,
i.e.
lifted and
apart, and
summer.
Gourds and (Cucurbita). The Pumpkins are closely^ related to Vegetable Marrows, and the culinary varieties may be the in But same some just (seeVegetable Marrow). grown way varieties, gardenerspreferto limit their attentions to the ornamental and these to grow arches. over They vary greatly in shape, and Gourd
the
"
colours in
house Herbs
are
brilliant.
spring and (Sweet
and
The
the
seed
plants put Pot). The good
may
out
"
in
feesown
for soups, herbs, whether -gar den The useful are most medicinal purposes.
Basil, Sweet
Borage (s) Chamomile
(p)
Bush
(s)
or
ready use or flavouring,garnishing^, the following: "
(s) (p) Dill (s) Fennel (p)
Chives and
frame
makes
Chervil
Angelica (s) Balm (p)
a
June.
housewife
kitchen or
in
Horehound
(p)
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
204
GARDEN
KITCHEN
continued.
"
Sage (p) Savory, Winter Sorrel (p)
Hyssop (p) Lavender (p) Marigold, pot (s) Marjoram, pot (p} Marjoram, Sweet (s) Mint (p) Pennyroyal (p) Rampion (5) Rosemary (p) Rue (p) The
simplestplan plant them in
and
of several
seeds
Mint
of
Southernwood
Wormwood
all those
procurable and at
(p) is
marked soil
manured
dug and
spreads rapidly
laid in
and
be
may
sown
indicated
The
be divided raised from generally
"
Tea
"
Basils.
and
wine
"
Chervil.
"
Fennel.
dry they may
various
herbs
be
may
be
briefly
also
"
Sorrel.
Hyssop. Lavender.
Perfume
"
"
herb, medicinal Perfume
"
"
Tansy. Garnishing Tarragon. Salads, flavouring Fl a vour ing Thyme
Medicinal
Pot
"
Salads
"
Southernwood.
"
"
Medicinal
"
"
Flavouring Garnishing,sauces
Horehound.
"
"
"
Rue.
Salads, garnishing Salads, flavouring
"
Mint.
Sage. Flavouring Savory. Flavouring
Medicinal
"
"
Flavouring Flavouring Pennyroyal. Tea salads Winter Rampion. oil Tea, Rosemary.
Marj oram.
"
for bees Chamomile.
Dill.
light,friable soil in be gathered when
"
Flavouring Flavouring drinks,
"
Borage.
Chives.
should
root, and
the
of the
uses
to
"
ing, candyAngelica. Cooking and seeds for flavouring Balm.
buy roots early in April, but in spring if preferred.
dry, shady place. When
a
in paper bags. follows: as
stored
(p) (p) (p)
Lemon
Those marked (s) are 3 or 4 years. every seed in spring,sowing in drills a foot apart on for drying should herbs a spot. The sunny
mature,
(p)
Tansy (p) Tarragon (p) Thyme, common
growing
well
are
(p)
"
.
Wormwood.
"
Medicinal
Marigold. Flavouring "
Horseradish
component The
plant
become in
a
(CochleariaArmoracia)
of sauces, is a rank
nuisance.
spring,and
when
which
the
very good plan, as plant diagonallyin the of
" .
Well
enlivened
unless and grower, few thongs should
A
One
rich coat Leek
are
known
as
a
relish and
its
by pungent flavour. under control kept may be planted in a small bed
plantbegins to spread it should be replanted. tending to keep the crop well in hand, is to sides of a small ridge of soil made a up over
manure.
to tends popularity of the Leek with favourite as a great becoming spread southward, English as with Scotch gardeners. Its advantages are threefold: it is suitable for followingearly crops, it is hardy. it is easilygrown, fine specimens are well to Celery culture, and It answers got by
(Allium porrum). "
and
The
it is
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
205
glassand plantingin trenches ; but useful table produce ing by sowing out of doors on a spare plot in springand plant-
sowing under is secured
with
crop
The
Mussel-
Prizetaker.
Lyon, (Lactuca sativa).
Lettuce
"
The
popular of all salads. With of good varieties now
most
number
the
available
is
there
Lettuce
nutty part of
nice
otherwise
hearts
plant in hole
2"
in almost
grow
often
may
any
be
got
soil that from
is reasonably that
ground
for example, Pea rows, space between The result from making Celery trenches.
wasted
be
Drill
x"
greater
"
ridgesof soil that
the
LEEKS.
PLANTING
crisp,
plantwill
The
fertile,and on
of
the
over
the year.
would
difficultyin
no
long supply
getting a
or
be
may
varieties:
Good
burgh,
stems
ground unprotected in
left in the winter.
It
June.
if white
The
wanted.
are
in
dibble
a
earthed
be
must
"
bolting," gardenersterm that is, running to seed prematurely. This spoilsthe plant for with the It is more edible purposes. common upright (" Cos "} the dwarf varieties than with (" Cabbage ") section, and a reliable, or Continuity,should always non-boltingvariety,such as Favourite
one
serious
with
trouble
be
as grown trouble from
boltingwith
the first,and
from
put
Cos
the
sorts
in moist
out
is not,
there
However,
stand-by.
a
is what
Lettuces
if
soil.
they
are
as
grown
lightcoat of bone flour yard, spread on and forked The
in
in
made
cool
a
If Lettuce
winter.
ground in
turned
seed be may is in great
be pit available, the seed may the plants thinned to a few inches
frame
a
it broadcast,
sprinkledover
in
frame
or
is
there
and
demand,
house
much
unchecked
A
superphosphate, say 4 oz. per square hearts. to form before planting,will help them of be dug deeply, and should a dressing decayed manure Sowing : The first sowing of during the process. or
rule,
a
or
and
be drawn little some una may grown to mature. the left while others Otherwise, are hearted used, the seed may be sown thinly in boxes, and the plants put out in border be outdoors warm on a sown early in April. Seed may month will the be the of in end but early March, exposed places enough for safety. The soil should be dug, crumbled, raked fine, When
apart.
have
they
and
drills drawn
and
foot
a
apart
and
half
about
inch
an
deep.
The
ground is moist, but not sodden, at germinates If the seedlingscome quickly they should be thinned, sowing time. each other the plants begin to crowd and when again they should
quickly if the
seed
be
planted
out
foot
a
varieties, like Giant the
plants are
the
outer
They may from
rot.
"
plants Lettuces
need
just
the
firmly, but "
be
betray not
waste
this
weakness,
them,
weather;
given be
large
very
When
room.
more
blanched
by tying, stripof raphia. drawn not tightly,or the hearts the by plants throwing up a shoot
hearts
above
showery should
centre
is known instead of remaining firm.
Bolting
the centre which
up tied
be
after
Cos, may the
fully grown
leaves
should
apart
White
even
but
with
a
It is useless those
though they
who
may
to preserve
like have
cooked no
pets,.
206
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
KITCHEN such
GARDEN
rabbits,
as
give the plants to.
to
it is well to
"demand
"supplyof
continued.
"
little and
sow
Where
often,
so
Lettuces
in
as
great regular
are
to maintain
a
of which will always be hearting in. plants,some largesowings with the object of maintaining a the plants come in together in as regularsupply is a bad principle, and will not be A final made large quantities keep. sowing may mid- August. "outdoors about The plantsthus raised will be set out a To
young
make
foot
one
in autumn
apart if
years 'Giant
are
and
winter, which
the
Bath
to
they will
Varieties in
sow
do
most
Paris
":
and White Hicks' Hardy
varieties, with
Favourite
August.
and
splendid Cabbage Gardening) should note the followingsorts : Acquisition Cabbage, and Improved Chavigny varieties.
are
Those
force
who
(seealso French
Romaine
Cos, Noire
Cabbage. Maize
Parisienne
(Zea Ma}^). in
Great
Britain,
ripening it. The An earlysugar corn frame
or
is also
Maize
"
extent
fiouse
stand
Black-seeded
Continuity Lettuces
to
variety is chosen. reliable Cos two
hardy
a
White
White
two
or
is
crop should
or
good.
Indian
Corn
is not
the
climate
does
because
important
an
in
one
the seed be grown, spring,the plants hardened
in
United
.apart in June. Mercury (Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus) which is grown a good deal in Lincolnshire, but
A
"
is not
warm
a
out
put
hardy
.
of
States.
in
being sown and
any
permit
not
the
to
grown
2
ft.
vegetable
of any
special spring. is (Agaricus campestris). Although the Mushroom but not it is included in kitchena a vegetable, fungus, generally garden crops, and often occupies,for part of the year, frames that utilised for other are things at earlier or later periods. In large Mushroom "establishments house is not an uncommon a adjunct to other horticultural consists of a thick-walled, and this buildings, dark are place, with pipes running through it. But Mushrooms It may Mushroom
value.
be
of doors
out
sown
"
"
"
'often grown in sheds, and and the two darkness are
still
and it.
"sweeten
shaken
6
"up to order to drawn
out
'case
borne
At
wait
the
it
and the
firm
here for
tested
the
The
dance abun-
in difficulty
no
be
must
manure
Heat
with
successive
in
well
order
the
bed
4 stable
30
and
loamy
and heat
there
with
it heats
ins. wide must
at the
be
bottom,
sloping in brisklytrodden
and
is finished left for a few
the
hand.
bed
a
thick
stick
hours,
If very
then
wait
hot
a
be still hotter, in which testing the stick may be day. Not until the heat of the stick can in Seedsmen be bed supply spawn spawned.
bricks,"
size of eggs bed should
"with moist,
a
in
another
or
3
or
top. The manure the When quite firm.
second
"
air.
open is
there
outdoors. on
the
thrust
should
flat cakes
The
are
get
be
command
at
fresh from
the
ins. at
"should
"day.
out
built into
be
should
the
to days and the violently, foul, but after repeated turnings the heat becomes material pleasant to the nostrils. At this stage it
When
gases emitted and "subdued
largely in
more
principalrequirements,and
of fresh stable manure -gettingsufficient warmth turned
in
then
which
thrust
be
soil,and
should
be
broken
up
into
far enough into the bed plastered completely over finallycovered with about
piecesabout
to an a
be
hidden.
inch
foot
deep thick-
of Gardening Encyclopaedia White
of straw.
ness
and which
should
they
be
under
When
will
threads broken
A
(Sinapisalba). "
with
salad
popular
It may
Cress.
be
for
use.
straw
be
can
largeenough
will be needed, as secured with smaller a
and
manure
grown darkness heat and necessary "quantityof the materials. Mustard
become
they
as
less
cover
the
associated
form Mushthe spawn, rooms, in thick clusters, from
from
run
soil, growing above
pierce the
207
grown
relish, generally
or
in
the
same
See
way.
Cress.
(Allium cepa). As a component of soups and stews the indispensable,and cottagers at all admittedly almost not it wider events use, hesitatingto promote it to the rank of give a with bread and cheese and to eat it raw a major vegetable,nor even which favour. For salads a white, mild the particular beverage they chosen in should and be sown August; another variety sowing in spring. It is customary to sow be made a larger, strongermay in summer, at the sort time and flavoured same transplant in bulbs before the autumn to or spring-sown crop spring yieldlarge is ready. Varieties classed Autumn Onions." treated as are so the For the main suffices it to when becomes sow dry ground crop in is A of soil crumble March to or April. piece enough dug deeply and with manured liberally.The surface is crumbled up, dusted then trodden soot, and quite firm. A little soil for covering is with and the seed is sown scratched the rake, thinly in lines a up foot apart. After sowing the seed is covered, the bed well trodden, the The and surface plants are subsequently lightlyraked over. till just clear of each thinned other; severe thinning is avoided It is well to for bulbs. the prize plantswith soft soap except spray in and oil solution paraffin (seeParaffin oil)when they are 2 or 3 ins. will lay high, in order to keep off the Onion fly,which otherwise in the leaves work and will on therefrom, May, grubs,hatching eggs the plants their way to the bulbs and destroy the plants. Thereafter will grow steadilyuntil mid- June or July, when they are subjectto Onion
Onion
"
is
"
the
attack
of
a
mould
or
with
in
mildew.
This
liver of
by spraying August the tops
trace
may bulbs
be
sulphur, %
broken
be checked
must oz.
per check
to
over
at the
first
gallon of water, growth,
and
a
be pulled up and left in the sun to fortnightlater the may and When be dry. hung up in fullyripethey may strung together A cool varieties shed. a dry, : Useful i, Ailsa Craig,Bedfordshire ground underor Champion, James's Keeping, White Spanish. Potato Onions same
way
as
are useful, and very Shallots (seep. 212).
Parsley (Carum row
of
Parsleyin
Petroselinum) "
.
her
her dishes, and in the
day every otherwise she well
may
garden
there
year go
is
from
in
frame
from
grown
The
housewife
which
trouble
no
provided short
are
to in
likes
to
in the have
a
gather sprigsfor garnishing
giving her
room
spellsof
bulbs
can
hard
be
frost.
what
found Our
she in
wants
winter;
seedsmen
greatly the feminine eye is pleased by beauty of and have form, consequently given us varieties of Parsley they that be sown in the The seed of these may are beautifullycurled. covered in March. The should be with soil manure decayed open and then well in. Four of ounces dug deeply,turning the manure know
how
208
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
KITCHEN
GARDEN
superphosphate should The
be
continued.
"
per
thinly,and
sown
covered
to a be thinned result that there will
seedlingsmay with
the
also
yard may
square
be
dug in.
with about half an few inches apart, and be
The
inch
seed of soil.
then
left to
of
splendid
Parsley. popular of the most nourishing,and is worthy of culture in all kitchen gardens. The seed is lightand it should be sown therefore loses its vitality soon as ; earlyin spring will the soil the that of state as was permit. Ground cropped with Peas the previous year, or that has been cleared of Celery, will further manuring, generallygive a good crop of Parsnips without but it is a good plan to dress the ground with soot and lime, which at the rate of % Ib. each be spread on yard and may per square the ground is dry enough When dug in towards the close of winter. in March to crumble or earlyApril,draw drills 18 ins. apart and an inch deep, sprinklethe seed in thinly,and cover. The plants may be thinned to 9 ins. apart. They ought to be ready for pullingin wears October, but they improve in flavour as the autumn so on, in them be no from that there should the hurry removing ground needs. quantitiesas are required for immediate except in such Parsnips are often attacked by a fungoid disease on the root, called Liberal dressingsof soot and lime, and the avoidance of rust." A leaf-miningmaggot will keep it in check. fresh manure, times somethe be met attacks leaves, and it should by crushing the affected leaves immediately and spraying with a solution of soft of in which a wineglassful paraffinoil has been stirred. The soap Hollow Maltese, Crown, Student, good varieties: following are grow,
soon
Parsnip (Peucedanum sativum). If vegetablesthe Parsnip is certainlyone "
not
a
row
one
of the
most
"
fourth The of these is the best flavoured. and True. of the oldest The Green Pea is one Green sativum). Pea, (Pisum in Great into general cultivation of vegetables,but it did not come
Tender
"
Britain
until the in
made
the
nineteenth, with abundant that a choice
June,
and
number
podding is
so
early and In
century,
and
very
little progress
was
improvement of varieties until the beginning of the marrowfat when Knight raised the first wrinkled-seed
variety. The
pod period.
seventeenth
wide some
of is as
in late
ones
the
combine
considerable,
now
to be
late,
early districts
which
sorts
so
almost
and
delicious the
Pea
embarrassing.
that
crops first outdoor last may be in
the
be had
flavour lover has
Some over
may crop will be in November. use
ties variea
long
ready
in
The
in
July and August. Those who crops and have sheltered want no a an glass should choose early crop the south south-west soon or as as aspect, and sow place with a ground becomes crumbly after the end of February. It is a mistake and the when soil is sodden to sow sowings pasty. Thereafter until border be made or 10 June. A warm 14 days every may in Peas wall will sometimes south under a 13 weeks, yieldearly best
but warmer,
are
often
15
generallysecured
are can
required. be
secured
year,
when
the
soil is
soil for The less. or 3 months and manured trenched (see Soil), in
crops should be dug deeply or Rotation and liberally(see Manures be covered heavy soil the seed may Peas
in the
Later
2
cropping). In the case ins. deep, and in light3
of ins.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia wise
short
make
to
them, and
of bird trouble at Peas should supporting case
the
least
seed
twigs among
sprinklefresh
later
a
be
set
stage
18 ins.
lime
or
20
with
through place In
about. The sticks
soot
nominal
the
yards.
seed
the
scares.
up
longerthan
tool and
other
hoe or wide drill with a draw a well over it, making a pint go at To avoid moisten destruction by birds or vermin oil before the and when paraffin sowing, plants come i
sprinkle the
209
for
height of
forced
well down after having the base sharpened, so Peas, that they grip securely. Six should be allowed per yard, three on each side of the row, not be set and of sticks should the ranks be and cord than a foot of each other. stakes nearer String may and
used Wire
for
supporting Peas nettingattached to
up to 30 ins. high, but sticks iron rods or strong polesmakes
are a
better. very fair
substitute
for sticks. When Peas are nicelythrough they young be thinned if with crowded and earthed a couple of inches may up of crumbly mould. the same WThere several rows are sown on piece of ground it is customary to sow distance apart that the same them the with
plants grow high, and Spinach, Turnips, or they should be dusted
Peas mildew
should
dissolved
in
be
checked
water
the
between If weevil
ground
Lettuces. with soot at
and lime with fresh
once
the
strength gathered young, and
should be varieties should
pods
at
be cropped may the should attack in equal parts; and
of
-J pods
oz.
of
liver
of
sulphur, gallon. The
per different
and
ages
If very
in a dish. not be mixed large pods for exhibition, the plants should wanted be stopped a foot short the their full height and liquid manure applied. When crop the
plants should
not
be left
the
are
of is
to become
a prey ground the ground level and should be cut off just above cleared away. The roots may be left in the ground, as they supply the soil with nitrates. The followingare good selections of varieties :
over,
to
mildew,
on
but
Dwarf Early.
Marrowfat
Little Marvel
Dwarf Daisy Dwarf Three
Duke
Medium.
Dwarf
Varieties
of fine
Flavour. of
Albany, 5-6 ft.
Kaiser, Peerless, Record,
Late.
3 4
5-6
, ,
,,
,,
Mammoth to
four feetEarly.
Large Exhibition
Varieties.
Gradus
May Three
Alderman,
Queen to
Duke
four feetLate.
of
Matchless
,,
Marrowfat,
Gladstone
Prizewinner,
Michaelmas
Quite Content,
Potato
5-6 ft. 5-6
Albany,
5-6 3
5-6
,,
,,
,,
(Solanum tuberosum). Admittedly
the most important the Potato is also often of the most one vegetables, ing, disappointto disease. Given owing to its tenderness and liability warm, weather from April to August there is no cause for anxiety,but cold spring there is the fear of frost, and in a wet summer of "
of all
dry in
a
blight.
If there
is
a
choice
of site it is well to
plant the
first crop 0
on
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
2 1 o KITCHEN a
GARDEN
sheltered
south
in
continued.
"
dig May prudent to plant
districts.
In
will thrive
in both
light heavy soils if friable,but damp sites
Potatoes
April.
before
February, then it is possibleto cold, exposed places it is not
in
border
west
or
mild
in
and
be should avoided. The ground should be
fair
a
and
given cayed dressing of demanure, mented supple-
dug deeply
by kainit FORCING Soil.
i.
over
apart.
Abol
to
escape.
rod,
square
February, early varieties
of
June
Bordeaux
be may will be found a
3
of per
applied in the
whole
used
sprayer cultures.
good
EARLY
Space
is
POTATOES
for water.
3.
and
be
be
sprayed with
got
well
under
proprietary compound
a
if
convenient.
more
An
inexpensiveappliancesuitable
knapsack sprayer is preferable. damp and the temperature low at mid-July be given. The crop will be ready for lift-
spraying should
i.
should
instead
largecultures
For
If the weather
GROWING
be drawn
plants should
which
Paste,
by seedsmen,
second
the
(seeBordeaux),
Woburn
leaves.
for small
a
Drainage material.
end
the
Mixture
Bordeaux sold
of
Ib.
ones
tips. About
to the
Ib.
superphosphate
3.
drills for
4
2 ft. and may 3 ft. apart, all 4 ins. deep, then with a lightridgeof all they will be covered be a foot 5 or 6 ins. The sets may the plantsare 8 or 9 ins. high, soil should When be drawn up
for late
those
the
for water. 4. Hole for water
The
BOXES.
IN
Space
well in.
turned soil
2.
POTATOES
and
IN 2.
a
THE
POTS.
POTATO
DISEASE
(Phytophthora infestans).
Soil.
Drainage.
i. ,
Spots
Diseased 3.
on
the upper
surface. side.
patches on under Healthy leaf.
the leaves, being free from disease, turn yellow; the period and district. the sort with Early sorts are frequently vary it is but lifted while the tops are generallyat the sacrifice of green, for future use stored Tubers to be be and should flavour quantity.
ing when will
allowed
to lie in the
they but
not
will turn
for food.
sun
until the skins In
green. Potatoes
Seed
such
may
a
are
state
set, but
they
be stored
in
no are a
wise longer, otherseed for good lightplace, but
of Gardening Encyclopaedia soil.
and
Potatoes in
should
tubers
good straw
greenhouse,
warm
a
tubers
Potatoes
from
tubers
safe
kept be
may
their
in
Sharpe's Express
Snowdrop
"
it is
it, and
sativus).
(Raphanus popularityas
"
a
Good
with
those
hardy vegetable,and in autumn long supply sow
varieties
"
Up-to-date
relish."
the Lettuce presses All classes appreciate
gardeners. It is a fairly good deal about having a
market
think
who
seed
Factor
Radish
"
grow
district,
soil and
Queen
The
and
"
line
stock
a
salad
who
Late.
British
for
early
placed
get fresh
Medium.
Early. Early
and
Those
should
deteriorates.
with
covered If very
large pots
different
a
Midlothian
Radish
and
frost.
frame.
a
from
so, preferably 3 years every otherwise it will be found that the crop
hard
in
saving
own
or
dry,
from
put
planted
or
of
when
heap
a
be
must
wanted,
are
put in
be
All
211
a
spring. The first sowing the end of place towards year may in the well and manured seed cast broadsoil, sown dug February, being the bed covered with tanned inch deep and an nettingor black in order Thereafter thread to keep off birds. sowings may be made who Those force vegetablesin frames at intervals until September. also French (see Gardening) frequently sprinkle a few Carrot and in mixture in rows, seeds Radish before the drawing the Radishes
of the
be
Carrots
much
want
French
white),
in
made
in
as
sheltered
a
they
or
room;
followingvarieties
The
well
as
are
good
Breakfast,
Wood's
between
sow
if drawn
young: For
Frane.
Potatoes.
frame
Turnip (red and forcing,Earliest of
All. Rhubarb
rhaponticum)
(Rheum
very
serviceable, and
may
grow
several
barrel
round
a few by lifting
in soil in
warm
a
succession
unforced
plants
starting with
or
A
"
good
.
the
have
necessary
of
Rhubarb
is
accommodation
portion,either
a
bottomless
a
stool
in
box
the
garden, or stools,packing them together place and watering them. the
a
Thus
force
and
litter
by placing some or
who
those
roots
will
will
be
secured,
come
the In
later.
on
seed
Rhubarb,
as
may
be
used
spring,the plants being shifted be the following spring; but sticks cannot Roots however, FQ;CING pulled under 3 years. may, RooT A STRQNG if planted in be bought, and good soil in RHUBARB. Op spring will yield the following year; it is not wise to pull from freshlyestablished plants. A cool, moist site and
in
sown
should
be
chosen
for
this
crop,
and
the
soil should
be
manured
house slops, and liberally. Soakings of water, liquid manure, varieties: it. Good will (early) Champagne soapsuds strengthen and Victoria (late). minor Two roots, but quite distinct from Salsifyand Scorzonera. the big crops, such as Carrots, Beetroot, and Parsnip, and of agreeable has creama flavour. porrifolium) Salsify (Tragopogon coloured root, and good specimens are 9 ins. long by 2 ins. thick at "
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
2 1 2 KITCHEN
GARDEN
continued.
"
the Scorzonera foliageis slender, almost grassy. (Scorhispanica)has a purple root rather largerand thinner than is broader. and the foliage be grown Both in the same Salsify, may other that is,sown in deep, well-tilled, outdoors as tap roots way but not inch deep, in April. soil,and covered an freshlymanured The rows be a foot apart and the seedlingsthinned to 6 ins. or may rather be will for in more. and be use autumn, They ready may
the
top;
zonera
"
stored like Beetroot, but Scorzonera at all events is hardy enough to be left in the ground most of the winter if desired. Savoy (Brassica oleracea bullata). A hearting form of winter Green, with crinkled leaves, very hardy and useful. Savoys are in from mid-autumn to the end of winter, when season they give way lifted and
"
to
Cabbages. similarlyto
summer-sown
treated
plants that
the
smaller
quite firm,
the
or
enemies
same
be sown the in April,and may Broccoli and Brussels Sprouts, except
varieties
be may should They
firm, fertile ground. the
Seed
will
flavour as
the
other
be
little closer. be cut until the inferior. Savoys are
planted a
Greens
(seeBroccoli).
The
like
They
not
hearts
are
subject to following
Ulm, Perfection, Drumhead good varieties: Early Dwarf A is the market. now on (large). Savoy-BrusselsSprout Seakale (Crambe maritima). One of the most delicious of vegetables forced. The plant forms a tap root, which, if protected, when will push up thick white stem. There various methods of a are in forcingit,one being to heap soil or house cinders over the crowns are
"
winter, another third
to
them,
a
to
the
cover
fourth
to
pack crowns
in soil under with deep
place in
a
in
box
a
the
pots
stage and
warm
of
heap
a
house,
warm
hot
manure
Friable
room.
a
over
soil and
of forcingabove plenty of moisture should be provided in all cases The seed and are be resorted raised, ground. to, plants easily may in but before the crowns are sowing spring; elapse 3 years may If,however, piecesof side root are taken, strong enough to force. planted up to the tip 2 ft. apart in fertile,friable soil in spring,and the growths which thinned to one, spring from the crown strong will be formed of the same forcingcrowns by autumn Lily year. White is an improvement on the common Seakale. Shallot (Allium ascalonicum) This useful member of the Onion in tribe is worth kitchen a place into use garden, for it comes every in early summer, and may be utilised in soups, stews, and pickles, well as for plaincooking. It is usual to plant bulbs, as seed does as not, as a rule, give a crop until the second times year, although it somedoes so the first. The bulbs should be planted as early in the new into suitable condition for working, year as the soil comes "
.
be half buried and may 9 ins. soil is deep and well manured
of
leaves
narrow
develop they
into
may
a
presently begin to form large,closelypacked cluster by midsummer,
be taken
in the up (Spinaciaoleracea). There
and
All classes
well marked. as
a
If the a cluster will offsets, which
and
Spinach healthful vegetablesthan catch
a foot asunder. apart in rows will they speedilythrow up
crop
between
dried "
Spinach, and should Peas
when
sun.
few more its medicinal
are
it, either
grow Beans. and
It is
as
wholesome
and
propertiesare a
main
hardy
and
crop
or
easily
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
213
to it is its liability to run serious drawback and the one seed, which spoilsit. The grower must look partly to varieties " partlyto culture as a remedy for this. The ordinary round " " the character of from come prickly varieties (these names in both addicted to the leaf) are it, especially seed, not from
to
grown,
and
"
varieties
are
different
from
The
soil for
and
fertile.
be
dug
in
The
soil.
poor
flour
superphosphate
or
the
at
of 4
rate
inch
deep.
the
plants
2
ft.
and
apart, to
foot
a
Spinach Perpetual Spinach, it produces very as large
The
apart.
be
thinned
be
should
in
sown
are
rows
to
they ought
bed
one
border
regular sowings September, covering an
until If several
made
may
thereafter
available, and be
quite
per square in be made
oz.
yard. The first sowing may is a sheltered there February where may
is
the
to
addition
In
hot,
deep, moist, ordinary
be
should
Spinach
the
Victoria
Long-standing and Zealand Spinach, which
The New less prone. the rest, is also a non-bolter.
bone
manure,
in
and
weather
dry
and
or
Beet, is useful, leaves.
(Lycopersicum esculentum). or vegetable (botanicallythe
Tomato No
"
fruit
in
such
REDUCING
fruit) developed astonishingway during the last few years is
Tomato of
the
i
a
century
gth
i.
FOLIAGE THE TOMATOES.
Top removed. leaves
Tomato.
the
as
an
OF
Side
2.
shortened.
curiosityit progressed until in the great industryof of the it became one devoted of glass'houses are of acres market gardening. Hundreds in the majority of privategardens. A it is grown to its culture, and is a tender the Tomato America, plant in Northern native of South it is and climes, unfortunately liable to in cool, worst are fungoid diseases, which renders outdoor This summers. damp culture to Much be done can precarious. Tomatoes indoor healthy by growing keep being
From
little
than
more
botanical
a
in
them
from
is
the
to
TOMATOES
by heating, either
should
good plan for winter shoots branches
Young the
few 50
days with
fruiters.
are
taken
from
or
stems
and
autumn'0
m
y
a
solution
gallonsof water; by
If
and
while
other to
sterilisation,which
of
expense
furnace.
a
trouble
with
soil be
the
steam
go is or
it
steamed
FROM
CUTTINGS. A
"
it is worth persistent,
effected in
where soil, and sleepy disease,"
sterilised
eel-worm,
pests
RAISING
items
considerable
most
the makers.
be
160", and
ing the likelyto
kept
process. attack
to
a
temperature
of
with
cloth dura that is disease only plants in sterilised soil is
covered
The
yellow spot (Cladosporium fulvum), and be kept under this can by spraying every of
"
bluestone
with Woburn When attacked
or
heated
"
(sulphateof copper),i
Bordeaux
by
the
Paste
dreaded
"
at
the
oz.
rate
in vised ad-
sleepydisease"
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
214 KITCHEN
GARDEN
sold
proprietarycompound Tomatoes
indoor
"
immediately before watering with
be dusted
the soil should a
continued.
"
maintain
healthy to
It is
florists.
by
Veltha,"
great aid to
a
keeping
brisk,fresh,buoyant temperature;
a
this may necessitate the weather when
even lightingthe boiler fire sometimes is chillyand Plain loamy in summer muggy." of potash (i Ib. of soil, with nothing beyond a slightadmixture If grown suits Tomatoes. in sulphate of potash per barrow-load),
and
the plants are shifted to largestsize,and when fill until do wait not at once; they are pots up Tomatoes are give a top dressing. generally
lo-in. be the
pots, let
smaller
from
them
"
rooting freely,then propagated by seed, but cuttingsare Tomatoes. winter want by those who or
the
spring,according to
The
is
seed
the
autumn
in winter
sown
is
required. For in January or February, in a sowings may be made
when
season
in
occasionallyused crop
be sown very early crops the seed should first in The March. for summer crops heated or warm house, the latter in a cool frame, propagating pit, few inches apart when off should be The house. a pricked plants
they begin in
that in
Each
in the
show the
short
formed
plants
are
shoots
on
sprinkled
a
little earlier
of chemical
1
strong
stakes
convenient
or
in the
to
stop
to
As
fast
be
out, so will appear of fruit are
be prepared, \\ part superphosphate, \ part sulphate of potash, week:
cultivation
may
5 -in.
into
be in
pots
raised
In
either
They
may
supported with probably be found or
it will high. The
case
4 ft.
about
at
wall,
west
larly simi-
April or into beginning
the about planted may later according to the district. or
the side
as
may
a
out
south
they
over-water
nipped
bunches
manure
be
open. them
put
not
clusters
3
in twice
watered
apart againsta
8 ins.
be set
When
stem.
either
They
boxes.
fairlydeep
Flower
stem.
for outdoor
others, and
the
strong stake. leaves they should a
one
main
Plants
Veltha.
June,
kept the
taken
be
part sulphate of ammonia,
i
of
axils of the to
potted separatelywhen
should
need
the soil,and
over
to
Care
followingmixture
the
\ part
other, and
each
again. plant will
other
spring.
shoots
crowd
to
each
touch
side shoots
may
If
sprayed with Woburn the end of June, and again at Paste in solution towards Bordeaux is damp, disease can be kept at of July if the weather the middle and should be a avoided, lightdressingof superphosphate bay. Rich soil to and i sulphate of potash, 2 oz. of the former than much will be better of the latter per square farmyard yard, firm round the plants. Reduce be made The soil should manure. the spot is best kept under ripening. Black foliage to hasten with fresh liver of sulphur,\ oz. per gallon of water. but the followingwill varieties of Tomatoes are The numerous, For Lister's reliable: be found Prolific,Open- Air, Sunrise. Ideal, be
suppressed as
exhibition grown culture sown
"
a
catch in
broadcast
They
pot plants.
be
may
it should
but
chosen,
be
glass.
sowing, Turnips crops.
case
(BrassicaRapa). "
as
of
Perfection
purposes
under
Turnip
in the
may,
are
"
crop beds.
A
useful
vegetable,well adapted
between
Peas,
Coming
into
handy
for
coming
for instance, be
sown
but use
for
also suitable in
between in late
6
or
two summer
8
weeks
for
being from
long-season en
ground
of Gardening Encyclopaedia which
from autumn.
raked
fine
The
crop has soil need
and
the
a
begin
may
and
in
seed
half
sown
5
same
it should
but
deep. February if the
be
sowings
Outdoor
is
ground
dry
fail in hot,
The
September.
the
give produce
inch
an
in
spots
until
and
heavily manured,
be
not
sheltered
continue
cleared,
been
2 1
enough, crops may attacked by the flea beetle dry weather, especiallyif they are A good remedy is (Halticanemorum), which riddles the leaves. to roll or tread the bed as soon the young as through, plants come and this may be supplemented by dusting early in the morning varieties according to choose It is advisable for the of best to the soil and of sowing. Thus one season early or sowings is Early Milan, and this should be followed by Snowball with
soot
PART
OF
wood
or
A
GALL
in
for
weevil
sowing
sown
in
THE
GREEN,
are
again in August,
cool, moist
districts.
Red
and
in autumn
sometimes
OR
GALL-WEEVIL.
TURNIP
INSIDE.
be
may
varieties
weather
TURNIP
A
except
summer
sort
FROM
GRUB
WITH
Model, which
ashes.
attacks
Globe is Chirk
but
should
Two
Green
Round.
See remarks
on
sown
best
hot-
suitable
A
Castle, as it is very
Turnips.
be
not
of the
Gall-
hardy.
gas-limeunder
Broccoli.
VegetableMarrow enjoy Vegetable as
of
It
"
Marrows
as
a
variant
on
majority Peas
and
of
people
Beans
in
is rarelymuch
in gettinga good supply, difficulty the plant is easilygrown. The serious trouble is the falling one the fruit in the first stage, and that is due to faultypollination. flowers in conbe remedied can tact by placingthe non-fruit-bearing when with the fruit-bearers the pollenis ripe. Where an early
summer,
and
there
(Cucurbita ovifera). The
in February in a be sown seed should crop is wanted heated or frame, and the plants subsequently hardened frame. be planted out early in May if the They may
warm
the earlier than but are runners, crop make which small Some pits, croppers. growers garden offal and manure, planting the Marrows in wet is not to be as seasons recommended, plan
such
house in
a
cold
localityis a the place sheltered; but mid-May is early enough in mild one and then something should be kept at hand exposed places,and even them for putting over 6 ft. cold nights. With bush Marrows on if will used varieties but not be too the are close; running apart the ft. had be bush better 12 plants given Speaking generally, Marrows
not
they on
heavy
fill up
the there
top. is
with The
great
fruit-dropping. A barrowful of soil placed in a heap of will generallyinsure manure vigorous growth and a heavy crop. With in well-done a ground good kitchen garden Vegetable Marrows requirenothing beyond plainsoil. The plants may be put between early Peas, and can be allowed to spread over the ground when the trouble
from
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
6
21
The
varieties:
followingare good (running),Pen-y-Byd (running),Tender and
Peas
cleared.
are
True
White
Long
(bush).
Flower, Red-hot Poker, Torch Lily (knipho-fia, Kniphofia,Flame of our noblest Professor Kniphof. Ord. Liliaceae). One for The bold herbaceous making plants,splendid hardy groups. leaves are long and arching,and the flowers are borne in the form The of a cone a on long, stiff stem. prevailingcolours are yellow, form thickened red. and rootstocks, and need careful They orange, be raised division in spring if propagation is required. Plants may in spring. In rich, loamy soil magnificent plants are from seed on clay, and even produced, but they will thrive on well-drained in chalk if well watered dry spellsuntil established. Special sites after
"
should leaves The
be
chosen
may
be
for them, in order the crowns over
Flame
several
are
good
get
in
Flower
(seethe
named
varieties
fine colour
autumn
The
effects.
off rain.
throw
to
aloides
(syn. uvaria),the Magazine, t. 758); there hybrids,such as Franz Buchner,
principalsorts:
the
following are
common
to
tied
Botanical or
nobilis, Obelisque, Pfitzeri,Saundersii,
Star
and
Baden-Baden.
of
Leichtlini variety superba are dwarf growers. flowers Bot. t. 6716). Longicollis (see Mag., yellow (syn.primulina) is a greenhouse specieswith pale yellow flowers. Macowani is a dwarf Rooperi, orange specieswith coral flowers. red and and and are Tuckii, good. Kniphofia is yellow, yellow, Corallina red
has
its
and
and
Tritoma.
with
synonymous
(ko-chia,after (scoparia)is an tricopilia
Herr
Kochia
to
particularas half-hardy well
worth
as
Garden)
and in
labels,
with
largepermanent letters
Labels
wired
be
It is not
Grow
as
a
Kohl-rabi
the
crop, the
is
treatment
same
should
labels, the
as
White
Earliest
and
gardens,
suitable tallies with
to young growing round
(labur-num, of
Scotch,
for
should
trees
be
as
part
upper
object to
and
good
are
examined
be
Latin
name.
to
see
in bold
cheap. that
Ord.
the
Leguminosae). standards, and bearing yellow flowers in spring.
trees, generallygrown of long, drooping racemes alpinum, is liked better than
thrive
stamped
name
labels
For
purposes.
many
wire.
the the
the
Celluloid
used.
deciduous
not
dry
Purple and
are
metal
on
is not
Laburnums do
ink,
labels
should
Laburnum
The
Earliest .
a
indelible
raised
abundance
borders. chalk.
paint to take the impress of the pencil,are handy. They do not last long unless the lower part is other creosote, Stockholm tar, or some preservative. Zinc
cheap
Useful
farm
a
needs
evil in necessary possible. Plain wooden
are
and
white
with
soaked
shoot
for
care
Generally regarded as growing in gardens, and
inconspicuous touched
not
"
These
"
"
Annuals.
See
Cabbages (seeKitchen are good varieties. Labels.
does
soil,but
annual.
Kohl-rabi.
Chenopodiaceae). K. hardy annual, forming a symmetrical turns which foliagein summer, Ord.
of soft green fern-like in flower-beds This is used
bush in autumn.
red
Koch.
uncommon
"
as
in almost banks.
any
They
the
of soil,from will do in towns. kind
The
common.
chalk
to
They
clay,and should
be
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
2 1
7
late winter, and staked or tion securely. Propagaand but which are graftingare budding poisonous; by seeds, with included The once nurseries. was genus practised in the as Cytisus Laburnum. Laburnum being known Cytisus,the common
planted in
autumn
is
It is the There
There
vulgare.
Laburnum
now
and
yellow-leaved,aureum;
several varieties, such as Oak-leaved, quercifolium.
are
the
of the Scotch, Watereri being good. One is Adami of the most (syn. Cytisus interestingof the Laburnums from which resulted with graftingCytisus flowers, purple Adami), shoots from several the common Laburnum; on grew purpureus varieties
several
are
graft,and the most vigorous one, propagated separately,gave Some C. Adami. known as specimens give a plants now will give the tree for bud on a of one reversion, peculiarexample to the the revert tree while others same on yellow Laburnum, purple parent. Both species are fertile,but the hybrid itself is fixed. In other trees the hybrid remains sterile. Ord. Liliaceae). after M. de la Chenal. Lachenalia (lachena-lia, the
all the
"
See
Bulbs.
Caterpillar. See Fruit Apples. Lackey Moth from lac,milk, in allusion (lactu-ca, Lactuca, Lettuce "
"
Ord.
See
Compositae). Lady Fern, Asplenium "
after (lae-lia,
Laelia
Beautiful
hothouse
juice.
filix-foemina.
.
The
them.
to
The
crossed.
been
they have Cattleya apply
under
the
pratensis. Ord. Orchidaceae) the vestal virginLaelia. Orchids, resembling Cattleyas, epiphytal
which
with
to
Garden.
Cardamine
Lady's Smock, "
Kitchen
cultural
remarks
following are
the
made
principal
bloomer, and its varieties, such as alba, Ashanceps, and Percivalina, different colours worthiana, (see the Botanical various winter, colours, sweet Register,t. 1751). Autumnalis, winter
sorts:
(BotanicalMagazine,
3817);
t.
alba
atro-rubens
and
good
are
Cinnabarina, cinnabar, spring. Perrinii,winter, red and various colours. white. Pumila, autumn, Purpurata, late spring, purple, etc. ; several varieties, such as alba, atropurpurea, and and Schroderae. Tenebrosa, late spring,brown purple; the Tring varieties.
Park
and
varieties
Grange
Walton
the above hybrids between Laelias and Cattleyas; and
should
consulted,
be
For
Brassias.
Cattleyas, and
descriptionsare
as
There
good.
are
are
many
species,also
bigenerichybrids between Laelias, trigenerichybrids between these
they
modern
a
counted
are
work
by
on
scores,
Orchids and
the
highly technical.
Laelio-Cattleya. See above. Lagurus ovatus, Hare's-tail "
and
oitra,
a
Ord.
tail.
(lagu-rus,from lagos,a hair, Gramineae). For culture, see Annuals Grass
"
"
Grasses. Lamb's
Lettuce.
"
See
Kitchen
Garden
"
Corn
Salad.
Ord. Labiateae). (la-mium,Pliny'sname. to any extent. It thrives is the only speciesgrown L. maculatum in ordinary soil,and is propagated by division in spring,or cuttings. is a yellow-leavedvariety. Aureum
Lamium/Dead
"
Nettle
2 I
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
8
old
(lanta-na, the
Lantana Lantana "
of the
Viburnum.
Viburnum Ord.
Verbeniahedgerows. for the greenhouse and for
suitable
shrubs,
dwarf
ceae). Pretty
for
name
Tree
Wayfaring
is the
foliageresembles bedding in Verbena-like heads. the flowers are They and are propagated by cuttings of young
that
after Josephine Lapageria (lapage-ria,
la
The
of
Heliotrope,and ordinary soil, wood under glass in the The not much of are summer. majority people species grown, La such as d'Or, yellow; Drap Neige, preferringgarden varieties, has and white; Magenta King, purplish-red. Salvifolia, which flowers and a purple-tinted leaf, is a good plant for summer mauve for winter also be used blooming in a warm bedding, and may greenhouse (syn.violacea). in
summer.
and
Beauharnais
Josephine
Liliaceae). Lapageria the
climbers,
advantage of
flowers albiflora
roof
the
well -drained
in
addition
in
colour
of
a
and
peat,
large kept pots.
in They are not at home old flowered out by cutting should
house
Botanical
Court
all
of
is
a
fine
(Larix europaea. planted of hardy
The
white
variety,
Lapagerias are suitable glasshouse, and if planted
The
cool safe
from
will
frost, they
thrive.
by layers. Prune growths. The any the plants free from keep weak
and
in
is illustrated Rosea albiflora in t. 4892.
variety. and
Coniferae).
Ord.
"
One
of the
the
most
tensively ex-
its
It is at
Conifers.
deciduous
for out
is
Propagation
shoots
t. 4447;
Magazine,
Larch
Ord.
beautiful
most
early summer.
vaporised frequentlyto
be
Nash
insects.
the
marked
to
alba, is also beautiful.
on
Pagerie, afterwards
Napoleon Buonaparte. of
one
de
vigour of growth it has producing large quantitiesof drooping tubular in
brightrose
a
or
rambling
as
of
of
is
rosea
"
indoor
wife
in
thrive
best
particularcompost is be needed. by seeds; seedlingsmust Propagation trans; Larch will fibrous. the be roots not are or poles early, planted Flower and for arches, (see Garden). making pillars, pergolas good several varieties of the common as Larch, such There are glauca, pendula, and sibirica. Larix pendula is the Black Larch. the
when
in
break
leaves
new
the
"
Larva.
A
"
Lastraea.
botanists,
"
grub, or maggot. caterpillar, This
many
the
and
conservatory palms now
famous
now
Male
hardy species,
Palm
Botanists
is
as
a
Ord.
Bourbons.
fronds. see
is the
It is
Latania, Bourbon of
allied to Nephrodium by exception of aristata, which is called Aspidium
Filix-mas
varieties.
of ferns
genus
the
with
aristatum.
Annuals.
and
Delphinium
See
Larkspur.
No
spring.
is
from (lata-nia, Palmae). One "
is
call
Latania
Fern, of which
there
also is dilatata.
Latanier, of
borbonica,
it Livistona
the
family
handsomest
our
which
chinensis.
are
See Ferns.
has
For
name room
broad
culture,
Palms.
Laterals.
"
applicableto
A
term
the
appliedto
side shoots
Lathyrus (lath-yrus,from reference
to
the
seeds
the
of Vines, abut
side shoots
of other
la, addition, and
causing
equally
plants.
excitement.
thouros, irritant, in
Ord.
Leguminosae)
" .
of Gardening Encyclopaedia The members tie principal prii
(seeSweet
the
9
the Sweet Pea, L. odoratus latifolius C. or Pea, sylvestris Everlasting
of this genus
Peas),and
2 1
are
platyphyllus(seeEverlasting Pea). L. sativus is the dwarf annual ChicklingVetch, the blue form of which is often erroneously called Lord Anson's Pea. L. magellanicus (syn. nervosus) is the true Lord Anson's is and a deciduous Pea, perennial,like the EverlastingPea. annual with (Botanical Register,. Tingitanus, an purple flowers t. 1383); Drummondii, a rose a red perennial; grandiflorus, nial perenand t. a rose rotundifolius, (Botanical Magazine, 1938); nial peren(Bot.Mag., t. 6522),are sometimes They are all hardy, grown. and increased by seeds or root division in spring. Any good soil suits. Lattice-leaf Laurel.
fenestralis.
Plant, Ouvirandra
This
is the Prunus lauroceraeus of popular evergreen it and almost on soil, rapid grower, succeeding any is very and useful for forming screens shelters quickly. Young and November plants should be planted between April, and they the be 6 ft. to of the soil; to put apart according fertility may 9 have. the richer it is the more should For room they pruning, see old plants are shifted they sometimes lose their Evergreens. When and are soon leaves, but they usuallybreak again from the old wood The leaves* Portugal Laurel, P. lusitanicus, has narrow green. The be Laurels propagated by cuttingsand layersif desired, may it is hardly worth but they are so cheap that while to raise stock The Laurel at home. is also P. laurocerasus. The Sheep Cherry Laurel is Kalmia The sometimes Aucuba is called the angustifolia. Variegated Laurel. "
botanists.
A
Laurestinus
quickly
Laurustinus.
or
Tinus
of
to
"
botanists.
the
unwieldy size,
an
This
useful
is the
evergreen
Of
compact
with
handsome
habit,
not
leaves
always
Laurus
be
chosen
Sweet nobilis,
where
inexpensive evergreens
from Bay (lau-rus,
growing
and
November flowers, cheap, easily transplanted between in and inclusive, thriving most soils,it is a very useful should
num Vibur-
pretty
and
April
shrub, and wanted.
are
laur
Ord. (Celtic)green. tree is well worth Laurineae). This handsome growing, and it thrives in fertile, loamy soil. Propagation is by cuttingsin a greenhouse in September, or by seeds when sown ripe. The leaves are are aromatic, and the flowers, which yellow and borne in spring, followed are by purple berries. Angustifoliais a narrow-leaved variety. In cold districts plant in a sheltered place. ,
"
Lavatera, The
"
Rose
Mallow
after Lavater. Ord. ceae). Malva(lavate-ra, of the Rose Mallows the hardy annual are its white a variety; the former makes large
valuable
most
rosea-splendensand bush
in
from spring-sown seed, and bears last well. Arborea pink flowers, which Tree is biennial. handsome a Mallow, variegated summer
beautiful
Lavender,
Labiatae). "
(lavan-dula,from
Lavandula The common
with
its
most
soils and
greyish
Lavender,
a
vera,
lavo, is
a
to
wash.
and
Ord.
popular shrub,
It will perfumed flowers. for chalk. partiality Propagation
leaves
has
L.
profusion of variegata,the a
thrive is
by
on"
cut-
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
22O of
tings
side or
the
of
end
spring. June, when
to
The
"
they
in
summer
cold
a
frame.
be
dried
in
Plant
for
generallyready
are
can
following are (i) A gardener
few
a
is
about
use
distilled.
or
points of domestic
a
be notice, but may (2) Trees and shrubs
month's
a
late
flowers
Cotton, Santolina.
Lavender Law.
in
shoots
The
autumn
misconduct.
be
not
property
may should
be
summarily planted by
culturists: affectinghorti-
as
He
is entitled
dismissed
for wilful hold hiringfree-
tenant
a
without
removed
obtained
law
servant.
the
of
consent
the
Such
the
taking up tenancy. establishments. in trade (3) Greenhouses necessary bricks may not be taken to mortared nailed to walls and attached used trade unless for without if,however, consent, purposes; away which
owner,
on
is not
consent
ground
if the
the
is liable for any
owner
Lawns.
owner right of appropriated; delivered not voluntarily. (5) Poultry
grass, and
very the
accustoms
it is
the
near
be
should in
.grow
spring. A
"
of the
For
details,see
from
Carnations this is
an
Leaf
The
the
to
of
ready in advantage with A
"
contrary, they
that
the
begins to
Garden
bulk
proportion, the
a
this is not best left and
"
trees
and
Leather may
be
spring.
"
Baits
such plants,
as
shrubs,
and
a
the
case
with
heaping
layer
has
Carnations
of
a
shrubs, which
most
before
year
soil.
on
being severed. tap root,
no
and
shrubs.
formed
a
third
compost
to
being
a
fourth
loam.
is A
for
a
suitable
larger proportion with is to
sand,
lighten
It fly,Tipula oleracea. by dressingthe ground with Vaporite or Apteritein valuable of Potato or Mangold should be put near
jacket.
reduced
and
spreadingbranches lend in drawing a portion
propagation, as leaf mould, effect of leaf mould root production. The "encourages to stiff land. and it is a good addition "soil, used
be
may
Quince
ingredientof potting compost,
rule, from the
so
A
weeks.
trees
of
In
summer.
few
a
grass Grass.
consists
process
are
piecesof
and
the
ground, pegging it, and
valuable As
leaves.
rotten
They
are
Mould.
Flower
fruit trees, with many Shrubby plants with low,
bark.
the
time
the
round
On
for
down
paths
grass
propagation practisedwith
of
layering.
to
branch
from
may
broad
neglected.
rolled
late in It is generallydone in the stem, but "slitis made root
do.
stripsalong drives,
be
and
Carnations.
with
themselves
the
lawn,
narrower
should
method
stocks
Paradise
tennis
the
house
mown
Layering.
they
killed,but
be
not
may
allow
the
borders,
herbaceous turf
damage
not
why
reason
no
property which
has
looks
garden
must
the
neglect of
Fallen
them.
well-kept grass, and perfect without their passion for plants to cause It is common turf. nowadays to plant bulbs in charming the flowers are in spring (seeBulbs). This of rough grass; but eye to seeing a certain amount
No
"
lovers
flower
neighbour's
the
pick it up if it is trespassingon another
to
they
screws,
a
with
deal
to
by
from
over
refuses
animals
and
attached
hanging
owner
be
not, however,
fruit may access
(4) Trees
be cut
may
bricks, and
loose
on
removed.
be
may
sections
in
"erected
The
choice
grub
of the
Carnations.
Crane
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Leek.
Kitchen
See
"
Legumes
Garden.
Leguminous
or
Lily. See Bulbs
Lent
"
"
Leontopodium. Leopard's Bane.
See
"
"
Edelweiss
Flower
and
See Doronicum
and
"
refer the
genus
"
Rockery.
Garden.
Flower
Polemoniaceae). Charming hardy variety are particularlygood. botanists
Garden
leptos,slender, and
its white Modern
etc.,
Daffodils.
"
from Leptosiphon (leptosi-phon, Ord.
Peas,
See
Pod-bearers.
Crops.
Garden.
Kitchen
under
221
siphon,tube.
and Densiflorus annuals. For culture, see Annuals. in
Gilia, but it is kept separate
to
gardens. Lettuce.
See
"
Kitchen
Garden.
(leuco-jum,from leukos, white, and ion,. Leucojum, Snowflake to the purity and the white violet Violet, in reference literally, perfume. Ord. Amaryllideae) See Bulbs. Ord. after Lewisia Portulaceae) Captain Lewis. (lewis-ia, and suitable for the thrivingin dry, sunny rockery, Hardy plants, They are spots if given a compost of loam, leaf mould, and sand. in is rediviva L. a division seeds or spring. by very propagated with flowers ins. and rose about high, interestingplant,growing 4 in summer. Tweedyi has pink flowers in August. "
"
.
"
.
W. after Mr. Leysser. Ord. CapriLeycesteria (leycester-ia, is Formosa the shrubs. only species grown. foliaceae).Hardy is not particular It produces its purple and white flowers in summer, in be propagated by cuttings of ripe wood to soil, and as may in spring, under wood autumn or a bell-glass(see the young There is t. Botanical a 3699). variegatedform. Magazine, "
Liatris,Blazing Star
Ord. Compositae). Hardy herbaceous (lia-tris. plants,thrivingin lightsoil,and propagated by division in Pycnostachya is the spring,or by seeds in a greenhouse or frame. it about ft. most high, and bears purple popular species; grows 4 in late summer. flowers on long spikes Spicata, purple, is also "
grown. after (liber-tia,
Libertia
Libert.
Madame
Ord.
Iridae). Useful in spring. They "
border or rockery, floweringlate plants for light,friable soil, and a covering of litter or ashes in winter. \\ ft.; Propagation is by division or seeds in spring. Formosa, in and all with white flowers late ixioides, ft., 3 ft.; 3 grandiflora, also with are ft., good. Paniculata, i-Jspring or early summer, the
like
white
flowers, is pretty, but
Magazine,
t.
Libocedrus the literally,
more
tender
(see the
Botanical
6263). from (liboce-drus, incense-scented
of evergreen
libanos, incense, Cedar.
Ord.
and
cedrus, cedar
Coniferae). "
A
"
small
conifers, the most popular speciesof which is genus It likes a well-drained, decurrens, a tall,slender, and beautiful tree. soil. is when loamy Propagation by seeds, sown ripe in a greenhouse and or frame; by cuttings in summer. Aureo-variegata,. yellow leaves; and compacta glauca are varieties.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
222 Libonia
after M. Libon. (libo-nia, genus, floweringin winter.
hothouse
third
of leaf mould
A useful Acanthaceae) in loam with a They thrive sand. some Propagation is by cuttings spring. Floribunda, 2 ft. high, yellow, is
and
in bell-glass popular species.
beneath the
a
Lichens. drained often
When
"
of
out
are
present, with
place. They
soil than
The
infested. with in winter
badly
trees
potash,
damp
of
Gloves
on
fruit trees
on
trees
Old
ground. be
can
caustic
separately
mixing.
then
water,
common
bark
Ib.
i
mixed
each
in
those
on
"
.
mosses,
less
are
Ord.
in
soda
should
be
lichens
growing
in well-
orchard
cleaned
trees
are
by spraying
and
tubs
the
i
the
Ib. commercial
containing
gallons of
5
worn.
Ligustrum, Privet
to tie, the shoots (ligus-trum,from ligulare, for tying. Ord. Oleaceae). The popular hedge plant is Ligustrum ovalifolium (see Hedges). is a large one, but of little importance save for the Privet.
sometimes
being
"evergreen The genus
used
"
Lilac,Syringa (syrm-ga,from "
The
lover
"every selected
of this
varieties
finer flowers "Of such
are
"Charles Marie
his
than
the
Persian
of the
one
fragrant old
to
best
favourite
be
may
are
.
add
to
try several
a
which
few have
retainingits fragrance.
Lilac, while Rubra
double
de
Marly,
Souvenir
white
Legraye, white
These
should
There
shrubbery.
common
Ord. Oleaceae) floweringtrees, and
Syrinx.
of small
"
X., lilac Lemoine,
"Madame
is
Lilac
common
the
red
Louis
de
Spath, deep
lilac
planted
in
autumn
or
spring,preferably in deep,
long as the soil is not are downright poor. pots for forcing into grown X. is much the variety Charles -early bloom, and for this purpose used. Small plants may be potted up into 7-in.or 8-in. in autumn, In a compost of loam and leaf mould. Propagation is by cuttings loamy
soil, but
they
fastidious
not
are
Lilacs
.and
grafting.
Persica
so
in
also
is the
Persian
Lilium, Lily (Hl-ium,from
li
and
vulgaristhe Ord.
white. (Celtic),
Lilac.
common
Liliaceae). See "
Bulbs.
Lily of the Valley. See
Bulbs
"
Lime. is
by
Very useful
"
means
no
Limestone to
and
great get
in
the
heat
are
in
a
Convallaria.
gardens, although
best
chalk
and
which
might
carbonates kiln
is called
a
we
what
great
be
chosen
limestone
for
they
is
placed
If this
soil
gardening.
of lime; when deal of carbonic
quicklime. crumbles to a powder, giving off heat. application. It may be applied at the
'off,and
shallow
a
acid
are
jected sub-
is driven in water
it is easy a state of 28 Ib. per square for several rod to land that has been heavily manured years, and which will do acid has accumulated, good by neutralising the humic It should checks and which decomposition and nitrification. Milk of lime is used in of humus. not be applied to ground devoid it of
In
such
rate
ture). Mix-conjunctionwith copper sulphate as a fungicide(seeBordeaux the ground Fresh powdered quicklime may be dusted over the be rate of 14 Ib. at used "at night to kill slugs. Gas-lime may
of Gardening Encyclopaedia per
if land
rod
square
is
with
infested
badly
weevil, provided it is allowed To in. make being turned
to lie
on
club-root
surface
the
and gallfor 6 weeks before is also
which
lime-water,
reducing slugs,put 3 Ib. of lime in a gallon of water stand a few hours, then strain off the clear liquidand use. Lime
Tree
Virgil.
It
in
flowers the
a
in Berlin
The
which
is
silvery,is
is the
common
there
and
it has a the American
are
many
"
.
It does
well in towns,
deep, well-drained, loamy side
under
the
it
is
of the
and
soil
leaf of
variety. Vulgaris Other variegated form. good Bass and Wood, petiolaris,
varieties
of moist
let
Ord. Tiliaceae) of (til-ia, scented yellowish,highly
orbicularis
and
Geraniaceae)
white
species.
argentea;
their love
to
Ord.
A
for
good and
Tilia
bees.
Lime,
(limnan-thes,from
Limnanthes
sun.
T.
the
famous. Silver
or
Lime, Americana,
species are platyphyllos; in allusion
attract are
White
is the
tree, with
handsome
spring,which
avenues
is best.
This
Linden."
or
is
223
of the
a
latter.
limne, marsh,
and
anthos, flower,
they will thrive in the hardy annuals, with yellow
places,but
Pretty dwarf of bees. Douglasi
flowers, beloved culture, see Annuals.
is the
most
popular
For
from linon, flax, in allusion to the (lina-ria, form of the leaf. Ord. Scrophularineae) Pretty dwarf hardy The former raised from others are some annual, perennial. plants, in spring (seeAnnuals), the latter from seed seed and division. by They are not particularas to soil. Alpina,which grows about 6 ins. is high, and has charming violet and yellow flowers in summer, excellent for the the Kenilworth or rockery. Cymbalaria, Ivy Pennywort, is a pretty lilac trailer for walls and banks; there is a white variety, alba; and a variegated,variegata. Reticulata, 2 ft. high, with purple and yellow flowers, is a hardy annual; and There are numerous bipartitasplendida is a good purple annual. other speciesof less importance.
Linaria,Toadflax
"
.
Ling. "
See Calluna.
Linnaea
borealis
A
(linnae-a,after often
Ord.
Linnaeus.
Caprifoliaceae) .
planted in
hardy trailing evergreen, garden. It likes a shady position,and "
peaty
soil in the rock
be
propagated by spring. The pale pink flowers are sweet. Linum, Flaz (H-num, from linon, flax. Ord. Lineae). Hardy annuals and perennials,some being very desirable plants,notably the scarlet annual, grandiflorum rubrum hardy (coccineum); and the perennials, flavum, yellow,15 ins. high; narbonense, blue, 2 ft.; and ft. Alpinum is a charming rockery plant i blue, perenne, about ins. All these growing high, with blue flowers in summer. 4 in division are plants, propagated by hardy herbaceous spring,or in spring; grandiflorum rubrum shoots cuttings of the young by is seeds. to it not stiff as so not as soil, are They particular long and damp. after M. Verbena Lippia, Lemon-scented (lip-pia, Lippi. Ord. Verbenaceae) Only one speciesis grown to any extent, and that is is strongly and citriodora, the foliageof which agreeably scented. It is a white-flowered greenhouse shrub, likingloam with a little may
division .in
"
"
.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
224 leaf mould warm
a
t.
and
Propagation is by cuttingsin spring. See the Botanical Magazine,
in
frame
or
of sand.
deal
good
a
house
367, as Aloysia citriodora, which
triphyllais
is
of the synonyms;
one
Verbena
another.
Liquid Manure.
"
See Manure.
Liriodendron
from lirion, tulipifera, Tulip Tree (lirioden-dron, Ord. A tree. dendron, handsome, hardy, Magnoliaceae) of large, Tulip-like, produces abundance spreading tree, which when It is a some years old. green and yellow flowers in summer extensive A fine tree for a large lawn or loamy pleasuregrounds. soil,lightenedwith peat, suits it best. Propagation is by seeds in spring. Lithospermum, Gromwell (lithosper-mum, from lithos, a stone, seed. and Ord. Boragineae). The speciesprostratum is a sperma, creeping shrub, suitable for the rock garden, and good dwarf It is not particularas yieldinga profusion of bright blue flowers. will thrive limestone. to soil, and on Propagation is by seeds, division in spring. Graminifolium, blue flowers in cuttings,and spring,is a good Alpine. Heavenly Blue is very pretty.
Lily,and
"
.
"
Livistona "
Handsome
is australis. in
grown
a
after Mr. Murray of Liviston. Ord. Palmae). (livisto-na, fan-leaved palms, the most popular speciesof which be It likes a warm greenhouse, but with care may the Chinensis is the palm often grown under room.
of Latania
name
Loam.
The
"
in
the
downwards
better and
The
used.
is
the
soil from
grey
and
Loam
manured
the of
the
loam.
left for
the
to
result
layer of also good
meadow
enough.
lead
is indeed
is the
gardener
For
frequent mention
would
composts plants. Such pasture
borbonica.
a
the
year,
culture, of this
Palms.
see
the
as
suppositionthat The
case.
of
decay The
"
fibrous
it should
be
be
the immediately beneath for potting loam, if yellow or limestone the dark soil from or
of
the the
better
stacked
soil
"
loam The
turves.
turf should
when
principalingredient it is important to
grass side
chopped turf
of
up
and
a
good but
lightbrown, clay
is the best body soil for a garden, as it suits nearly all plants. See also Soil.
is not
good tilled
when
Lobelia
after M. Lobel. Ord. Campanulaceae). A (lobe-lia, useful genus, giving,as it does, dwarf most ceous bedding and tall herbaplants. L. erinus is the little,dense, tender, blue-flowered be grown used it may halffor margins, and as a plant so much in in house frame or warm a hardy annual, being raised from seed in winter. Afterwards it may be perpetuated by cuttings,taken in wintered stock winter from and lifted autumn, potted, plants house. Barnard's the shelf of a warm on Perpetual and Emperor Gem William and White are good singleblue forms; and White "
"
"
is reddish. Ramosa Donna and its Prima Lady good whites. in and often and are are taller, varieties,blue, white, rose, grown perennial,growing about pots. L. cardinalis is a hardy herbaceous
scarlet flowers in 3 ft. high, with scarlet perennial, blooming somewhat of it, differing in colour.
summer.
Fulgens
earlier ; there
is also
are
Queen Victoria, scarlet;
many Lord
a
fine
ties varieArdi-
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
225
laun, crimson; and Heavenly Blue, blue, are good. Syphilitica, and is a hardy perenblue, is a fine,tall,summer-flowering species, nial. The like friable and are rich, soil, perennials propagated by
cuttingsin spring; frames. They make 2
ft.
apart
in
for coloured
"
the
cata
and
border
See
the
if
groups Botanical 391.
planted
Magazine Fulgens
loma, an edge,in allusion to the position Filices).A largegenus of ferns, resembling Fern, hardy, notably Spicant, the British Hard
Ord.
some
has
"
broad, green, ramo-cristata
and
beds
watered.
fulgens in
and
(loma-ria,from
spores.
Blechnums, which
well
cardinalis
winter
See Fruit.
Loganberry. of
beautiful
and
May
to
platesof cardinalis,t. 320; and erinus, t. in the Botanical t. 165. Register,
is illustrated
Lomaria
it is best
hard, leathery fronds; are
a
few
of the
many
cristata, multifur-
varieties.
They
are
'
Gibba propagated by division. greenhouse ; requires a warm Bellii is a pretty variety of it. Ciliata,which resembles gibba,is a it. is of These room should be a fern; grandis good good variety in loam and grown peat, equal parts, with sand. Propagation is by spores (seeFerns) and offsets. London
Pride
(Saxifraga umbrosa). A pretty edging plant, hardy, perennial,throwing up sprays of rosy flowers in summer. It is not particular to soil,and be increased as by division in may spring. Lonicer. Ord. Lonicera, Honeysuckle (Ionic-era,after Herr and See Climbers. Caprifoliaceae) Honeysuckle "
"
.
Lophospermum. Lord
Anson's
Love
Grass
See Maurandia.
"
Pea, Lathyrus magellanicus(nervosus).
(Eragrostis).See Annuals. (Nigella).A pretty hardy annual (seeAnnuals). The largestvarietyis Miss Jekyll,which has fine blue flowers, and of the best late-bloomingannuals, especially is one limestone. on Love-in-idleness. See Pansy. Amaranthus caudatus. Love-lies-bleeding, "
Love-in-a-mist
"
"
Luculia
luculi swa, native gratissima (lucu-lia,from a name. This shrub bears Rubiaceae). fragrantgreenhouse pale pink flowers in autumn, and is good for plantingout in a largehouse. It thrives in equal parts of peat and loam, with sand. Propagation is by cuttingsin heat in earlysummer. Prune back to the old wood
Ord.
"
in winter
(seethe
Lunaria.
See
"
Lungwort
"
Botanical
Magazine,
t.
3946).
Honesty.
See
Pulmonaria.
from Lupinus, Lupin (lupi-nus, lupus, wolf; a fanciful name, Ord. indicatingits destructive power in overrunning land. Leguand both annuals minosae). Popular plants, including hardy the For the culture of of the former, see Annuals; perennials. "
latter, Flower
by cuttings;
Garden. almost any
The
shrubby species should
soil suits them.
The
be
propagated
following
are
the
of the
best
with Lupins: arboreus, the tree Lupin, a hardy evergreen and in purple yellow flowers, summer growing 5 to 6 ft. high (seethe P
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
226
Magazine, t. 682). Snow Queen is a good white variety. Hartwegi, blue and white, 2 ft.,is a hardy annual (Botanical Register, is a splendid annual, scarlet with t. 31). Hybridus atrococcineus is a half-hardy sub-shrubby perennial,4 to white tips. Mutabilis white flowers. and with blue ft. Nanus, blue and white, i ft., high, 5 Bot. t. is a hardy annual Reg., 1705). Polyphyllus is a fine blue (see perennial,3 to 4 ft. high (Bot,Reg.,t. 1096) ; alba hardy herbaceous is a white a yellow. variety,Purple King a purple, and Somerset and ft. is t. blue white, i Subcarnosus, (Bot.Mag., 3467), a perennial. be raised from seed in spring,the herbaceous The annuals nials perenmay not soil. to from seed and by division. are as They particular after Lycaste,daughter of Priam. Ord. OrchidLycaste (lycas-te, of A small Orchids, requiring a warm house, with aceae). genus in the growing season, little during the of water and abundance thrive in fibrous rest. of peat. Propagation is by They period division after flowering; 50" to 60" will be a suitable winter temperature, Skinneri, with red and white flowers 70" to 80" in summer. in winter, 1 5 ins. high,is the most popular species; there are many varieties of it,as well as some hybrids,such as Balliae, hybrida, and and Costata, cream, gigantea,purple and orange, Mary Gratrix. Botanical
"
are
also grown. Lychnis,Rose
from lychnos,a lamp, in allusion Campion (lych-nis, colour. Ord. hardy Caryophylleae) Beautiful bright both annuals and perennials. The most popular plants,comprising the
to
of the
"
.
latter is chalcedonica, which 2 to 3 ft. high, and grows The flowers at the top of the stems. latter are
lightscarlet broken
from
the
carefully. It
and
the
be may soil. There fastidious about Viscaria the oculata coeli-rosa,
white
are
L. annual
of
rose
easily
plant should therefore be handled propagated by seed or division in spring. It
rootstock,
is not
with
bears
and
white
and
gardens, Coronaria
flowers.
double is
a
varieties.
pretty hardy
(syn.Agrostemma
coronaria)is a perennial 3 ft. high, with red flowers and silvery Flos-cuculi, red, i ft. foliage;there are white and double varieties. is the British Cuckoo Flower or Ragged Robin, high,earlysummer, and its a pretty wilding. Fulgens, vermilion, i ft.,early summer, variety Haageana, scarlet,are perennials; as is Viscaria, the German double rose variety,splendens plena, is a beautiful Catchfly, whose
Vespertina (syn.alba) is spring perennialwith rose flowers. the white Most of Lychnises thrive in Campion. perennial ordinary garden soil,and are easilyraised from seed in spring. (Tomato). See Kitchen Garden. Lycopersicum esculentum Lycopodium, Club Moss (lycopo-dium,from lykos,wolf, and pous, Ord. foot, referringto the form of the roots. Lycopodiaceae). L. clavatum of verdure. is The Lycopodiums form dense masses the British Club Moss, and selago the Fir Club Moss. Peat, with and moss a sand, suits. Tips of the quarter each of Sphagnum make plants if put in a warm, shady place. growing shoots soon in wooden best baskets. The have are They must plants grown late the
"
"
shade
and
abundance
of water
in summer,
but
little water
in winter.
Lygodium, Climbing Fern (lygo-dium,from lygodes, flexible,on Ord. account of the twining habit. Filices).L. Japonicum (syn. "
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
227
gardens),the Climbing Fern, is suitable for growing up of warm conservatories, greenhouses and leaf mould in out. and Peat, loam, planted suitable a Propagation is compost. equal parts, with sand, make They will by spores (see Ferns) or division in spring or summer. hot is Palmatum a on greenhouse good days. enjoy syringing needs a stove. species. Dichotomum lysis, ending, and (lysima-chia,from Lysimachia, Loosestrife the influences, in reference to mache, strife, reputed tranquillising of
scandens
pillarsand walls especiallyif it can be the
Ord. 3
Primulaceae)
ft.,is
of
one
"
the
Clethroides, white
"
.
Nummularia
best.
in
flowers
late
is the popular in suspended grow
summer, "
creeping
cottage folk love to pots. It thrives in any soil,and is easilypropagated by division; the variety has golden leaves. aurea Vulgaris,2 to 3 ft.,yellow,is the common
Jenny
which
Loosestrife.
(ly-thrum,from lythwn, black blood, in reference to the Ord. strife, Lythrarieae) Salicaria is the purple Loose6 ft. high that luxuriates side. at the watera hardy perennial4 to Rosea and superba are varieties of it. Propagation is by division in spring. Lythrum
colour.
dark
"
.
Macartney Rose, Rosa
bracteata.
Macrotomia the
(macroto-mia. prominent member
most
Flower, also
called
Ord. of
A small genus,, is echioides, the Prophet It grows foot high, about a brown in early summer.
Boragineae). "
which
echioides.
Arnebia
yellow flowers spotted with 2 ft. (Botanical Magazine, t. 7003),is alsopurple,summer, of the thrive in a They rockery in loamy sou\ part sunny grown. in division and are propagated by spring. after Professor Ord. Magnol. Magnolia (magno-lia, Magnoliasome deciduous, others ceae). Beautiful shrubs, some evergreen, hardy, others half-hardy. All like a good loamy soil. The common sorts are ding by budpropagated by layers in autumn, the choicer ones and the beautiful white has Yulan, grafting. Conspicua, in spring; it is deciduous flowers (see the Botanical Magazine, t. 1621). Grandiflora, large,white, is evergreen (Bot.Mag., t. 1952). is deciduous. Lennei, rosy purple, spring, Soulangeana, purple and white, spring,is deciduous (BotanicalRegister,t. 1164). Stelin advance of its leaves in spring (Bot. lata, dwarf, white, blooms deciduous. The t. Mag., 6370) (syn. Halliana), foregoing are the best of the and but there varieties. are hybrids, species many wall. Stellata is a suitable Grandiflora is a fine plant for a warm for culture. pot subject and
has
Benthami,
"
-
Magpie Moth
Caterpillar. See Fruit "
Berberis aquifolia,
Mahonia
"
Gooseberries.
aquifolium.
Maidenhair
cuneatum. Fern, Adiantum Maidenhair Tree, Ginkgo biloba. deltoides. Maiden Pink, Dianthus Maize, Zea (ze-a,from zeo, to live,in reference
plant. in
the
Ord. United
Gramineae). "
States.
Maize,
or
Indian
It is less grown
as
to its
use
Corn, is much food crop a
as
a
food
esteemed
in Great..
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
228 Britain, selected
forms
from raised^
used
are
seed
in
sown
in
the
plantshardened striped Maize, and
wish
by the damper climate, but several for flower-garden decoration. They are
well suited
being so
not
house
warm
a
cold
Four-coloured
in late
frame
or
frame.
Zea
winter, and
Mays variegata,Japanese
Maize,
good. Those ins. apart in
are
use
5 ft. asunder
for
who
rows cooking should plant 18 cobs before the hard. they get gather Malcomia maritima Ord. (malco-mia, after Mr. W. Malcolm. and is is that one maritima, Cruciferae). Only species important, the VirginianStock, a hardy annual. See Annuals. Male Fern, Nephrodium or Lastrea Filix-mas. Malope, Mallow (malo-pe, from malos, soft, in allusion to the
to
Maize
a
and
"
leaves.
Ord.
See
Trifida Tall, strong hardy annuals. flowers; there is a white form called alba.
Malvaceae).
grandiflora has
dark
rose
"
Annuals.
Malus.
See
"
Pyrus. (mal-va, from
ceae). MalvaOrd. malacho, to soften. and annuals, biennials, perennials,the
Malva, Mallow
Hardy
"
herbaceous
is moschata, popular of which flowers in summer; perennial with rose Any good soil. Propagation by seed most
Mamillaria. Manetti.
See
"
Musk
the
Mallow,
there
is
division
or
a
in
a
hardy
white
variety. spring.
Cactus.
See Rose.
"
Manna
Ornus. Ash, Fraxinus Manures and Without Manuring. carried cannot be manures gardening of
should
manures
.ground, such for several grown be
useful
a
in
new
first tasks
countries, but
study
Virgin
crops becomes
have
"
ton
of
good decayed
)
stable
contains
manure
lb.
8 ,,
jn
I16
,,
potash
phosphoric acid nitrogen lime
,,
47
( ) i
ton
of
cow
manure
contains
8 lb.
potash
3
phosphoric acid nitrogen
,
S 9 ' 10
lime ,,
30
( )
"
j
ton
of
pig
manure
contains
-
4 lb. 4 l6
,,
^
(35 59
potash phosphoric acid nitrogen lime
,,
been
necessary. will
followingtables
:
12
of
produce good crops
where
first of all,the
manures
( i
will
use a
learner.
of the
manuring; long period frequent manuring
natural
and
and successfully,
on
without
years
with
of the
one
is found
as
over
Dealing
be
choice
proper
a
"
of Gardening Encyclopaedia The The
value
of
229
by the proportions ingredientsquoted is a good one, at the same because they are the principalrequirements of crops; time, it should be pointed out that the proportionsvary with the of cows fed on Turnips is not so The excrement food of the animals. allowed We rich as that of animals which cake. that pig see are the largestproporis nominally the richest, but that much manure tion plan plan of calculatingthe
which
it contains
of
its
of
stables
as any is the best;
double
use
other
but
should be The first use
three.
from
got
is
manure
cow
is not
that is lime, and the On whole,
constituents fertilising of the
manure
four
the
cartload
every
yieldheat, and this the garden. in and taken from the stables, it is turned if,when down into a hotbed days, and then trodden
soil.
dry
of fresh
is to
from
manure
preferableon
portant im-
so
A
in
manure
a
will do
manure
out
on
3
cessive suc-
(seeHotbeds, and other crops). Mushrooms Violets, Annuals, (Kitchen Garden), it will After it has served its purpose be thoroughly decayed as a hotbed condition for manuring. in excellent When and manure has
laid
be
to
from
remote
enriched
time
a
dwellings,and
should
heap
bed
a
which
of the
out
A
ammonia.
the
on
drains
liquidthat
will fix the barrow
for
up
be
made
will retain
A
heap.
good quantity
at
the
to
manure
rod of
-loads per square
In
ground, or 30 tons per acre. worked the best purpose under soils it serves when the bastard towards the of winter Kitchen end (see trenching
is very ashes or
manure
of earth
before
acid
humic dress
acid
it.
the
To
To
with
ground "
mixed
Dried
blood
been
with is
and
for
the
a
When
manured
and
considerable
chalk
that
into Fowl bulk
good fertiliser, ally especidecays in the happens that after a
manure
several
consecutive has
an
best plan in such lime. or
noticed
Human
vegetables. a
greater exactitude,
The
autumn
turned
gardener'sphrase, it
with
broken
It has
Green
it sometimes
use
speak
ashes,
coarse
best
accumulated.
has
Sterilisation.
been
has
with
Onions.
accumulates,
-sick."
manure
use.
with
heap
a
cropped strong, and is
piece of ground crops do badly on "
up
vegetablesand
for Green soil humic
in
is to be
which
ground
laid
heavy
Garden).
lightsoils over sand or chalk it is best laid on the top after bastard trenching,and dug into the top spit in spring. is best
2
top spit in
In
excrement
spot
of gypsum is use
lightcoat
of
a
ammonia-
years become of
excess
a
case
is to-
soil by burning sterilising supposed to be that the
is fertility.The reason of bacteria which the on large quantities burning destroys prey those which that genous nitrothe are on is, bacteria, nitrifying working on into nitrates. in the soil,and converting them elements of beneficent Nitro-bacterine. The existence organisms in the soil is unquestioned,and one microbe, Pseudomonas radicicola, has the from the of fixing free nitrogen atmosphere in the rootpower of leguminous crops, such nodules The as Peas, Beans, and Tares. has cultures tried of of this been microbe, plan applying laboratory under of nitro-bacterine, to the soil,not altogetherwithout the name in some success cases, although without apparent result in others. it increases
its
"
Artificialmanures. value has
to
the
"
The
fact
proportionswhich
led to the
development
natural
that
they
of what
contain
are
called
manures
of certain artificial
owe
their
ingredients or
chemical
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
230 It
manures.
nourished that bones known Various tried to plans were
was
but
crops,
their
that
slow. was bring the bones into quicker-actingstate, amongst them that of treating with sulphuric This proved to be successful, and acid. the product was put on the of under of the market name lime. Bone flour, superphosphate bone meal, and mineral superphosphate are other forms of prepared The followingare the percentages of phosphoric acid in four bone. different fertilisers which yield that ingredient: action a
"
basic
slag
bone
flour
bone
meal
38 58 45
phosphate of potash superphosphate
37 28
.
(alsoyieldsammonia) (alsoyieldspotash)
Basic
slag,a by-product of the ironworks, is the most economical phosphoric-acid fertiliser for soils which lack lime, while Mineral superphosphate is the best for soils containinglime. phosphate superof
form
of 7 Ib. per square rod is a valuable fertiliser for It be in pod-bearing crops. applied February, may not but should be dusted Potash is over growing crops. young also important. This is yieldedby five different chemical manures at the rate
fruit trees
and
follows:-
as
"
sulphate of potash nitrate
of
muriate
90
.
potash
83
.
of
48
kainit
20
.
Nitrate
,,
,,
,,
"
,,
"
,,
,,
80
potash phosphate of potash. .
cent.
per
.
(alsocontains
nitrogen)
(alsocontains
phosphoric acid)
of
potash as also yieldingnitrogen,and phosphate of potash valuable, but their yieldingphosphoric acid, are particularly is very high, Kainit is good as a winter applicationturned at the rate of 14 Ib. per square under rod. Sulphate of potash
also
as
cost
well
is excellent, and may be used at the rate of 4 Ib. per square rod ; or be used with 4 Ib. of superphosphate, the two being mixed 3 Ib. may and
midwinter.
about
applied
The
nitrogenous
valuable according to the quantity of ammonia The followingis a table of kinds and quantities :
fertilisers
which
are
they yield.
"
sulphate of
ammonia
nitrate
of soda
nitrate
of
potash
nitrolim The
,
last is
.
24
per
cent.
18
.
.
.
.
.
.18,,,,
,,
I5f
"
(alsocontains
"
potash)
of which modern the chemical is calcium name fertiliser, of free lime, and It contains to 30 per cent, is a 20 valuable It could be used as a top dressfor limeless soils. ing manure for weakly crops in the same and as sulphate of ammonia way a
cyanamide.
nitrate
of soda.
It is wasteful
winter. and
Shoddy, a is used by Hop
Road
scrapingsare Liquid manure. "
and
trees
into
fruit
waste
from
to the
dig
these
wool
Hoof parings growers. stiff soil. good for Plants are
into
vacant
in
ground
factories,yieldsammonia,
yield phosphoric
acid.
coining into flower, vegetablesinto pod, whether in the by liquidmanure,
benefited
of Gardening Encyclopaedia of
cow-houses,
and
stables
liquid from
231
down
broken
to
of soda
nitrate
the and
water; slops; each per gallonof water, superphosphate at the rate of half an ounce is an excellent Soot-water in water. or sheep droppings soaked soot into a and be made some this piece of by putting liquid, may few hours. for of water in it tub a a Dry soot sacking and hanging the ground half an for most is a safe stimulant crops if spread on of weak
colour
inch
thick
Maple.
in.
hoed
and
trees, referred
Handsome
"
house
with
tea
(maran-ta,
Arrow-root
Maranta,
Ord. Signor Maranti. handsome with perennials
after
herbaceous
Hothouse
Acer.
to under
Scitamineae). foliage, thrivingin loam, with sand and a third of leaf mould, and growth starts in spring,putting the propagated by division when in bottom heat. divisions Chantrieri, major, Massangeana, and zebrina are popular, the latter (now Calathea zebrina)particularly "
so. "
"
lemon There
and are
Annuals
See
Marigold.
orange both dwarf "
Marjoram.
Bulbs
"
Marigold,
"
of popular member crimson with perfumed spring.
Masdevallia
large striped flowers.
Calochortus. Herbs.
"
Kitchen
after Martynia (rriartyn-ia,
of Peru.
have
Garden.
Caltha.
most
Marvel
Greenhouse.
African
smaller
French
Garden
Marrow, Vegetable. See Marsh Mallow, Althaea. Marsh
The
and
tall strains.
and
Kitchen
See
"
Half-hardy.
"
flowers, the
See
Mariposa Lily.
frutescens
Chrysanthemum
See
Marguerite.
"
Dr.
Martyn.
Ord.
Pedalineae). "
The
this genus is fragrans,a greenhouse annual in summer, flowers in height 2 ft., sown
See Mirabilis
Jalapa.
after (masdevall-ia,
Senor
Masdevall.
Ord.
Orchida-
ceae). Brilliant Orchids, with flat flowers, thriving in a warm over greenhouse in a compost of fibrous peat and Sphagnum moss the of crocks. in abundance season summer During growing they liberal supplies of water, but little will be wanted must have in winter when they are resting. They thrive in a cool house, and are fresh growth starts. propagated by division at midwinter, when 8 ins. Coccinea, red, spring, high; ignea, orange, spring,several varieties; Tovarensis, white, winter, 6 ins.,free flowering(Botanical Magazine, t. 5505); and Veitchiana, vermilion, spring,i ft.,are a interest in the modern few of the best species; but there is much of which work for Orchids should a on good particulars hybrids, "
be consulted. Matricaria feminine
from matrix, female, owing to its use in (matrica-ria, Ord. Compositae). The most useful of these
disorders.
the
annual
hardy plenissima,double
are
For
culture,
see
"
varieties
offered
and
eximia
white;
Annuals.
by seedsmen, Golden
Ball
such and
as
inodora
Silver
Ball.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
232
(matthio-la,after Signer
Matthiola
under
Matthioli.
Ord.
Cruciferae). "
is bicornis, the lilac flowers that are is the parent of the
the
generic only species grown Night-scentedStock (seeAnnuals), which has deliciouslyscented in the evening. Incana of the Ten-week Stocks. Brompton and i. annua The
name
See
Annuals
and
Biennials.
(mauran-dya, after Professor Maurandy. Ord. Scrophularineae) Climbing plants for the cool greenhouse, or in summer. wall outside for the pergola or a warm Barclayana, in and flowers scandens violet with summer; (syn.Lophospermum The the best known. are scandens),purple flowers in summer, 108 and former t . is illustrated in the Botanical the 1 latter, ; Register, L. scandens, in the Botanical as Magazine, t. 3650. They may be raised from seed in heat in spring,and further increased by cuttings Friable loamy soil suits them. under a hand-lightin summer. Maurandia
Maurandya
or
"
.
Maxillaria
from maxillose, insects' jaws, in allusion (maxilla-ria, Ord. Orchidaceae) Terrestrial Orchids with fleshy shape. flowers, suitable for a cool house, thrivingin pots in equal parts of and propagated by division in peat and chopped Sphagnum moss, moisture are lovers, and like a shady place. spring. They great Grandiflora, white and red; Lindeniae, white and pink; Sanderiana, white and red ; and tenuifolia,dark red and yellow,are a few of the most popular species. to
the
May.
"
.
See
"
Crataegus. See Cockchafers.
May
Bug.
May
Flower, Epigaea
Mays.
"
"
repens.
See Maize. Thalictrum.
Meadow
Rue.
Meadow
Saffron.
Meadow
Saxifrage,Saxifragagranulata.
Meadow
Sweet, Spiraea Ulmaria.
Mealy
plants.
Bug
See
"
See Colchicum.
"
One of the enemies worst of (Coccus adonidum). discrimin hothouse, greenhouse, and vinery occupants inThe white is merely a seen cottony substance "
It attacks
covering,the red insect lies beneath, sucks out the sap, and renders the Regular syringing in foliage offensive with its excrement. with an occasional summer, vaporisingby cone, goes far in keeping under. mealy bug Syringing with a paraffinemulsion (seeParaffin) the is good where leaves be must practicable. On emergency sponged. If together with
vineries the
rods
become
infested
they
must
be
cleansed,
in winter.
and opsis, like. (meconop-sis,from mekon, poppy, herbaceous annuals, biennials, and Papaveraceae) Hardy perennials,the most popular of which is cambrica, the Welsh Poppy, a hardy perennialwith Wali ft. high. yellow flowers in summer, is also a good perennial. There is a lichii,3 to 4 ft.,blue, summer, of cambrica double form called plena. Integrifolia is a splendid
Meconopsis
Ord.
"
.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia yellow species.
modern
Punicea
in the
like warm, spots sunny is best from seed, which
raised
brownish-red
has
rock sown
They easily
flowers.
border, and
garden when ripein or
233 are
Friable
the open.
loamy soil is best. See Fruit.
(MespilusGermanica).
Medlar
"
Megasea. Melissa
Saxifraga.
See
"
"
Melocactus. Melon. Mentha
"
Kitchen
See
"
Garden
See Flower
(Bog Bean).
Water
"
plants.
polifolia.
"
Mercury.
Herbs.
Garden"
Kitchen
polifolia. See Daboecia
Menziesia
Herbs.
Fruit.
(Mini)." See
Menyanthes
"
See Cactus.
"
See
"
Garden
Kitchen
See
(Balm).
Garden.
Mertens. Ord. Boragi(merten-sia,after Professor front suited for of the the herbaceous perennials, neae). Hardy but border soil, the rockery, thriving in almost or preferring any peat, and easilypropagated by division in spring. Pulmonarioides 18 ins. high the Virginian Cowslip, blue, May, (syn. virginica), (BotanicalMagazine, t. 160),is the principalspecies. Sibirica, with blue and white flowers in May, is also good.
Mertensia "
(mesembryanFig Marigold, Ice Plant from mesembria, midday, and anthemon, flower, in allusion* themum, Ord. Ficoideae). A largegenus of fleshyplants, to the love of sun. leavesof flowers great beauty. M. crystallinum,whose producing for lines it is used in the is Ice and Plant; carpet glisten sparkle, The in the and for garnishing dishes. beds majority are grown greenhouse. They thrive in sandy loam with a third of leaf mould and are a little lime, and propagated by cuttings,taken with a heel, Mesembryanthemum,
"
dried
in the
inserted
and
sun,
in
sandy
soil.
Coccineum,
variegatum, a variegated trailer July, i ft.; cordifolium pink, May, 6 ins., are (syn.tricolor), bedding; pyropeum the
scarlet, useful a
few
for of
best.
half, and (mes-pilus,from mesos, the See Fruit. of fruit). shape
pilos,ball, in
Mespilus, Medlar allusion
to the
Mezereon.
"
See
"
Michaelmas
Daphne.
Daisy. "
See
Aster
and
Flower
Garden
"
Herbaceous
plants. Ord. (michau-xia, after M. Michaux. Campanulais fine with a hardy plant, largewhite or campanuloides ceae). It is not particularas to soil, pale pink Campanula-like flowers. in spring. It grows seed division be or and by propagated may and best in treated is biennial blooms ft. as a about July, high, 4 Botanical the t. See 219. Magazine, (seeBiennials). Michauxia "
M.
Microlepia. "
Davallia.
(Reseda odorata).
Mignonette as
See
"
an
annual,
because
A
it
almost clusively experennial grown flowers and so readily
comes
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
234
quickly from seed. perfume. Mignonette
so
It
to speak of its delicious is unnecessary well on limestone well as on most as
thrives
not bloom with freelylime may be added Mignonette may be had by sowing about dozen seeds in a 5 or 6-in. pot in spring and a successionallytill half to dozen. a They should be September, thinningthe seedlings The followingare good varieties: Giant Red, given short stakes. Giant White, Giant Yellow, Golden Queen (dwarf),Miles's Spiral;
soils;
other
Nice
advantage.
the
last is
it does
where
good
pots
for
of
pots.
attacks Roses other and doors, fungus which plants outunder with flowers of plants glass. Dusting many be bellows, should sulphur, preferably through a pair of Malbec be sprayed with tried, or the affected plants may perfectlyfresh liver of sulphur (sulphideof potassium),at the strength of "" oz. for outdoor plants, and i oz. per 3 gallons per gallon of water for indoor plants. The liquidis green and foul-smelling, but harmless to vegetation. Mildew.
A
"
and
Milfoil." See Achillea. Milk
Vetch.
Milla
"
See
Astragalus.
after (mil-la,
Senor
Milla.
Ord.
Liliaceae). Pretty bulbs, flowers in spring,is the most it 18 ins. is and popular species; grows good for a cool high, greenhouse (seethe Botanical Register,t. 1555). Uniflora is now called Brodiaea uniflora. It has white in early spring, flowers the ins. Botanical t. violacea is a lilac height 9 (see 3327); Magazine, variety. They like sandy loam, and are propagated by offsets. allied
Brodiaeas.
to
Biflora, with
"
white
Millipedes. Small, quick-moving, many-legged "
the
to
they are pieces of plants as
genus
after (milto-nia, Orchids.
Beautiful as
grown flowers
hurt
not
as
ing belong-
a
present in
Miltonia "
creatures
rule, but if Julus. They plants at root is and the largenumbers, injury suspected, Carrot the be impaled on sticks and inserted near may to be examined traps, daily. do
The
Earl
Fitzwilliam.
Ord.
Orchidaceae) .
popular
Odontoglossum borne freely in
species vexillaria
vexillarium.
Its
used
to
be
flat, roundish-oval
greenhouse. The Miltonias pagation Propeat and Sphagnum moss. growth starts, which is the best will be needed stage for repotting. Liberal supplies of water winter. but little in The the through growing season, principal Miltonias and yellow,summer, 18 ins.; grandiare Candida, brown flora is a largevariety; Clowesii, yellow,white, and purple (Botanical Magazine, t. 4109) ; Roezlii, purple, white, and yellow, autumn, i ft. ; Schroderiana, i ft. ; purple,brown, and yellow,late summer, and vexillaria, white to rose, spring, 15 ins. (Bot.Mag., t. 6037); are
should
there
a
warm
be grown in sandy, fibrous is by division when new
are
many
fine varieties.
Plant sion (mimo-sa, from mimos, a mimic, in alluOrd. of the leaves. M. irritability Leguminosae) has the to the extent, pudica, only speciesgrown peculiarityof any and is therefore its leaves when an touched, drooping object of
Mimosa, to
Sensitive
the
"
.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia T It is best
ITI+OT-OO + interest.
in seed sown of peat and but t.
they 941).
markets
grown
with
Loam,
spring.
third
a
as
"
of
spring
the
; it is Acacia
Mimosa
genus
"
mimosa
dealbata.
(mim-ulus, from mimo, an ape, Ord. Scrophularineae). The have as we (seeAnnuals), is already seen tigrinus, bedding plant,being raised from seed in winter, Flower, Musk wide
the
to
spotted Mimulus, much
the
that
the
belong to
not
reference
noted
be
Mimulus, Monkey in
or
in
from
annual, being raised
tender
a
frame
flowers in summer, suits it. It bears rose Botanical attractive the Register, (see particularly
should
does
as
sand,
not
It
house
warm
a some
are
managed
235
a
mouth.
"
It is a discarded after blooming. and in of has the and cheerful, showy plant, thriving shady advantage places. Cardinalis is a good scarlet Mimulus, height 18 ins. (seethe Botanical I ft., is good. Magazine, t. 3560); cupreus, orange,
planted
Glutinosus t. 354,
in
out
buff
has
flowers
is Mimulus
This
moschatus.
is
plant
spring in
agreeably
singly,and repotted flowering,and with a well displayed. When
sticky leaves (seethe greenhouse culture. smaller
much
has
It
scented.
Mag., Musk
flowers, but
raised
be
can
Bot. The
from
the
in
seed
or frame, the seedlingspricked off, potted A needed. 5 -in. pot is large enough for
house
warm
a
and
It needs
aurantiacus).
as
whole
summer,
as
small
of slender
frame
in bloom
it may
laths
be stood
the
in
be
plant can window.
room
a
Harrison's is a by pieces of root. Mimuluses the are spotted larger-floweredvariety. Although annuals. M. as are glutinosus perennialsthey commonly grown should be grown as a perennialand propagated by cuttings. It
be
may
Mina
further
increased
versicolor.
lobata, Ipomaea
Mint.
Kitchen
See
"
Garden
Herbs.
"
from mirabilis, wonderful. (mirab-ilis, the of Marvel Peru, is a showy plant Jalapa, that was It is easilygrown as once a great flower-gardenfavourite. in and under a half-hardy annual, being raised planted glass spring in June; but it is a perennial. It is not particularas to soil. out it gives several distinct colours, and the As bought from seedsmen flowers are fragrant(seethe Botanical Magazine, t. 371). Marvel Mirabilis, Nyctagineae)
Ord.
of Peru
"
.
Mistletoe,Viscum miselta.
Ord. of
native
album
from the Saxon word (Mistletoecomes This Loranthaceae) interestingparasiteis a very "
.
British
the
on
It
woods.
of years by feeding on the Those trees. who hundreds
ripeberry
M.
ago. berries wish
under
to
used
was
It is
Druidical
supposed that scraping their
and
establish
side of
in
a
it may
branch
birds bills
press
towards
the
on
the the
celebrations have
spread
it
bark
of of
contents
end
a
of winter.
In cool, moist
Lime,
placesit takes readilyto the Oak, Apple, Hawthorn, Poplar. It is very slow in spreading.
and
Mistletoe
Cactus.
Mitchella repens
is
"
See
Cactus
after (mitchell-a, a
hardy
summer
and
running
stems
herbaceous
small
red
may
be
berries
(Rhipsalis). Dr.
Mitchell.
creeper, with in winter.
layered for
Ord. white
Rubiaceae). M. in early flowers
Sandy peat propagation.
"
suits.
The
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
236 Mock
Orange.
Mole.
found,
to exclude
"
The
best-known
Labiatae). Bergamot, Bee Balm,
and
"
or
in
summer
546). Fistulosa, the wild Bergamot, Ordinary soil. Propagation is by division Lysimachia
See
"
See
and
is in
grown
Monardez. Sweet
the
ins.
high Magazine, occasionally. 18
spring.
Nummularia.
Mimulus.
Monkey
Flower.
Monkey
Puzzle, Araucaria
"
under
should be well covered
run
It grows about (see the Botanical
t.
Moneywort.
The
gloved hands,
Tea.
Oswego
flowers
scarlet
has
of soil.
(monar-da, after Dr. species is didyma,
Mint, Bergamot
Horse
Monarda,
it burrows
as
Bulbs.
See
Moly (Allium Moly). Ord.
up
Garden.
Flower
gardens,
mounds
set in it with
mole-trap light.
steel
a
in
nuisance
a
throws
lawns, and
and
beds
is
mole
The
"
Philadelphia and
See
"
imbricata.
Aconitum.
Monkshood,
(montbre-tia,after
Montbretia
M.
Montbret.
Ord.
Irideae)
See
"
.
Bulbs.
Monterey Pine, Pinus
insignis. indica.
Monthly Rose, Rosa
Daisy, Chrysanthemum
Moon
Leucanthemum.
Ord. (morae-a, after Mr. R. Moore. Irideae). Pretty frame small suited for culture cool Irises, or a plants resembling greenhouse. They thrive in sandy loam, and are propagated by and yellow, summer, division. 2 ft. (syn.Iris bicolor) Bicolor, brown Moraea
"
(Botanical Register,t. 1404); (BotanicalMagazine, t. 613),are (moris-ia,after
Morisia
is
edulis, violet, spring,
and
of the
two
Professor
most
Moris.
ft.
popular.
Ord.
suitable
4
Cruciferae). M. rockery, bearing "
for the
hypogaea pretty hardy plant It likes sandy loam, and is propagated by yellow flowers in May. offsets or seeds. Growing only 3 or 4 ins. high, and with dense, it is a good carpeter. bright green, much-cut foliage, Morning Moss.
Mould.
Glory. "
of
Ipoma.
Thousands, Saxifraga sarmentosa.
Orchid. "
See
Lichen.
See
"
Mother Moth
a
"
See
Phalaenopsis.
See Soil and
Mildew.
Mountain
Ash, Pyrus Aucuparia.
Mountain
Avens, Dryas octopetala.
Mouse-ear
Mowing,
Chickweed, Cerastium. Mowing
Machine.
Mulberry." See Fruit.
"
See
Flower
Garden
"
Grass.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia "
of
coating of
"
To
Mulching.
moisure
also feeds
Mullein. Muscari. Mushroom. Musk
with
crop
grass, with evaporation. A
it is
which
near
light object
a
the
mulch
of
placed.
Garden.
Muscari
Hyacinth, and
checking
by
Kitchen
See
"
Mustard
surface
Bulbs.
See
"
the
the
cover
fibre refuse, or
Verbascum.
See
"
soil is to
cocoa-nut
manure,
conserving
manure
"
mulch
237
Cress.
moschatus.
Kitchen
See
"
Zealand Myosotidium, New myosotis, and eidos, like, in
Garden.
Forget-me-not (myosotid-ium, from allusion
the
to
resemblance
to
the
ceous Myosotis or Forget-me-not. Ord. Boragineae). A pretty herbafor the where it likes suitable a cool, rockery, perennial, shady Propagation is by division in spring. spot and a peaty compost. M. flowers in spring, nobilis, the only species,has "blue and white 8 ins. the t. Botanical 1 5137). (see height Magazine, "
from Myosotis (myoso-tis, form
to the
of the
Plum.
Myrobalan
See
"
Handsome
good
for
"
The
conservatories.
sand, suit.
some
early summer. which
mentioned.
Botanical
to
Myrtaceae). mainly foliage. They are in spacious and stand on largeverandahs their
Myrtle, communis,
places. Loam,
Propagation
is
with
third
a
by cuttings
be grown may of leaf mould and
under
in bell-glass Myrtle, be Belgica, flore pleno (double), and variegata may the is same as Eugenia Ugni (see the Ugni, pink, Magazine, t. 4626).
There
Narcissus Ord.
Forget-me-not. Ord.
miron, perfume. for
common
in sheltered
outdoors
of
in tubs
See
Hedge.
shrubs, grown
growing
ear, in allusion
otis,an
Boragineae).
Myrtus, Myrtle (myr-tus,from "
and
mouse,
mus,
Ord.
leaves.
varieties
many
(narciss-us, after
Amaryllideae). "
Nasturtium in allusion
are
See
Narcissus,
strong
a
common
mythological youth.
a
Bulbs.
(nastur-tium,from to the
of the
Ord.
and
tortus, tortured, The Nasturtium Cruciferae). nose,
nasus,
smell.
"
of
gardens is a hardy annual, with large, brilliant flowers (see however, for it is a TropaeAnnuals). It has no rightto the name, its it olum. called Indian to was Cress, and as the Owing pungency
common
became
Cress
Water
Navelwort.
See
"
name
Venus's
umbilicus.
Cotyledon
Neapolitan Violet. Nectarine.
"
"
See
See
Nelumbium
Nymphaeaceae) (see the
oincinale, the
Nasturtium
Navelwort
is
linifolia.
Omphalodes
Negundo.
is Nasturtium
to it.
attached
"
See Violet.
Fruit. Acer
Negundo.
(nelum-bium, " .
Botanical
The
from
Sacred
Magazine,
Bean t.
Ord. nelumbo, the- Indian name. N. or Lotos, Egyptian speciosum
903),
is
a
beautiful
aquatic, with
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
238
in
white, red-tipped,fragrant flowers varieties of it, such as large white
There
summer.
are
many double
(album grandiflorum) ,
plenum), striped white (album striatum), double and It has edible red. N. nuts. Osiris, plenum), (roseum is the also sweet and Bot. has luteum flowers, yellow (see Mag., Nelumbiums not perfectlyhardy, and should be are t. 3753). The house. be in cool The roots in shallow tank a a packed may grown with moss. and round bound in loam Planting should be done in late spring,when stage crowded clumps growth starts, at which division. be by propagated may white
(album
rose
(neme-sia,Dioscorides'
Nemesia This
includes
genus is
Suttoni It is
a
for
"
.
Annuals.
See
and
grove,
nemos,
Ord.
habitat.
to the
and
beds.
and
pots
Nemophila (nemoph-ila,from allusion
Scrophularineae) perennials,but the only
gardens is strumosa, the form of which called dwarf half-hardy annual, of several colours.
grown beautiful
both
good
annuals
both in
speciesmuch
Ord.
name.
philo,to love,
Hydrophyllaceae). "
in
Annuals.
See
(nepen-thes,from nepenthes, to alleviate These remarkable sorrow. Nepenthaceae) plants have long, in hollow, urn-like vessels terminate slender, drooping stems, which and lid water. with quently or a containing They are conseprovided cap in Plants. well termed and Pitcher The size pitchersvary in best colour. suspended They are hothouse evergreens, grown A comto advantage. teak post baskets, as then the pitchersare seen with of loam, peat, and sand, crocks, and Sphagnum moss, Nepenthes,
Plant
Pitcher
Ord.
"
.
charcoal, suits end
of winter.
of water
and
will be
water
Rebasketing
should
be
towards
done
they will enjoy Throughout the summer and should be syringed daily. In autumn Minimum
needed.
Rafflesiana, spotted crimson; and sanguinea,red. purple;
60".
the
abundance winter
less
The
following ring; Curtisi, green, Rajah, spotted brown;
temperature white
albomarginata, green,
sorts:
good
are
them.
green,
town Ivy (nepe-ta,after the Tuscan portance, imof little are a Labiateae). Nepetas Nepet. genus the form of but the variegated Ground Ivy, Glechoma, is worth growing. It is a pretty dwarf plant, with small Ivy-like dark blue flowers, good for basket culture. leaves and Mussini, a will violet flowers, is also grown. thrive in taller plant with They almost soil,and are increased by division in spring. any
Nepeta,
Cat
Mint, Ground
Ord.
(nephro-dium, from
Nephrodium the
shape
Ord. spores. of species, some
of the
hundreds genus while
The
"
Lastrea
has
others
need
a
in
allusion
greenhouse,
Some and
importance.
of the others
species
again
to
taining con-
genus,
"
of considerable
to it.
added
been
nephros, kidney, Filices). An immense
The
hardy,
are
hothouse,
a
specieswith creepingrhizomes may be propagated by division spring,the others by spores (seeFerns for propagation and soil) of the principal The followingare a few species:aemulum, the HayThose
in
.
scented
Crested
Buckler Shield
Decompositum,
Fern; Fern, var.
many
var.
ramosum
is
good.
varieties,enjoys peat
glabellum
is
good.
Cristatum, and
a
boggy
Erythrosum,
a
the
site.
good
of Gardening Encyclopaedia a
gracefulfern, suitable
for table
frequently to get fern; var. corymbiferum Mountain
Buckler
Barnesii
young is nicely crested.
Fern,
be
may
var. Fern; Howardiae,
There
covering of ferns, mostly evergreens
suitable
hardy
rockery;
vars.
the
to
for
the
of others.
scores
are
allusion
Graceful
the
on
grown
good.
are
from Nephrolepis (nephrolep-is, in
the
Montanum,
Prickly Shield Spinulosum, has such dilatatum as forms, good crispum, many Stansfieldii. Female Buckler the and Thelypteris, cristatum
and
Fern.
of varieties. Fern, scores Lepidum^ decoration, but should be propagated plants. Molle, a popular market
Male
Filix-mas, the
fern.
room
239
in
culture
nephros, kidney, and the of
spore
pendent habit, and Davallioides
baskets. and
Filices). consequently"
its
and
varieties
particularlygood
for
be propagated this purpose; house, and may they like a warm cordifolia also popular, and Bausei rhizomes. and are may they produce; the former propagated by the tubers which
by
furcans, furcans
deciduous.
plumosa
is
Exaltata
a
good speciesfor
increased
be
produce spores
multiceps, are
lepis,scale,,
Ord.
cases.
by
that
hothouse.
a
Those
Loam,
means.
be is-
that
with
a. may The must be of leaf mould, and sand, suit. given evergreens both in winter, and they will take largequantities, little water at
third a
the
overhead,
and
root
summer.
(neri-ne,after Nerine, daughter of Nerius.
Nerine
Ord.
Amaryl-
Bulbs.
lideae)."5^
Neriurn, Oleander The
in
is
Oleander
a
or
Rose
Bay
(ner-ium.
shrub, grown
well-known
in
Ord.
Apocynaceae) largepots or tubs for "
.
It is not difficult todouble of its beautiful pink flowers. what term it is a dirty plant that is, much gardeners grow, subjectto the attack of insects (seeAphides). It must be kept clean sake
the
but
"
fall into bad by regular fumigation or sponging, or it will soon in under is soil health. bella by cuttings sandy Propagation in of with water in bottles fourth, warm a spring. Loam, glass,or in be done of peat and some sand, suits, and repotting should and less water spring. After flowering the shoots may be trimmed given to afford a rest, after which they may be started again. There in hue, but few specialise the several named varieties, differing are plant. It is poisonous. from nerteros, lowly. Ord. depressa,Bead Plant (ner-tera, A the little of which is the plant, pretty great charm Rubiaceae). Nertera
"
of red
abundance
use
ferns.
leaves
just above
the
Botanical
rockery, but is
make
to tree
nestle' in the
Magazine, t. 5799). It is a nice creeper wont quite hardy. Carpet bedders were the of establish it trunks of it. Some on gardeners is division seeds. soil. or by Sandy Propagation
ground (seethe for the
berries, which not
fish netting should always be kept Netting. A supply of tanned fruit from in gardens, as it is useful for protectingseedlingsand "
birds, and
in
protectingfruit
New
Zealand
Flax, Phormium
New
Zealand
Spinach. "
See
blossom
on
wall
tenax.
Kitchen
Garden.
trees
from
frost.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
240
Nicotiana, Tobacco
after M. Nicot. Ord. Solana(nicotia-na, Nicotiana is important economically because ceae). The genus of the speciesTabacum is prepared tobacco. from the leaves It is the of from it mot because contains view, garden point unimportant "several useful garden plants, notably alba, generallycalled affinis, in abundance; which white flowers Sanderae, a produces sweet "
plant of rose
white
and
flowers.
Alba
the
to
latter, but
taller and
sylvestris,which
with
ft.
4 high, grows best treated as (seeAnnuals). Sylvestrismay be treated as a Tomentosa for its (colossea)is sometimes grown
iialf-hardy annuals .hardy perennial. ^handsome
habit
flowers;
magenta
bears
and
similar
somewhat
or
Sanderae
and
are
foliage.
Nierembergia
(nierember-gia,after Sefior Nieremberg. Ord. halfas a species gracilisis generally grown with (see Annuals) ; it has white flowers, streaked .hardy annual in about and ins. the Botanical summer, purple, grows 9 high (see The
Solanaceae). "
Rivularis "moist
It likes
3108).
t.
Magazine,
is
and
creeper,
suitable
white-flowered
a
of the rock
parts
sandy loam
Annuals
See
and
See
"
for
up
a
few
.appliedto soil for Green Nitrates.
"
Free
them
Nitrate
of soda
Nitrification. "matters
is
popular
a
of
roots
The
"
imechanical
of
crops,
such
it in the as
is
and
may
be
plants, and
cannot
form
nitrate.
to
a
(calciumcyanamide),
potash also yieldnitrogen. See
nitrogenous by
up
performed by bacteria,
the
which
well-drained, friable soil.
warm,
therefore
be
improve
to
the
of his soil. A
"
for
mineral Nitrolim
of
process
form
Peas.
takes
in the
Experiments grave
doubts
microbe
the
nitrogen from
free
of nitrates
Society throw
of
culture
laboratory
radicicola, which stores
nitrate
ashes
or
Manures.
a
gardener should
the
condition
Nitro-bacterine. monas
with form.
freelyin moist,
most
See
available
not
dry soil
and good fertiliser,
non-available by which process be taken into compounds that can
plants. The
multiply the The object
-and
and
converted
are
5608).
(from niger,black, the Pretty hardy annuals.
with a
vegetables.
combined
rsulphateof ammonia, Manures.
is
weeks
nitrogen is
until
benefit
mixed
excrement
"
laid
or
Solanum.
Nightsoil. Human and
"
.
pot culture
t.
Love-in-a-mist.
Nightshade. lime
for
garden (seethe Bot. Mag.,
Nigella,Love-in-a-mist, Devil-in-the-bush Ord. Ranunculaceae) "colour of the seeds.
of water.
abundance
root-nodules
conducted on
the
the
by value
the
of the
Pseudo-
atmosphere
of
leguminous
cultural Royal Horti-
preparation.
.See Manures.
Pine, Araucaria
Norfolk
Island
Norway
Maple, Acer
Norway
Spruce, Picea
Nothoclaena, Gold mothus, spurious,and
excelsa.
platanoides. excelsa.
and
Silver
Maidenhairs
chlaina, cloak, from
some
(nothoclae-na,from appearing to have
of Gardening Encyclopaedia involucre.
in
Filices). There
Ord.
are
"
few
a
hothouse
a notably affinis,
useful
very
.
included in this genus, which also likes a warm
241 ferns
species; Marantae,
house ; sinuata ; and trichomanoides, white, basket powdery fronds, a good plant. They may be propagated by of in springin the case spores (seeFerns),or division of the crowns those with tufty habit. and charcoal, Peat, with piecesof sandstone suits. They must have plenty of water in the soil during the A light, growing season, but not overhead. airypositionis desirable. Nuphar, Yellow Water Lily,Brandy Bottle (nu-phar, from the Arabic Ord. name Nuphar luteum is a neufar. Ny mphaeaceae) British with in flowers be hardy June. It may plant, yellow in a pond by binding loam round established the roots, and moss and weighting with a stone to sink the mass. Propagation is by division in spring. Advena also bears yellow flowers in summer. "
.
Nut.
See
"
Fruit.
Corylus and
Nycterinia (nycterin-ia.Ord.
Nycteriniaselaginoides, perfumed flowers in a
white the
For
name.
"
.
Annuals
with
botanists
but
summer,
culture, see
Seedsmen
Scrophularineae) half-hardyannual
dwarf
do
offer
blue
not
and
keep
up
Half-hardy.
"
Nymphaea, Water Lily(nymphae-a, after nymphe, a water-nymph. Beautiful Ny mphaeaceae) aquatics, the modern hybrid forms well worth of which are growing, either in shallow ponds, See Flower Garden. pools,or tubs.
Ord.
"
.
Oak.
Too
for
gardens, the Oak, Quercus of interest to garden lovers, because of its Robur, is nevertheless fine effect in park and forest. It is,of course, important as a timber tree. The Holm Oak, Q. Ilex; the Turkey Oak, Q. cerris; and the Cork Oak, Q. suber, are not too largefor fairlyextensive gardens. See also Quercus. "
large
Oak-leaved Ocimum
tree
a
most
Geranium, Pelargonium quercifolium. Basilicum
(Basil). See "
Kitchen
Garden
"
Herbs.
Odontoglossum (odontoglos-sum,from odons, tooth, and glossa, tongue, owing to the tooth-like growths on the lip. Ord. OrchidaSome of the best ceae). A large and beautiful genus of Orchids. kinds will thrive in cool houses, and are inexpensive. Crispum (Alexandrae)is the most popular of all. Many forms of this are as dear. At least 100 are cheap as Fuchsias, although the rarer ones forms of this speciesalone could be named, all of which would be acknowledged by experts as good. Like most of the Odontoglosit is a moisture-loving sums be kept dry at never Orchid, and must "
the root, of root in
in the
even
and
winter.
atmospheric of peat and fills the pot.
In
there
summer
moisture.
The
Sphagnum
must
plants are
be abundance in pots, grown
base of crocks that on a two-thirds The the pseudo-bulbs should be above brim of the pot. When roots show towards new the end of summer is a good period for repotting, it may be done at the end of winter. or A
a
compost
minimum
maintained Greenhouse
winter without "
temperature hard
Heating).
of
firingif In hot
45"
the
summer
set
will
house
suffice,and is
weather
this
can
be
adequatelypiped (see steps must
be taken
Q
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
242
from plantssuffering
the
prevent
to
by
sun
heat
and
arid
atmosphere by damping all syringed. For
an
ventilation, by shading,and
providing abundant
should not be plants themselves of particular work detailed treatment on speciessee a good modern few of the best The Orchids. are a citrosmum, following species: white, and yellow, sweet, several varieties. Crispum, white, rose, of forms are known, for which spotted,but variable in colour ; scores consult Edwardi, a purple and yellow, sweet. special work. and and brown, brilliant, several Grande, large yellow very forms varieties. Hallii, yellow and chocolate, many (Botanical and several t. brown, white, anum, Harry yellow, 6237). Magazine, and varieties. varieties. brown, many Luteo-purpureum, yellow Nobilis chocolate, yellow,and white, several varieties. Maculatum, forms. Pulchellum, (syn. Pescatorei),white, spotted red, many purple,yellow,and white, sweet (Bot.Mag., t. 4104). Rossii,white, majus is a popular variety,and there are several spotted brown; Uroothers. Triumphans, yellow and brown, several varieties. Vexillarium is now known Miltonia skinneri, yellow and brown. as vexillaria (seeMiltonia) The
surfaces.
.
Primrose
(Oeno-thera,from oinos, wine, and thera, imbibing, owing being supposed to stimulate drinking. Ord. Onagrarieae) Popular and brilliant flowers, not all exclusivelynight bloomers. They are useful border plants,as in most will thrive are soils, they hardy, and bloom freely. They are propagated by seed, the perennialsalso by division, preferably in summer in spring. All bloom and have yellow flowers except The otherwise stated. few of the best: where are a following biennis, a biennial, 3 ft. high; grandiflora(syn.Lamarckiana) is a largevariety of it. Caespitosa,white, i ft. (syns.eximia and marginata),a perennial. Fruticosa, 3 ft. (BotanicalMagazine, t. 332); Youngii is a splendidvariety of it; these are perennials. Glauca, 3 ft. (Bot.Mag., t. 1606), a perennial; Fraseri is a good variety. Missouriensis (Bot. Mag., t. 1592), is a yellow perennial trailer. Taraxacifolia, white, also a trailer,is beautiful, but not hardy (syn. acaulis) Cactus Old Man (Pilocereussenilis) See Cactus. Oenothera, Evening
the
to
roots
"
.
.
"
.
Beard,
Old Man's Oleander. Olearia
"
See
Clematis
Nerium.
from (olea-ria,
olea, olive tree. is Haastii, which
shrubs. evergreen white has attractive and It grows It is not
also with
4 to
very white
Vitalba.
5 ft.
flowers
in
It may
be
high. particularas
to
Ord.
summer,
planted 4
soil,if
flowers, is Musk-scented.
not
ful Compositae). Useis hardy, grower, is particularlygood. "
dense
a
ft.
apart
stiff and Macrodonta
in autumn.
Ilicifolia,
wet.
is handsome
quite hardy. Stellulata (syn. Eurybia Gunniana) has beautiful flowers. Propagation is by seeds in a frame in spring, under wood and a hand-lightin summer, cuttingsof mature by layers but
not
in autumn.
Omphalodes, and
Navelwort
eidos,like,in allusion
(omphalo-des, from to the
seed.
Ord.
omphales,
the
Boragineae). "
A
navel, small
of Gardening Encyclopaedia comprising one or two Linifolia,a hardy annual, with
genus,
243
very pretty hardy herbaceous white flowers, is the Venus'
high.
plants. s
Navel-
is often popular name with blue to a verna, applied spring-blooming perennial blue in flowers March. Luciliae is a charming summer-blooming Alpine for rockeries (seethe Botanical Magazine, t. 6047). They be raised from seeds in spring,the perennialsalso by division; can not they are particularas to soil.
it grows
wort;
about
9 ins. dwarf
The
same
(oncid-ium,from ogkos, a tumour, in allusion to the growths on lip. Ord. Orchidaceae) A large and attractive with a largenumber of Orchids, comprising some 300 species, genus of varieties and hybrids. They are allied to the Odontoglossums, under that the cultural remarks and made subject apply to Onciless water when diums, but the specieswith leathery leaves need the growth is complete, and only enough should be given to keep the pseudo-bulbs from shrivelling.They differ a good deal in heat requirements,and any one who desires to grow a respect to work Orchids. The collection should consult on a specialmodern few of the are Concolor, a yellow, following principalspecies: May bloomer, cool house (BotanicalMagazine, t. 3752). Crispum, and winter, cool house brown, summer (Bot.Mag., t. 3499). Forcool house besii, brown, margined yellow, autumn, (Bot. Mag., and brown t- 37"5)Kramerianum, yellow, spring, hothouse. Macranthum, spring,brown, purple,white, and yellow, cool house. cool house. Marshallianum, Papilio, yellow and brown, summer, red and t. hothouse (Botanical Register, 910). yellow, spring, Sarcodes, Phalaenopsis, white, purple, and violet, cool house. brown house. and Tigrinum, yellow, yellow,spring,intermediate Oncidium
the
barred
cool
brown,
Onion. Onoclea
house.
Kitchen
See
"
"
.
Garden.
(onocle-a,the
genus Ostrich
of
noble
plant for
hardy
ferns, the
Fern, also
its stoloniferous
known
sheltered
a
roots
can
Greek
Ord.
name.
finest member as
small
"
is Germanica, Germanica. This Struthiopteris
place
the
near
roots. ft.
of
margin
in moist
ramble
by divisions of these species, growing only about 2
Filices).A
of which
It
soil.
Sensibilis
a
is
a
stream, can
be
much
the is
a
where gated propasmaller
high.
from an onemi, to Ononis, Rest Harrow (ono-nis, ass, and onos, Ord. delight,in reference to the ass's enjoyment of it as food. Two of this largegenus are worth three members or Leguminosae) growing in the rock garden, notably arvensis, the Rest Harrow, which few stems on a produces rose and white flowers in summer inches high ; rotundif olia,a dwarf shrub with rose flowers in summer (seethe Botanical Magazine, t. 335), and the fine variety of the not particularas to soil,and latter called splendens. They are are seed in spring, when the perennials may be easily raised from "
.
divided. Golden small, in reference A small genus of
Onosma,
Drop
(onos-ma, from
to its attraction
charming hardy
for the rock
onos, ass.
an
Ord.
plants,the
ass,
and
osrna*
Boragineae). most gracefulof "
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
244 which
is Tauricum,
variety of charming
a
stellulatum
its
high, and
produces Magazine, t. 889). It thrives put in positionswhere damp cannot
in
Botanical soils if
in winter.
It may
Onosmas
be
;
citron-coloured
propagated by
seeds
limestone
the lodge round Other pretty spring.
lobes.
to the a claw, in allusion onyx, A of the small ferns, Filices). genus
shape
Japonicum, a is very graceful when
of its
Ord.
of which
in
thrives
in
is
specieswhich
of
a
Auratum,
an
in
full
most
growth.
sand, with
charcoal,
Very
little water
is needed
is also
evergreen,
loses
and
peat, loam,
compost propagated by division.
be may winter.
most
"
winter, but
fronds
white
and
rose
(onych-ium, from
Onychium popular
from
annually
are
the
(see sandy plants
and
in
should be raised alba-rosea, which cuttings; Bourgaei, and echioides; the first has flowers, the latter pale yellow ones.
of
foot
it grows about a in flowers May
met
with;
it likes
It and in
house. hot-
a
(6-phrys,from ophrys, an eyebrow, in allusion to the sepal fringe. Ord. Orchidaceae) Interesting Orchids, mostly the the is Bee Orchis, aranifera hardy. Apifera Spider Orchis, Ophrys
"
.
bombilifera All may be may
the
Humble in
be grown
Bee
sandy
limestone
or
soil in the
Fly Orchis. rock garden, and the
division.
propagated by
Opium
muscifera
Orchis, and
Poppy, Papaver somniferum.
Opuntia (Indian Fig, Prickly Pear). See Cactus. "
See Fruit.
Orange (CitrusAurantium).
"
Orchard.
"
See
Fruit.
Orchard-house. Orchids.
At
Fruit.
See
"
regarded with period Orchids were of flower lovers, and were by something majority considered be to the monopoly of wealthy people who could afford to construct and for expensive houses employ skilled specialists their plants. The that of felt amateurs could never they majority indulge a homely love for Orchids as they could for Roses, Sweet ferns. in fact, aliens. The That Peas, and plants were, feeling has and become modified now to find we considerably, begin of small amateurs Orchids. It must be admitted means growing that the plants need specialstudy, and that the majority require heat and than other moisture more plants grown under glass. The of this is that they come from reason the tropicalcountries, where and heated. is There saturated atmosphere however, highly are, "
no
akin
certain far from
Orchids
remote
very
to
the
awe
which
may
be
under
grown
speciesof
these
cool
conditions,
and
so
include
being importance they Cyprithe pedium insigneand its varieties and hybrids, which are among most popular with the cognoscenti. Disa grandiflorais an Orchid that
will thrive
in
a
cool house,
scented
The
no
and
another
is the
beautiful
Zygopetalum Mackayi, graceful plant blooming there are lovely Odontoglossum crispum, of which a
forms, also thrives
distinguishedby
flowers
under
of stout
cool
conditions.
texture, and
this
honey-
in winter.
many Orchids are
means
that
quisite ex-
all
they
of Gardening Encyclopaedia last well WP! last when
in most
The
cut.
majority have The
flowers.
other
or on baskets, and pans, terrestrial kinds are grown
with with
with
bound
or
wire
majority have they require very what
are
and
the
collar the are
fibrous
the
pots and
resting and
a
to
and
peat
ing want-
appearance in grown their habit.
are
Sphagnum
pots^ The moss,
are liberallydrained pans in baskets with a little moss,
hung in growing the
moist in the
warm,
a
season;
latter
a
house. former
great deal.
Most
pseudo-bulbs, fleshy swellingsbetween In
leaf.
a
in
little water,
called
kinds
or
grown
blocks
on
The
form
in
epiphytes are
the
crocks;
different
blocks, according
little charcoal, and
a
refined
a
245
of
state
a
these
nature
store
the
moisture
in
in the dry period. The for use rainy season principalOrchids Cattleyas,Cypripediums, Dendrobiums, Odontoglossums, and
Oncidiums.
These
in
names
and
this work.
others
Orchid
dealt
are
flowers
with
third
the
most
and
the
inner
known
segment,
as
their
own.
others in several in pistilare combined
and important particulars. The stamens the column; there is only one anther, except in have which two ; and the pollenis in masses, not
The
under
differ from
labellum
the
the
or
in
prominent feature; Cypripediums lowrer sepalsare merged into one.
Cypripediums, grains. lip,is generally forms a pouch;
in dust-like it
two
Orchis (6r-chis. Ord. Orchidaceae) The hardy Orchids are an natives of Great Britain. are The interestingclass, and some majority do well on a limestone soil,and on stiff land chalk should be added. They enjoy cool, shady spots. Transplanting and in autumn, best done division are as they flower in spring. The following are a few of the best: foliosa, 2 to 3 ft. high, purple (Botanical Magazine, t. 5074) ; latifolia,i ft., purplish-red,the Orchis ; the Glasnevin Marsh variety of this is a handsome spotted form; there is also a white called alba; maculata, I ft.,purple and of it called superba; militaris, \\ ft., white; there is a fine form purple,the Soldier Orchis; morio, 9 ins., purple, the green-winged Meadow Orchis; papilionacea,purple, the Butterfly Orchis; and See also Ophrys. i to 2 ft.,purple. purpurea, "
.
.
Oreocome
Candollei
some (oreoco-me. Ord. Umbellif erae) A handused sometimes for summer foliage, kept in pots in winter in plain soil,to check its A good deal of water is required. Propagation "
.
plant bedding. It
fern-like
with is best
natural grossness. is by cuttings or seed.
Origanum
Ornus
Kitchen
Garden
See
"
gala, milk.
and
with
(Marjoram).
Ornithogalum, Star bird,
It is synonymous
of
Bethlehem
Ord.
(Flowering Ash). "
Selinum "
tenuifolium.
Herbs.
(ornithog-alum, from Liliaceae). See Bulbs.
ornis,.
"
See
Fraxinus.
(6r-obus, from oro, to excite, and boits,arc Ord. supposed stimulating virtues as food. of these herbaceous two One or hardy perennials Leguminosae) are good enough for the garden, notably vernus, purplish-blue,a foot high, and suitable for the a growing about spring bloomer in colour rockery; there are several varieties of it,differing (seetheOrobus,
ox,
Bitter
in reference
"
.
Vetch
to
its
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
246 Botanical
521). Pannonicus, with purple and white They thrive in light high, is also useful. division in spring. seeds or propagated by t.
Magazine, in
flowers
May,
ft.
I
loamy soil,and
are
(osman-thus,from osme, perfume, and anthos, flower. a variety of Oleaceae). Evergreen shrubs, of which ilicifolius, there several are forms, differingin the Aquifolium, is the best; of with the colour one and leaves, including variegated shape white Olea has fragrans) perfumed flowers, foliage. Fragrans (syn. in pots. They like not being quite hardy is sometimes and grown be propagated by cuttingsinserted in sandy sandy loam, and may Osmanthus
Ord.
"
peat. Celtic
deity. Ord. Filices). are statelyof ferns, and some among of the of the fronds The clusters have sporangia near tips hardy. the name for them earned Flowering Fern. Regalis is the finest of for the Ostrich Fern in a cool, a noble all,and this makes companion Osmundas
and
7
there
(osmun-da, a the
are
sheltered, humid
height of
Fern
Royal
Osmunda,
The
or
it may the waterside, where It is the handsomest of all the
spot 8 ft.
at
several
are
"
most
of
forms
be found British
at
a
ferns,
and it, notably cristata, gracilis, handsome are Osmundas,
cinnamomea
and
palustris. Bipinnata they are not hardy.
but
Ostrich
Fern.
Ostrowskia
See Onoclea.
"
(ostrow-skia. Ord. Campanulaceae) Campanula-like hardy herbaceous perennial,growing to It ft. 5 high, and bearing largepale blue flowers in summer. 3 likes a sheltered but sunny spot, and a friable loamy soil, with water in dry weather. Propagation is by seeds in spring. It seeds itself it makes at home. where freely
A
magnifica
"
.
beautiful
Otaheite
Orange.
"
See
Greenhouse
Orange.
"
Ourisia
(ouris-ia.Ord. Scrophularineae) A small genus perennials,one speciesof which, coccinea, hardy herbaceous in abundance little plant, bearing its scarlet beautiful flowers on
summer
of
"
.
about
stems
a
foot
high.
shady place. Propagation is by Botanical
Magazine,
seed
It loves and
is
a
in
moist, peaty soil in
division
in
spring.
a
See the
t. 5335.
the Plant native Ouvirandra, Lattice-leaf (ouviran-dra,from Ord. Naiadaceae). A singular for water-yam, ouvirandrano. name leaves of great are lace-like, transparent green aquatic, whose little beauty. It should and interest and be planted in loam no "
submerged in water shady positionin a Ovary.
"
the
formed
The
part
of
unfertilised
within
or
is
kept lukewarm, and should be given a The house. speciesis fenestralis,and
warm
call it
botanists
modern
that
a
Aponogeton
flower, lying below
seeds, called
above
fenestralis.
the
ovules.
petals it
is called
The behind or where below, inferior. ovary developed, like the petals,from a leaf.
Oxalis, Wood
acidityof
the
Sorrel leaves.
the In
which tains conpistil, it is plants where a superior ovary;
is considered
to
have
from acid, in allusion to the (6x-alis, oxys, Geraniaceae). A large genus, variable
Ord.
"
of Gardening Encyclopaedia "in in
Hnra duration,
majority
low
foliageof
Shamrock;
flowers
plant will
thrive
the
popular species
most
ramble
freely,so
white, and
are
in
The has are
good for hanging pans
are
perennials. that
to
its
produced
be
they may
three-fold
led
The of
character
sold
as
spring;
the
being in
Beyond this spring,greenhouse, yellow,
cool, shady part of
a
others
and
hanging pans. species Acetosella
the
the
annuals
and
growers for or
for rockwork
used the
are
being
some
247
cernua,
the
rockery.
rubra, yellow flowers
and
purple foliage,hardy; Deppei, red flowers spring,greenhouse; floribunda, rose, greenhouse,spring,perhaps the most generallyuseful of all (seethe Botanical t. yellow, greenRegister, 1123); Ortgiesii, house, summer; purpurata (syn. Bowieana), purple, greenhouse, and autumn; rosea, rose, greenhouse, spring (BotanicalMagazine, tt. 2145 and 2830). The hardy kinds will thrive in ordinary soil. in pots or Those have loam, lightened with leaf mould pans may and tuberous sand. Several form and offsets,by which are they be propagated ; the herbaceous sorts may be divided. may Ox-eye Daisy, Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum. ; corniculata
in
Oxlip,Primula
elatior.
Oxyura (oxyu-ra. Ord. Compositae). with yellow hardy annual, synonymous "
culture,
see
Annuals.
Paeonia, Paeony ceae). See Flower "
(paeo-nia,after
Palms.
Paeon.
Ord.
Ranuncula-
dactylifera.
Ricinus Christi, These
Dr.
Garden.
Palm, Date, Phoenix Palma
chrysanthemoides is a Layia Calliglossa. For
O.
communis.
noble
several useful purposes. As plants serve for in tories conservalargespecimens they are good forming bold groups and halls and on platforms; while as small plants they are good for rooms. They are distinguishedby broad, generallydeep and In most often cases they are easy elegantlycut leaves. green but to grow, all are not equally suitable for growing into large specimens for rooms. or They are raised from seed, which are put in heat. The majority will thrive in a pots and plunged in bottom of loam leaf mould or (3 parts), compost decayed manure (i part), and Nice plants can sand. be grown in 6-in. pots. They do not need frequent repotting,and it should the pots only be done when crowded in this in with roots act The case get ; pots should spring. will be be well drained of water deal (see Drainage), as a good in Very little need be given in winter. required the growing season. It is an aid to keeping room outside palms healthy to stand them when soft shower is fallingin summer. Otherwise the foliage a should
"
be
sponged
once
a
week
with
soft, lukewarm
be given once week a may Soot -water, with half an ounce is The excellent. gallon, following are
liquidmanure
water.
Weak
well the plants are superphosphate per useful palms: Areca (or lutescens Chrysalidocarpus) (r),Chamaerops humilis, Cocos Weddeiiana, Geonoma (or Howea) Belmoreana gracilis(r),Kentia (r), K. Forsteriana, Latania borbonica (Livistonachinensis)(r),Livi-
rooted.
when
of
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
248
canariensis
australis, Phoenix
stona
Trachycarpus
and
Those
(r).
excelsa
(r),P. reclinata, P. rupicola, marked (r) are good for is
Weddeliana
Cocos
rooms.
good
a
table
palm, and Chamaerops humilis is suitable for planting out in summer. See Gynerium. Pampas Grass. Pancratium (pancra-tium,from pan, all, and kratys, potent supposed medicinal value. Ord. Amaryllideae). See Bulbs. Pine (panda-nus,from Pandanus, Screw "
"
"
Malay
the
Pan-
Ord.
pandang.
name
foliage evergreens, daneae). pointed, strap-shaped leaves, some for introducing useful variegated. They are to conservatory groups on special Handsome
"
with
PANDANUSES
PROPAGATING
Drainage.
i.
in bottom
suckers
by
with
Loam, sand,
Soil.
2.
in
from
shade
need
only vaporised occasionallyto keep of the best: a few Baptistii, green banded and Veitchii, green, yellow; position,and be
Panicle.
inflorescence, the
An
"
irregularly. Panicum (pan-icum,from
strong and
some
may
be
gated propa-
like
They
sun.
insects.
down
and
They
hothouse.
a
peat
The
followingare
of
which
panicle.
a
green
and
white.
branches
paniculum,
light
house
yellow; Sanderi,
with
a
should
The
Ord.
divided
are
Gramineae).
They thrive in loam, easy to grow. of leaf mould and some sand, a third division. are easily propagated by
and with and
popular speciesis variegatum, gracefulgreen and white trailer suitable
The a
of
Grasses, suitable for pot culture,
Graceful
"
them.
decoration.
table
fourth
a
suits
heat
for
and
occasions,
OFFSETS.
BY
for
most
pot
call it
now
It must
P.
with
ists botan-
Burmannii.
Oplismenus
hardy
a
greenhouse;
confused
be
not
is
which
in the
culture
virgatum,
perennial with
silvery
leaves.
Pansy (Viola tricolor). greatest garden favourites, "
soils that
most
dry,
and
or
other
or
sown
and
in
boxes
by in
in
The
autumn.
February
the
in
a
into
apart under
from in
a
they
out
the base
cold will
frame make
may in
3 ins. and autumn,
PANSIES
PROPAGATING
in
ing May. A dressput of COW the and manure soil, improves i. of will liquid manure supplies help the plants to continue growing and flowering. Suckers
and
in
and
poor seeds
plants started greenhouse, then pricked out
boxes
the
growing
very
by cuttings in
best
are
March,
frame
not
easily propagated
spring,and seeds
are
of
One
BY
CUTTINGS.
Large leaves 2.
Leaflets ,o b
to to
be be
removed. removed. 4. Base of
be inserted
early good flowers
the
aphis is kept following spring. Seed can if brown
of Gardening Encyclopaedia be
in
separate colours, to come hybrid Violas, are not, as propagated by suckers like the
bought
Pansies, and
are
The
true.
or
249
other
tufted
named
rule, available
a
from
Pansies.
seed,
These
make
planted in April in fertile soil and given liquid mulching. They continue to flower best if the blossoms of are picked frequently. Archie Grant, plum; Countess Picotee Hopetoun, white; Lark, cream, edge; Ithuriel, azure; Primrose Dame, Royal Sovereign,yellow; lightyellow; True Blue, and Wm. B. fewa blue; J. Neil, lavender, are Riding, mauve; The good varieties. Pansy is an exhibition flower of some ance importin Scotland, where and two are classes, Show Fancy, grown. The the largestand latter have most flowers. Alice richlymarked Lister, Constance Abercromby, James McNab, Mrs. Ferguson, Mrs. Sinclair, Neil M'Kay, and Robert J. Sellars, Mrs. Wm. M'Caughie beautiful
and
beautiful
are
if
lines arid beds
manure
varieties.
Papaver, Poppy (papa-ver,from papa, thick milk or juice. Ord. familiar than the more Papaveraceae) Few garden flowers are brilliant if fleeting annual and the both the kinds Poppies, perennial The ing being esteemed. ShirleyPoppies, with their pretty shimmerthe most flowers, are among charming of annuals; they originated the from The Corn double Poppy, P. Rhoeas. Paeonyflowered from P. somniferum, the opium Poppy, a Poppies came tall annual. These doubles are splendid plants,growing 2 to 3 ft. high, and bearing large,brilliant flowers which last better than the able singles. The Iceland Poppy is P. nudicaule, a dwarf grower suitfor grouping in the rock garden ; there are orange, yellow,and white forms; this plant is best treated as a biennial (seeBiennials). See the Botanical bracMagazine, t. 1633. Orientale, of which teatum is a good form, is the grand oriental Poppy, a perennialwith .
"
.
brilliant flowers; many (seethe Bot. Mag., t. is a handsome Poppy; a
biennial. is
and
by
florists
black
as
spots,
annual
an
or
soil.
tion Propagaperennialsalso by division
the
See
"
Anthericum.
Paraffin oil,or petroleum, is useful to the gardener as combined with soft soap to form insecticide, especiallywhen "
emulsion
boiled, the whole
pound of
with
either grown in almost any
of
case
offered
now
scarlet
cuttings.
root
Paraffin.
an
in the
and
by seeds,
are
57). Umbrosum,
it may be wrill thrive Poppies
The
Paradisea.
an
varieties
named
in
up of soft soap Paraffin
water.
blight in allowed
paraffinstirred
churned
a
to
crude run
Paris
Daisy.
Paris
Green.
"
for
"
a
paste.
If
while
the
of water
pint
a
The
water.
by
of
oil may be dabbed small with state a
should soap is hot, and
solution
of
means
be the
syringe. A 6 gallons
a
paraffinsuffice for on
to
of
patches but
brush,
American
it should
not
be
bark.
See
Chrysanthemum
An
arsenical
spraying but now caterpillars,
growers
in
tub half
and
the
on
with
diluted
well
and
on
used, it should
compound, once in spring for
to trees
discarded not
frutescens
be
at
(Marguerite). much
the
used
purpose
in favour by many a greater strength
by of
of
than
fruit
ing poison-
arsenate i
Ib. to
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
250
well
be kept gallons of water, and it must enemies. Fruit See the foliage. destroy 200
A
"
white
British
flowers
in
it will
or
Saxifrageae)
Ord.
Parnassus.
after Mount (parnass-ia, bog plant,with pretty
Parnassia
mixed,
.
See
summer.
Garden.
Flower
Plant, Clianthus.
Parrot-beak
See
Parsley. "
Garden.
Kitchen
crispa.
Parsley Fern, Cryptogramme Kitchen
See
Parsnip. "
Garden.
See Gaultheria.
Partridge Berry. "
from and passio,suffering, (passiflo-ra, PassiOrd. suggesting the Crucifixion. which best of the climbers, interesting
Flower
Passiflora,Passion
flos,flower, the flowers and floreae).Beautiful "
caerulea,
is
known
Passion
the
Flower;
it
bears
its
familiar
(seethe Botanical Magazine, purple,blue, and white flowers in summer Constance is white t. 28). The Elliott, nearly as variety, Passifloras These are so nearly hardy that popular as the blue. outdoors be risked except in cold, exposed places,and they may and arches used be on pergolas. They may be propagated by may of under shoots as a hand-light or by seeds sown cuttings young soon
called
in
ripe
as
edulis, with
a
frame
purple
Granadillas,
or
greenhouse.
white
and
likes
a
flowers
hothouse;
Of
the
in summer,
tender and
Passifloras, edible
incarnata, purple, green,
fruits and
perennialthat will thrive in the greenhouse; t. 14),violet,red, and white quadrangularis(Botanical Register, in autumn, flowers followed by greenish edible fruits if the flowers are impregnated by hand, likes a hothouse, are the best known. They are better planted out than in pots, so long as the border is made is not so luxuriance, which large and rich as to encourage inimical to flowering. Equal parts of loam and peat, with sand, suit. Thin if kept close. Young shoots may be struck in heat in summer the growths after floweringto prevent crowding. Avoid tying the white,
herbaceous
an
and
shoots
in
stiffly.
Paths."
Walks.
See
Paulownia
of the Russian dynasty. (paulo-wnia,after a member is tree deciduous handsome a Scrophularineae) Imperialis from which Japan, growing 3 to 4 ft. high, and with large leaves, it suitable for bedding out. make It likes a loamy soil. tion Propagais by cuttingsof young in sandy in summer, shoots inserted soil under a hand-light,or in a frame. In cold districts a sheltered place should be provided. Pea (Green). See Kitchen Garden.
Ord.
"
.
"
Pea,
Sweet.
Peach. Peacock Pear. Peat. lowland
"
"
"
See
"
See
Sweet
Pea.
Fruit.
Iris,Iris
Pavonia.
See Fruit. There are Compressed and decomposed vegetablematter. upland peats; the former are used for fuel, the latter,
and
of Gardening Encyclopaedia which
is
sandy,
and
other
from
for Azaleas, Rhododendrons, fibrous peat is preferred
potting composts and peat-lovingplants. Brown The different kinds of peat can
lor Orchids.
and
for
dealers
in horticultural
251
be
bought
at nurseries
sundries.
Stork's-bill
Pelargonium,
(pelargo-nium,from pelargos,a stork, Ord. Geraniaceae) A large and portant imwhich includes the Zonal Geranium popular genus, (see Geranium, Zonal). The plants generally under the name Pelargonium have grown somewhat leaves, plain green cupped and not but zoned or fringed, variegated. They free blooming, and the colours are liant, brilare well worth Like so are they growing. the Zonal more they were important in past in
allusion
years grew
the
to
than
they
them
are
pod.
Show,
as
according to the
type
"
.
and
now,
exhibition
for
classes, such
seed
florists
when
various
they made Regal, and
of flower.
Fancy,
The
kept exclusivelyfor pot culture. in warm greenhouses, and grown when in times windows put in room
flowering they
water place outdoors, and thus bringing growth to
After
brief
a
plants
rest
are
branches
is
some-
bloom,
stems ripen the plants are shown. cut back as Fresh
sunny
a
will start
g?"th
withheld,
from
the
standstill.
a
pruned back to short stumps, syringed, replaced in the greenhouse, started into fresh growth. Plants and in 6-in. or /-in. pots may nearly a yard through. Loam, with a fourth of decayed grow and manure some sand, suits them. They may be propagated by the of inserted in Loam, cuttings pruiiings, sandy soil in a frame. with a third of dried cow and some manure sand, suits. Very little in winter, when is needed water theyshould have a lightplace in a and greenhouse. Staking tying will be needed, as each branch must be clear of its neighbour. The followingare good varieties : the
the
in
stood
are
GONIUMS. PELAR-
They
are
are
After
SHOW
PRUNING
plants
are
'watered,
"
Show.
Decorative.
Achievement
Eucharis
Beard
Blue
Bush
Delicatum
Madame
Sims The
Princess
Cape Pelargoniums they
used
Thibaut
Persimmon
Reeves
others foliage, than
Regal. Hill Beauty
Bridesmaid Fantaisies
have
album
,,
,,
Fancy.
des
Nationale
Volonte
Marguerite Royal Ascot
Roi
de St. Mande
Triomphe
Beatrice
interestingclass. scented leaves. They
are
meets be, but one but shrubs, evergreen
with
to
majority are a greenhouse. Capitatum.
Some
an
rose
a
few
flowers
them are
in
are
have
some hand-
less grown
now
occasionally. The herbaceous;
June,
has
all need
Rose-scented
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
252
is Citron-scented. white, summer, Citriodorum, Fragrans, smell of has a Radula, purple, nutmeg. white, veined red, summer,
leaves.
white,
Tomentosum,
is Balsam-scented.
June,
Geranium.
Endlicherianum
herbaceous.
All
need
conservatory, and
cuttings in autumn. for garden and pot for
culture.
in
a
in winter.
seeds
hanging
They and
pillar
vases
third
a
in
spring
popular,
beautiful
make
with
Loam, is
baskets
Zonal
popular
the
by Propagation Ivy-leaved Pelargoniums are
or
also suitable
from
sand, suits.
and
of leaf mould,
in grown little water
of the
majority being large,cool, airy greenhouse or
differs
be
may
of
smells
summer,
having Oak-shaped
peppermint. Quercifolium is interesting as as leaves, and Inquinans and Zonale parents
both
beds, and
are
balconies
on
and
for as steps. Propagation and soil are the same Geraniums Zonal Achievement, Beauty of Castle (seeGeranium). Crousse, Queen of Roses, Ryecroft Hill, Jeanne d'Arc, Madame de Charles Turner are Surprise,and Souvenir good double varieties. La
of
side
at "the
and
France
of the
one
Pelican
Flower,
Pennyroyal.
"
Aristolochia
See
Herbs.
"
pente, five,
Ord.
Rubiaceae). which only one speciesis grown 18 sub-shrub growing about stamens.
is
gigas. Garden
Kitchen
(pen-tas, from
Pentas
Crousse
good singles. Madame
Masterpiece are
best bedders.
"
A
small to any
ins.
and
t.
third is
extent, and with
of it.
and
shrubs, of
is carnea, pink flowers
that
a
in
Quartiniana
and
Loam
with
of leaf mould
sand
suits.
by
cuttings of propagating case. Pentstemon
petals
pale (BotanicalMagazine,
winter
kermesina
4086) ;
varieties
of
of hothouse
genus
high,
autumn
number
the
a
Propagation shoots
young
are
and
(pentste-mon,
in
from
a
pente,
five,and
in allusion to stemon, stamen, stamens. Ord. Scrophularineae).
the A
"
splendid genus
of
hardy herbaceous ' perennials, sometimes sub-shrubby, as hold their stems they may through the winter. The dwarf speciesare charming for the rockery, while the taller,larger, florists' varieties are magnificent bed or border which
There
plants. they will of
amount
moisture;
easilypropagated by PROPAGATING BY
A
PENTSTEMONS
CUTTINGS.
In autumn. cutting prepared' i. Depth to insert.
If
the
in
winter. the
frame summer
Cuttingsof sandy form
the
soil in
suitable
a
best
cold
varieties
frame;
may
should
seed
in
are
is
few
soils in
thrive, given
not
while seed in
sown
a
a
they
failare
or
cuttings.
warm
house
in a cold plants hardened and in early out spring, planted flower well the same they year.
be taken the
in autumn,
plants be
growths for cuttings, the flower
too
stems
and
put
full of bloom may
be removed
in to
of Gardening Encyclopaedia in late from
and
summer
the
setting the
the
plants
fresh shoots encourage be had Pentstemons by may the in formed be groups may
plantstop-dressedto
Beautiful
base.
of
beds
ft.
apart; or large, bell-shaped flowers
2
253
long, arching followingspeciesare good for the rockery: azureus, barbatus Botanical i ft.,blue; barbatus Register, (syn. Chelone blue i t. 1 1 6), 3 ft., scarlet, Torreyi is a ft., variety; glaber, t. 2 (Botanical Magazine, 1672); Hartwegii, ft.,scarlet; gentianoides, 3 ft.,violet; Menziesii, 6 ins., purple and red, Scouleri is a mauve gentianoides are not variety. Azureus, Hartwegii, and Menziesii. and so as barbatus, quite hardy glaber, borders.
bear
They
on
The
stems.
"
"
than two years perennialis a plant that lives more and flower gardeners speak of peren(cf.Annual Biennial). When nials have in herbaceous mind, but, strictly ing, speakperennials they shrubs trees and also perennials. are Perennial.
A
"
Pereskia.
See Cactus.
"
See Flower
Pergola. "
Perilla
Labiatae). Half-hardy annuals, of which flower gardens for its purple foliage. For
(perill-a.Ord.
nankinensis
culture,
Garden.
is grown Annuals.
see
"
in
periploke,intertwining. Ord.
from Periploca (perip-loca, One
piadeae). "
speciesonly
is grown
to
any
with Graeca, a quick-growing climber flowers, suitable for pergolasand arbours. in
It is not
Dove Peristeria,
as
and
is
that
peculiar greenish-purple It is
hardy, and blooms
to soil.
particular under a hand-light, or by layers,in Magazine, t. 2289). summer.
extent,
Ascle-
Propagation autumn (seethe
is
by
tings cut-
Botanical
Orchid
from owing to the (periste-ria, peristera, A small genus of Orchids, Orchidaceae) Elata, the Dove Orchid, with its interesting likinga lighthothouse. and is the best fragrant white, purple-spottedflowers in summer, known the Botanical It t. forms (see Magazine, largepseudo31 16). form
column.
of the
Ord.
"
.
bulbs.
It should in
leaf mould division.
be grown
in
a
equal parts, with
A
good deal of water little when they are at rest.
but
mixture
of fibrous
and may while is needed
loam, peat, and
be
sand,
they
propagated by in growth, are
from Peristrophe (peris-trophe, allusion
the
to
reversed
(syn. Justiciaspeciosa) is a worth growing by all who have
Magazine, red flowers and in
t.
2722). freely.
decayed a
warm
manure,
in
case
Periwinkle.
"
See
peristrophe,turning round, in Ord. Acanthaceae). Speciosa pretty winter-blooming plant, well
corolla.
a
greenhouse (seethe Botanical
warm
It grows about Loam, with sand suits.
"
2
ft. high,and and
a
Propagation
third is
bears each
its
purplish-
of leaf mould
by cuttings inserted
spring. Vinca.
Pernettya (pernet-tya,after Don Pernetty. Ord. Ericaceae). in cold, exposed places,but Pretty evergreens, hardy except very of slow growth and quitesuitable for pot culture. The most popular the charm of which lies in the pretty berries speciesis mucronata, "
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
254
varieties, and the colours flowers; there are many of the berries differ,being white, flesh,pink, red, or purple. They the
follow
which
Propagation is by seeds in pruning is required as the habit spring or close Arbutus is naturally mucronata). See the Botanical (syn. Botanical t. 1675, and Magazine, t. 3093. Register, in
thrive
equal parts
of
peat
Little
in
with
white
waterside,
any
latter makes
attain
soil,and
from (petu-nia,
Petunia
The
spring.
its leaves
where
in almost
grow
in
flowers
Compositae). are fragrans, high,with white Bur,
4 ft., for the
3 to
fine
plant large proportions. They
to
be
may
ins.
Butter
omcinalis, the
and
winter;
late
Ord.
of which
most
popular plant growing about 6
Heliotrope, a
winter
the
flowers
plants,the
herbaceous
Hardy
"
petasos, umbrella.
from (petasi-tes,
Petasites
loam.
and
layers in autumn.
a
will
propagated by division.
petun, tobacco
(Brazilian). Ord.
Solana-
They are ceae) Brilliant plants,with a profusionof large flowers. the for bedding, and double are fringed forms great favourites will for The varieties thrive in almost pots. charming garden any soil,and heavy manuring is to be deprecated, as tending to overluxuriance. in a warm Propagation is by seeds, which may be sown "
.
frame in
a
greenhouse in spring,and
or
cold
a
house.
warm
suit them. The
for
varieties Special
bushy. in
Those
frame.
old
For
the
plants to go outside hardened be pinched to make them pots be propagated by cuttingsin autumn should
may
Loam, with sand and a third of leaf mould, will beds, plant 2 ft. apart, and peg the shoots down.
speciesare
colours, unnamed;
rarely grown and
seedsmen
offeringseparate singleand double. is Umbelliferae) Sativum
now,
also mixtures, both
Peucedanum
(peuced-anum. Ord. Parsnip. See Kitchen Garden. Phacelia from Ord. (phace-lia, phakelos, a bundle. HydrophylAn the for save one laceae). unimportant genus, speciescampanuis a charming blue hardy Californian laria, which annual, growing about 9 ins. high,and of compact habit. (See the Botanical Magazine, t- 6735.) For P. viscida is synonymous culture, see Annuals. with Eutoca viscida (Bot.Mag., t. 3572),and blue flowers. has Phaenocoma (phaeno-coma, from home, phainos, bloody, and hair. Ord. Compositae). The only species,prolifera, is a handsome be grown into specimens 3 or can greenhouse plant which 4 ft. "
.
the
"
"
through, and
these
when
in
full bloom
are
very
effective.
It
is
with
Helichrysum variety Barnesii
proliferum (Botanical Magazine, t. 2365). The is generally preferred to the type the habit is better; the flowers are as deep crimson. Sandy peat is the best soil. Propagation is by cuttings of firm side shoots serted inin a propagating case in summer. Repotting should be done when growth starts in spring. They like cool, airy conditions. The synonymous
flowers
last for many
Phaio-calanthe. obtained may
be
yellow are
"
weeks. These
by crossingthe grown and
in the
same
Orchids two
genera
way
pink; Berryana, interesting hybrids.
as
rose;
bigeneric, having
are
Phaius Phaius and
and
Calanthe.
been
They
(seebelow). Arnoldiae,
Sedeniana,
rose
and
white,
Encyclopediaof Gardening
255
(phai-us,from phaios, shining. Ord. Orchidaceae) A of tropicalOrchids, with large,pleated leaves. They genus and others in deal some character, a being evergreen good
Phaius small
"
.
differ The terrestrial moist hothouse. The former need deciduous. a in in and loam fibrous equal parts, peat speciesshould be grown Humblotii manure sand and a quarter of dried cow being added. to which moss a and its white varietyalba will thrive in Sphagnum little fibrous division after
deciduous, and
are
a
they that
classed
now
like
They
showy.
a
growing in winter, and period if required. A good start
propagated by
They should be potted loam, equal parts, with sand They may be repotted when
hothouse.
a
compost of fibrous peat and manure. quarter of decayed cow
high in and
are
very
not
Thunias by with Phaius.
called
once
be may dried be
off in winter. which botanists, and are These have largeflowers,
should
flowering. They
Orchids
The
They
added.
been
has
peat
may deal
be increased by division at of water will be required in
the in winter, when Bensonae t. 3991), (BotanicalMagazine,
plants are at rest. Alba (Bot. Mag., t. 5694),and the most Thunia but there are Marshalliae are species, popular of the are several hybrids,of which superba and Veitchiana good. Grandiand t. tuberculosus, folius,Humblotii, maculatus 3960), (Bot.Mag., Phaius the such of most the but Wallichii are species, popular Owenianus and Cooksoniae, Norman, hybrids as Ashworthianus, Orchids. modern work For a see on are details, interesting. but
summer,
none
Orchid
Phalaenopsis, Moth
from phalaina, a moth, (phalaenop-sis, Beautiful Orchids, with Orchidaceae). opsis, in teak flowers in long,gracefulspikes. They requireto be grown baskets the roof of a warm house. but and crocks on Nothing sufficient former of the first are required, Sphagnum being placed in of the plants above to raise the crown the baskets the top; they with in be should be done when ; packed Sphagnum basketing may at the close of winter. starts From till then growth early autumn 80" to of should be maintained. a 70" temperature During winter The atmosphere should be kept in a saturated 60" to 70" will suffice. Ord.
like.
and
great deal of
state.
A
winter,
when
alive and
"
water
it will suffice to
fresh.
Shade
from
will be
give hot
The
no
needed more
in summer, will
than
but
keep
the
not
in
moss
will be necessary in springand few of the best species: Lowii,
sun
following are a summer, purple,white, and yellow; Lueddemanniana, purple and and and white; Sanderiana, pink white, winter; Schilleriana, purple,rose, white, and yellow,spring,the best (BotanicalMagazine, varieties and hybrids,for particulars t. 5530). There are of many summer.
which,
see
a
modern
work
Phaseolus, Kidney Bean Ord.
Leguminosae)
Pheasant's
Eye.
"
.
See
on
from (phase-olus, Kitchen
See Bulbs
"
Orchids.
"
phasehis, a
small
boat-
Garden. Narcissus.
name. Philadelphia, Mock Orange (philadel-phus,the Greek Beautiful deciduous Saxifrageae) hardy shrubs, with large white flowers, fragrant in many species. They are not particular to soil. as Propagation is by layersin autumn, by suckers, or by
Ord.
"
.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
256 cuttings of subjectsfor
in
wood young shrubberies.
in
frame
a
Old
spring. They
excellent
are
removed
be
should
wood
after flowering,
Of the flowering the following year. (Botanical Magazine, t. 391), Gordonianus species, coronarius t. (BotanicalRegister, 32), and grandiflorus(syns.latifolius,floriseveral There varieties of are bundus, and speciosus)are the best. with two and coronarius, including a double variegated leaves. is a tall form of this is a fine garden hybrid; there Lemoinei d' Avalanche and other Boule two erectus. are called Argent good hybrids. Ord. a Liliaceae). A Philageria (philage-ria, compound name. the member the result of a small hybrid genus, only being Veitchii, between cross Lapageria rosea (seeLapageria) and Philesia buxifolia (seebelow). It is an interestingbigenerichybrid, with rosy in soil is liked. flowers June. Peaty Propagation is by cuttingsin frame. "a greenhouse or and
retained
new
for
"
from (phile-sia,
Philesia
species,buxifolia, is a not quite hardy, summer, likes peaty soil,and may one
Botanical
Magazine,
Phillyrea,Box
Oleaceae). "
and
t.
handsome and be
shrub, with
requiringshelter increased
evergreen
shrubs,
easilypropagated by cuttingsunder
The
best
several
and
latifolia,all with
varieties
of the
in
early
districts.
It
spring (seethe
white
phyllon,
a
leaf.
a
Ord.
soil, particularas hand-lightin sandy soil. (Botanical Magazine,
not
angustifolia,decora
species are
6800),
t.
in cold
4738).
from Jasmine (phillyr-ea,
Handsome
"
in
flowers
red
suckers
by
Liliaceae). The
Ord.
philesios,lovely.
to
flowers
in
there
May;
are
last.
Phlox
Ord. Polemoniaceae) (phlox,from phlox, flame. ficent MagniThe former annual, others garden plants,some perennial. half be are but of out doors sown nominally only hardy, they may after mid -April; they are generallygrown as half-hardyannuals (see Annuals). The perennials are hardy, and will thrive in any fertile soil; they enjoy moisture, but not stiff,heavy, wet soil. Propagation is by division when growth starts, by cuttings in summer, shaded from and hot sun, The taller by seeds in early summer. "
.
kinds, varieties "and
border
The
followingare
of maculata
and
suffruticosa, make
beautiful
beds
The
creeping kinds are good for the rockery. good Phloxes : amoena, pink, early summer, " ins.; divaricata (syn. Canadensis),blue, spring, i ft. (Botanical t. Magazine, 163), Laphami is a fine lavender variety; Drummondii, annual (Bot. Mag., t. 3441),many varieties, good mixtures sold "are maculata of the by seedsmen; (syn. decussata), one of our Phloxes parents garden (see selections),purple, early 2 ft.; ovata, red, spring, 18 ins. (Bot. Mag., t. 528); summer, paniculata (syns.acuminata (Bot.Mag., t. 1880) and corymbosa), another 4
groups.
parent
a
of
few
our
modern
Phloxes, purple,late
ft.; reptans, purple, spring, creeping
stolonifera
spring, 6 summer,
"
Bot.
Mag.,
t.
563);
and
subulata
summer,
3 to
(syns. crassifolia and (syn.setacea), purple,
varieties ins., many (see selections).Glaberrima, red, and its 2 ft., variety suffruticosa, i to 2 ft.,rose, early
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
of used as parents, in this case dwarf er than the later flowering are
probably been
also
have
summer,
Phloxes, which earlysummer maculata-paniculatasection.
the
Good
G.
Phloxes.
Summer
Early
spHng Bloomers_ Frondosa, deep rose Newry Seedling,white, rose
dark
eye
Bride, white Vivid, rose The
eye
Etna, scarlet Danzanvilliers, Eugene white
white
Dwmf
Phloxes.
Coquelicot,orange Crepuscule,white,
carmine
Strohlein, orange,
Tapis Blanc,
Lady Napier, white Late
A.
centre
Attraction, white, red eye James Hunter, rose Good
257
lilac, (These are
varieties
of
subulata)
eye
Phoenix,
Date
Palm
(phoe-nix,the
Greek
Palmae). rupicolaare
Ord.
name.
Canariensis, dactylifera(Date Palm), reclinata, and the principal species. For culture, see Palms. "
(phor-mium, from phormos, a being used in basket-making. Ord. Handsome plants, with long,slender green leaves, and Liliaceae). beautiful paniclesof bloom. They are not hardy everywhere, and should have sheltered placesin cold districts. Loamy, friable,welldrained soil is desirable. is by seed or division in Propagation and Cookianum yellow; and tenax spring. (syn.Colensoi),green There (BotanicalMagazine, t. 3199), are the two speciesgrown. with several varieties of the latter; atropurpureum, are purple be named. leaves, and variegatum, variegated,may New Phormium, basket, owing to
Zealand
Flax
fibre
the
"
Phosphatic
Manure.
"
See
Manure.
Phyllocactus. See Cactus. from Phyllostachys (phyllostach-ys, "
Ord.
phyllon,a leaf, and
stachys,
of the of three Gramineae). One great genera and Bambusa Bamboos, the other being Arundinaria (seeBamboo). the most are Aurea, Henonis, mitis, nigra, and viridi-glaucescens important species. a
spike.
"
from physa, a bladder. Ord. Physalis,Winter Cherry (phy-salis, This is the useful to Solanaceae) showy species mainly owing genus In the bladder-like both coloured Alkekengi and Franchettii. its calyx (" fruit ") givesthe plant beauty. The latter is much the better of the two, and the old Winter Cherry is dropping out in its and in the border. favour. be are hardy, They They may grown not a bout from and be raised seed or division are soil, particular may in spring. Edulis the greenishfruit of (correctlyPeruviana edulis), which is edible, is the Cape Gooseberry; it is not quitehardy. Phyteuma, Horned Rampion (phyteu-ma. Ord. Campanulaceae) "
.
.
Hardy perennials,the smaller rockery and the largerfor the
speciesof
"
to
soil.
blue dwarf
Propagation is by (BotanicalMagazine, species.
which
are
suitable
for the
border. They are not particularas division in spring. Comosum, or
seed t.
6478), and
Halleri, white,
good
are
R
Encyclopediaof Gardening
258
"
known
Potato
as
"
"
"
big bud
allusion
from pixt pitch,in (pi-cea, Coniferae). See also Abies, and
related,
Spruce.
include
Piceas
The
several
gardens lies principalvalue Spruce, P. excelsa, and
trees, but their varieties of the
prettilytinted, good for garden are garden purposes are
habit,
of neat
closely timber
horticultural
P. pungens.
slowly,
grow
best
the
Amongst
borders.
are
and
character. are
important in the
Norway are
Piceas
the
in
causes ribis),
resinous
to the
which
to
"
is
what
causes
Garden.
Kitchen
See
genus of mites, Ribis (syn. Eriophyes See Fruit. Currants. of Black
Picea Ord.
which
fungus
disease.
blightor A
Phytoptus. the
is the
Infestans
Phytophthora.
of
These that
so
the
they
Piceas
for
which has silver- tipped argenteo-spica, with e. dwarf; leaves; diffusa, e. leaves; aurea, gold-tipped very Morinda of the e. (Smithiana),one pyramidal, dwarf; pygmaea, hardiest of the Spruces, and, like excelsa, good to plant as a sheltering tree ; pungens tree ; polita, a good lawn argentea, a silveryform of the of the Blue Rocky Mountains; Spruce p. glauca, a graceful of the little glaucous plant; and p. pendula, a weeping form ceding. pre-
These The
prices. The
Piceas
excelsa
bought from sold in Spruces are all
can
forest
fastidious
not
are
be
Propagation is by
seed
to
as
in
sown
at
nurserymen
moderate
quantity very cheaply. deep, sandy loam is best. it is perhaps best left to
soil,but
spring,but
nurserymen. Picotee. Pieris
from (pi-eris,
of the Muses. Ord. Ericaceae). Pieria, the home shrubs, suitable for shrubbery borders evergreen
Handsome
"
and
Carnation.
See
"
lawns.
specialpositionson
habit.
like
They
sandy peat, with
Floribunda,
autumn.
They
and
propagated by layers in
may flowers
white
floribunda popular (syns.Andromeda and Leucothoe floribunda)
naturally of compact
are
be
in
spring, is
the
(BotanicalMagazine,
most
t.
1566)
.
Pilea,ArtilleryPlant "
is
Muscosa
and
the
flowers
in full
when
an
small
are
bloom,
third
heat,
or
See
a
suits. in
Pilewort,Ranunculus "
and
It likes
of leaf mould, by seeds sown
Pilocereus.
pilos,a
cap. leaves
The
If
reddish.
Cactus
a
warm
house.
Propagation
warm
house
or
Ord. are
finely divided,
effect of
Loam, is
Urticaceae).
sprinkled with
explosions follow, giving the
bombardment. a
from (pi-lea,
interestingplant.
by
with
a
water
ture minia-
sand
and
cuttingsin bottom
frame.
Ficaria.
(Cereus).
Pimelea
A (pime-lea,from pimele, fat. Ord. Thymelaeaceae) but in importance, occasionallygrown genus largegardens. With handsome exhibition trainingthey make plants, and are seen in collections and of stove of the larger greenhouse plants at some exhibitions. like and of loam, with a great They equal parts peat deal of sand. is of shoots, taken Propagation by cuttings young in spring and with inserted in sandy peat under a heel a bell-glass in a warm house. After floweringcut back to the hard wood, and when fresh starts. Rosea repot growth (syn. Hendersoni), pink "
.
of minor
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
259
white or pale pink (BotanicalMagazine, t. 3721); and spectabilis, in late Both bloom best the two t. are species. 3950), (Bot. Mag., in will thrive warm a greenhouse. They spring or early summer.
Anagallis.
See
Pimpernel.
"
The
Pinching. "
and
of side branches
to
the production encourage plumping up of flower buds into
of shoots
stopping
favour
the
to
leaf buds. Pine.
Pinus.
See
"
"
.
boggy places; the and
fluid which
the
should
be
given
conditions
a
cool
are
is
is also
carmine
flowers
It is not
hardy,
and
Pinnate. from
A
"
should
pinnate
sides of
the
violet
be
flowers
is the
caudata in
grown
a
early summer. it bears
Magazine,
greenhouse
Propagation
moss.
in
best, and
Botanical
(seethe
autumn
peat and Sphagnum is great deal of water
bears
But
hardy.
in
A
fleshy leaves are furnished with glandular hairs, The exudes hardy species traps small insects. site near of the rockery, where the bottom the The and humid. common hardy Bog Violet or
vulgaris,which
Butterwort
Grandiflora
of
Insectivorous
Lentibularieae)
Ord.
from (pinguic-ula, pinguis, plants, flourishingin
Violet, Butterwort
Pinguicula, Bog fat.
is
by
seed
in
a or
its
6624).
t.
compost division.
needed. leaf
is
in
one
which
several
leaflets
grow
footstalk.
one
Pine
Greek. Ord. the (pi-nus,from Coniferae). The Pines are important both as timber and as garden trees. Among for those ornamental Austriaca are (Austrian planted purposes Lambertiana, monticolor, Pinaster, Pine), Cembra, excelsa, insignis, Strobus Pinea, ponderosa, and Pine). Laricio, the (Weymouth the Fir Corsican Scotch almost or Pine, and Pine, are sylvestris, forest There trees. varieties of of are some good garden entirely and C. pumila; Laricio aureo-variegata, aurea these, notably Cembra L. and variea bushy form; Pinaster yellow; pygmaea, green Strobus fastigiata, gata, ponderosa pendula, weeping; pyramidal; S. nana, dwarf bush; sylvestrisaurea, yellow in winter; and s. pyramidal. The Scotch Fir is a good tree for planting fastigiata, in peaty districts. Ponderosa is good for a very dry soil, and for a bleak Lambertiana position. The Austrian Pine looks well in but must not be planted too freely,as it is rather sombre. a group, seed and but is is almost by Propagation grafting, wholly done in
Pinus,
"
the nurseries. See
Pipes. "
Greenhouse
Pipings. Young "
Pinks.
See
"
under
shoots
"
Heating used
which
genus is
high,
and
wall,
as
Drainage.
propagating.
Carnations.
Piptanthus (piptan-thus,from alluding to the short life of the small
for
and
of handsome
pipto,to fall, and anthos, flower, A Ord. Leguminosae) shrubs, the most important of evergreen blossoms.
"
.
Nepalensis,the bears it is
its not
8 ft. Laburnum. It grows about evergreen in flowers It is best yellow spring. against a
perfectlyhardy.
Light, friable, well-drained
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
260
Propagation is by seeds, cuttingsof ripe in a frame, or layers. bell-glass
loamy
soil is desirable.
shoots
under
a
Plant, Pilea
Pistol
is the
sativum
Pitcher Pits.
Plant.
"
Ord.
pis. Kitchen
See
Pea.
Green
Leguminosae)
"
.
Garden.
Nepenthes.
See
See Greenhouse.
"
(plat-anus,from
Plane, Platanus
Platana-
Ord.
platys, broad.
useful of trees, owing to the fact that it of the most it has been of towns. On this account well in the smoke What cities. other in tree more large extensivelythan any
One
ceae). "
thrives
Celtic
the
(pi-sum, from
Pisum, Pea Pisum
muscosa.
so
planted is called
the
London
Plane
is a ; Suttneri dentalis is the Western
Plane
Maple-leaved
acerifolia,i.e.,the
is P.
P. occileaves. deeply There Plane. orientalis Eastern P. the and in winter. of each. The Plane sheds its bark
varietyof it with
cut
variegatedforms particularas to soil,and is of naturally good habit, needing be planted from little pruning to keep it in shape. Trees may are
It is not
November Flower
to
March
inclusive, and
should
be
well
See
staked.
Garden.
some Plantain, Plantago (planta-go. Ord. Plantagineae) A troubleIt has it lawn. when established on a weed, especially gets "
.
long,fleshyroots, and breaking off the leaves is not much a little vitriol or sulphuricacid is dropped into the heart It is well to on
a
spud
them
little fresh grass
Plantain
out
and
as
fast
clover
and
they appear,
as
unless
use
afterwards.
then
sprinkle
seed.
Lily. See Funkia. "
Planting. See Fruit, etc. club-root Plasmodiophora. The fungus that causes Green in and vegetables, finger-and-toes Turnips. "
"
"
"
(anbury) See
in
Kitchen
Garden.
Platanus.
"
See
Plane.
Platycerium,Stag's-hornFern (platyce-rium,from Ord. and keras, a horn. Filices).Handsome
and
"
platys,broad, distinct
warm
pended greenhouse ferns, with bold fronds, well suited to culture in susThe receptacle should be half filled with crocks, and pans. the roots packed in with a mixture of fibrous peat and Sphagnum
moss,
lightened with
sand,
crocks
charcoal, and
reminds
treatment
"
that
of Orchids. water. one gation PropaThey like abundance is by spores or buds P. alcicorne, with twice or the roots. on thrice-forked Hillii and Elk's Fern; fronds, is the common majus varieties of it. Grande are is a fine species. of
Platycodon,Chinese
(platyco-don,from platys, broad, and kodon, a bell. The only species, Ord. Campanulaceae) grandiflorum t. (syn. Campanula grandiflora Botanical 252), Magazine, is a fine Campanula-like plant, growing about a foot high,with large blue flowers in summer. It is a hardy herbaceous able perennial,suitfor the front of the border, and likinga friable soil. Propagation is by seed or division in spring. There several varieties,of are Bellflower
"
.
"
which
Mariesii
is
one
of the
best ; there
is
a
white
form
of it.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia californicus
Platystemon
Ord.
stamen.
stemon, a like annual, about culture, see Annuals. Pleione
261
ft.
i
(platyste-mon,from platys, broad, and Papaveraceae) A pretty, hardy, PoppyFor high, with yellow flowers in summer. "
.
Crocus.
Ord.
Orchidaceae) Pretty dwarf They form pseudo-bulbs and therefore herbaceous are annually, plants. They do well in roots filled with the of crocks, partly packed in a mixture pans fibrous peat and with sand. ing, Sphagnum moss, Repot after flowerbe practised. A good deal of water at which time division may is requiredwhen the plantsare in full growth, but the supply should be reduced when the plantsbegin to wither, and withheld altogether in winter. in should be intermediate The house. an They grown is various in whiter. colours, flowering principalspecies lagenaria, Maculata, purple and white, autumn bloomer, is also grown. (Indian
Orchids, with
flowers
short
on
"
.
stems.
(plero-ma,from pleroma, fullness. Ord. Melastomaceae) in an intermediate thrive house in a Evergreen shrubs, which with and of of sand. a loam, equal parts peat quarter part compost Pleroma
.
"
is
Propagation blue
by cuttings in
in
flowers
botanists. Macranthum violet flowers, is also Plum.
See
"
called
(syn. Tibouchina good (seethe Botanical
case.
Tibouchina
,
Fruit. Leadwort
Ord.
The sand
Elegans, with elegans by semidecandra) with Magazine, t. 5721).
propagating
a now
(plumba-go,from plumbum, lead ; used in eye Plumbagineae) Pretty plants, some evergreen, others house. some herbaceous, hardy, needing a greenhouse or hot-
Plumbago, troubles. others
is
summer,
and
a
herbaceous shrubs
"
.
fastidious
to soil. as Loam, with of leaf mould, will suit the tender kinds. The division in be speciesmay propagated by spring,the in in a cuttings propagating case spring. Capensis
hardy
sorts
are
not
third
by (Botanical Magazine, t. 2110), with blue is a great favourite; it is sometimes autumn,
flowers
in
summer
and
planted in pots and greenhouse roof, in other cases grown balloon-shapedwire trellis. After floweringit should be pruned back annually to the old wood; there is a white variety, alba. Rosea (Bot. Mag., t. 230) and its variety superba, which have rosy flowers in winter and springin a warm greenhouse, can be if raised bushes from made into neat cuttings,pinched and repinched. Larpentae, blue; and micrantha, white, are both hardy herbaceous speciesand flower in summer. or up a pillar trained on a
on
out
to ramble
a
(podophy" Hum, from anapodophyllum, leaf like a are Berberideae) Two speciesof Duck's-foot The is former viz. Emodi remarkable and for peltatum. grown, which in late its large, borne are summer. reddish, egg-shaped fruits, They are hardy herbaceous perennials,suitable for the rock garden, and are propagated by division in spring. Podophyllum
duck's
Poet's
foot.
Narcissus.
Poinsettia "
A
Ord.
brilliant
"
.
"
See
Bulbs.
after (poinsett-ia, carmine the plant,
M.
Poinsette.
bracts
of which
Ord.
Euphorbiaceae) duty for flowers, .
do
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
262 clo it in
and
form
They
likes
grow stem,
mixed in
a
should
which
a
be
cut
and
singly in
those
8 -in.
to
PROPAGATING OF
a
young
heat. when
pots, shifted be
growth starting.
in late summer house put in a warm there but several are only species, best.
Botanical
See the
Poison
Rhus
Oak,
a
to
Magazine,
They
Bottom
be
may
BY
from and
PIECES
3
heat
Cuttings,each be given.
should
Pulcherrima
of
and
SPRING.
IN
Soil.
2.
into
sand
POINSETTIAS
bloom.
varieties
heat
5 -in.,and in summer,
STEM
OLD
bud.
to
frame
Drainage.
i.
with
to old
the
plants break
suits.
a
OF
with
the
old
PROPAGATING
PIECES
BY
It is best
pieces of
rooted
in
kept
hardly
Loam,
manure,
The
suitable
soil in bottom
sandy
off when
SPRING.
IN
from
taken
decayed
is
and
excel.
not
colour.
amateur.
bottom
plants may
POINSETTIAS STEM
OLD
Note
small
The
in
put
could
vivid
most
temperature,
up
and
of leaf mould
inserted
the
greenhouse of the hothouse, raisingthem
spring; or from side shoots growth late in spring,also in each
of
"
in
third
flowers
showy
most head
moist
warm,
a
"
batch
a
the
large, flattish
small
the
that
way
a
Poinsettia for
a
is the
it,major being one
ot
t. 3493.
toxicodendron.
Polemonium, Jacob's Ladder, Greek Valerian (polemo-nium, from led to warfare. polemos, war, following a disputeconcerning it which and Ord. Polemoniaceae) Useful plants for the border rockery, of the most which popular speciesis caeruleum, a blue perennial,2 ft. in high, blooming July. There are several varieties of it,including white and Confertum is a nice rockery plant,with a a variegated. in summer, 6 ins. high. Richardsoni blue flowers (syn. humile), bears rock or blue, i ft.,is a good border satiny Reptans plant. is in ins. loam blue flowers May; Sandy bell-shaped height 9 suitable. Propagation is by seeds or division in spring. "
.
Polianthes,Tuberose a
flower. Pollen.
In
most
masses.
Ord. "
The See
See
Bulbs.
.
grains fertilising the
cases
Pollination. See
Amaryllideae)
"
anthos,
polis,a city,and
(polian-thes,from
pollen
is in
borne
on
separate
the
stamens
grains,in
of
flowers. it is in
Orchids
Hybridisation. The
"
applicationof pollen to
the
stigma
of
a
flower.
Hybridisation.
Polyanthus.
"
See
Primula.
from Polygala,Milkwort (polyg-ala, Ord. Polygaleae). Showy plants,one "
poly, much, of the
most
and
gala, milk.
popular of
which
Encyclopediaof Gardening
263;
is
myrtifolia grandiflora(syn.Dalmaisiana),which produces purple the in spring (seeBotanical Magazine, t. 3616). It is an and needs culture. tings greenhouse Propagation is by cutevergreen flowers
of the sand
and
shoots young third of loam,
a
a
gonu, Bulbs.
spring under
bell-glass.Peat,
a
with
suits.
Solomon's
Polygonatum, and
in
Seal
joint,in reference
Polygonum, joint. Ord.
to
(polygona-tum, from poly, many, the stem. Ord. Liliaceae). See "
Knotweed and gonu, (polyg-onum, from poly, many, Polygonaceae) A large genus which comprises some useful P. affine plants, differing widely in habit. (syn. very is for dwarf a Brunonis), example, hardy perennial,with rosy flowers in autumn; while Baldschuanicum is a hardy perennial trellises and climber, growing rapidly on arbours, and bearing a a
cloud
"
.
of white
in autumn
flowers
; these
low
good hardy species are alpinum, a in summer; cuspidatum, a tall border in summer;
flowers
and in
Polypodium
or
tall
a
will
They seeds
propagated by allusion
sachalinense,
summer.
of the
two
are
plant with
rock
(polypo-dium, from poly, many, of the creeping stems.
largest of
the
deciduous
kinds.
fern
majority. Propagation Ferns). The following may needs
species: Aureum,
is
by be
selected
and
are
pous, foot, in
Ord.
Filices).The including a few
from
greenhouse
warm
a
flowers
"
but evergreen, and of leaf mould, suits a third division in spring (see or spores
mostly genera, with sand
Loam,
the
white
soil, and
any
divisions
to the
Other
perennialwith white flowers perennialwith greenish-white
in almost grow in spring.
division
best.
or
the
hundreds
hothouse;
the
of name
the
from
yellow scales on the rootstock; several varieties, is Fern, and Mayi being good. Dryopteris is the British Oak it is a prettilycut is a deciduous; hardy species; Robertianum scented Fern, and variety of it. Phegopteris is the British Beech is partially,though not broad Picotii, with wholly, evergreen. is Schneideri is handsome a a fronds, good greenhouse species. is one hybrid, with triangularfronds, greenhouse. Subauriculatum comes
"
of
the
best, and
makes
Polypody
common
or
splendid
a
Wall
Fern
Polystichum (polys-tichum,from in allusion is
now
leatum
the
to
spore
the
Romans.
Ord. The
stichus, a
"
see
row,
ferns acu-
Ferns.
throw
arbor-populi or
public
of
tree
trees, growing Salicineae).Useful deciduous Poplar, nigra pyramidalis,is a good town "
habit. out
thick
If young
trees
clusters
of small
are
headed
branches
at and
about soon
8
ft.
make
ties, varieplanted 6 ft. apart. Alba, of which there are many is is the white Balsamifera the Balsam Abele. or Poplar Poplar, the necklace deltoidea Poplar, and tremula the Aspen (seeAspen). They like well-drained loamy soil, but are not very particular. a
screen
if
and
Filices).This genus of most popular speciesare
of it.
Lombardy
tree, of columnar
high they
is the
Vulgare varieties
numerous
Cape, Aponogeton distachyon.
Poplar, Populus (pop-ulus,the
rapidly.
fern.
are
poly, many,
Ord.
cases.
merged in Aspidium. The and angulare. For culture,
Pondweed,
basket
; there
of Gardening Encyclopedia
264
thrives
Aspen
The
seeds, la^-ers, and
Propagation is by to
Poplar likes a moist soil. grafting,but is generally left
white
The
clay.
on
nurserymen.
Poppy.
See
"
Papaver. californicus.
Poppy, Californian,Platystemon
Portugal
luteum.
Glaucium
Poppy, Horned, Laurel.
Prunus.
and
See Laurel
"
Ord. from porto, to carry, and lac, milk. (portulac-a, and with double single Portulaceae) Charming half-hardy annuals, of brilliant and varied colours, thrivingin sunny flowers spots. For Portulaca
"
.
Annuals
culture,
see
kitchen
herb. tuberosum.
(Solanum
Potato
P.
Half-hardy.
"
is the
oleracea
Ord.
Purslane, See
Solanaceae). "
a
Kitchen
Garden. Onion.
Potato
Garden.
Kitchen
See
"
potens, powerful, in
from Potentilla,Cinquefoil(potentil-la,
properties. Ord.
sion allu-
ing Charm-
Rosaceae) supposed medicinal and several being hardy and suitable hybrids species good plants, and rock garden. They have for the border Strawberry-like foliage flowers. double brilliant single or and They will thrive in any good garden soil; for the alpinesit should be gritty. Propagation in spring. Ambigua, yellow, 6 ins. high, is by seeds or division (BotanicalMagazine, t. 4613) ; fruticosa, a shrub 3 to early summer nepalensis(syn.formosa),18 4 ft. high, yellow flowers in summer; and flowers in nitida, 4 to 6 ins.,rose ins.,pink flowers in summer; of the few best are a summer, species. to the
Pots.
See
"
Potting. "
should
not
A
a
well
gardening operation of
pot in
5 -in.,from
a
specialcircumstances
that
to
7-in.,and
a
from
(forthis and
across
the
from
of
worthy
plant, whether
young
3 ins.
exceed
Unless to
.
Flower-pots.
first
rule, the
"
seed
other
to
or
sizes, see
shift from
that
a
cutting, pots). Flower-
this may
Q-in.or
a
As
study.
be if
lo-in.
further
repottingis necessary. Economy in time and material may from -in. 8 -in. if watering is carefully to an a by shifting 5 done until the plants are wise rootingfreelyagain (seeWatering),otherthe soil might become It is desirable that the pots should sour. be clean inside as well as out ; if dirty the roots bind on the bottom and in repotting. Generally speaking, plants need torn are potting rewhen roots show freelyat the drainage hole. The fresh soil should be pressedfirmlyround See also Drainage and the roots. be effected
Soil.
Pricking-out. "
seedlingsfrom should
be
the
done
PricklyPear Primula A
largeand
A
term
pans
before
applied to
the
plants
(Opuntia). "
See
operation of transplanting
in which
boxes
or
the
spoileach
important
seeds
other
were
It
sown.
by crowding.
Cactus.
(Primrose, Polyanthus, Auricula. very
the
genus,
Ord.
including,as
Primulaceae).
it does,
"
one
of
our
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
265
valuable
most
rose, winter-blooming indoor plants in the Chinese Primsinensis; the popular greenhouse species obconica, and host of hardy species,beginning with a the common yellow Primrose of the woodland. The Primulas to the give material the rock gardener, and the spring bedder. There greenhouse owner, Primula
are
now
who
forms
many
have
and
colours
plenty of glass,and
of the
Chinese
Primrose, and those of sorts, may and likewise section, ordinary
want
a
good
the Fern-leaved well as the as grow various distinct colours, perhaps also Primulas
might
should do
well
order
to
at intervals in
in
plants house, the
kept
with
Star house
one
By making
ings sow-
is
cool
a
frame
in
should
and
cool
of mixed
person seed.
The
in
even
summer,
be
in
or
packet
A
The
sion succes-
bloom.
thrive
a
overlooked.
doubles.
some
spring it
greenhouse possible to get a a
of
be
not
selection
and
moist
Placed weather. all in 3 -in. be transferred pots, they may -in", 6-in. to 5 and
dry
singlyfirst of
with Loam, leaf mould, cow
fourth
a a
and
manure,
make
a
of
little dried
suitable
A
sand,
compost.
DIVIDING
PRIMROSES
AFTER
FLOWERING.
The
be set plants may be separated into two or four This plant may fairly deeply, without, divisions at will. however, burying the leaf stems. They have a tendency to get bare at the collar and rock about ; this must be prevented. They will flower in winter and spring. It while to keep old plantsafter blooming, as they tend is rarely worth better. Unlike to get loose and Young stock is much scraggy. thick not form tuft does of offthe border this sets. a Primroses, species be propagated Primula does so, and white The double may obconica division. Primula (Botanical poculiformis) (syn. by for beautiful is t. a a species,good 6582) greenhouse in Magazine, with Primrose the merit of doing the Chinese and sharing summer,
good
service
handled
with
in
a
room
window
caution, however,
as
in when it causes
bloom. a
It
should
painful rash
on
be the
It may people,while having no illeffect on others. be raised from seed in spring. Hardy species. The rock gardener has a splendid lot of material which in the hardy species, to his hand produce charming flowers The the stones. followingare beautiful species,and in the among be sown in a frame of most seed is procurable,which or case may in of those habit it is or as spring; tufty ripe, greenhouse as soon established ; the best time for this is in spring, be divided when may after flowering: capitata,violet, 9 ins., spring; cortusoides, rose, 6 to 9 ins.; denticulata, lilac,spring, i ft. (Bot.Mag., summer, t. 3959),there are several varieties,includingcashmeriana; japonica, hands
of
some
"
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
266
crimson, 18 ins.,late spring (Bot.Mag., t. 5916); 3 ins., late spring (Bot. Mag., t. 191); minima,
marginata, violet,
pale rose, 2 ins., 581); rosea, rose, 6 ins.,spring (Bet. Sikkimensis, yellow, 2 ft., summer (Bot. Mag.,
t. (BotanicalRegister,
summer
Mag., t. 6437); colours, 9 ins., spring; viscosa (syn. t. 4597); Sieboldii, various The t. are summer following ins., Mag., 14). (Bot. villosa), rose, 3 ft. i Cockburniana, : ; species Bulleyana, orange, interestingnewer scarlet,a biennial, best raised from seed annually; Forresti, orange, white variety ; Littoniana, I ft.,fragrant; Listen, lilac,6 ins.,and
purple, i ft. ; malacoides, lilac, 6 ins. ; pulverulenta,violet, resembles Japonica; Veitchii, rose, like cortusoides; and Winteri, Lissadell lavender, Hybrid are Unique and powdered leaves. Cockburniana and between beautiful crosses pulverulenta. The followingare pretty greenhouse species: floribuncla, yellow, 6 ins., spring (Bot. Mag., t. 6712); Forbesii, lilac, yellow eye, 6 ins., lilac to
verticillata and floribunda, kewensis, a hybrid between 18 ins., spring (Bot. ft., spring; verticillata, yellow, border double Primroses, Polyanthuses, 2842). The
summer;
yellow, i Mag., t.
easilyraised
are Oxlips, and Auriculas be in autumn planted may
spring,and They
beds.
spring flowering (seepreceding page). The Primrose (Bot. vulgaris(syn. acaulis),the Auricula is P. Auricula after
divided
be
may
in
seed
from
beautiful
make
is Primula
to
and Primrose 6837), the Polyanthus is a hybrid between Cowslip,the Oxlip is P. elatior,the Cowslip is P. officinalis (syn.veris).
Mag.,
t.
(Ligustrum).
Privet
"
See
and
Hedge
Ligustrum.
Die the German from Prunella, Self-heal (prune-lla, of which medicinal. Ord. Labiatae). Hardy perennials, in is grandiflora, with known purplish-mauve flowers
Breaune, the
"
6
ins.
It
easilygrown division in spring.
height propagated by Pruning.
See
"
is
in the
rock
garden,
best
summer,
and
be
may
Fruit.
A large Ord. Rosaceae). from prune, a Plum. (prii-nus, highly important genus, includingas it does such fruits as the
Prunus and
"
Apricot, Cherry, Peach, Almond; Almond, sica the
and P.
such
shrubs
Armeniaca
Peach
munis
the
of the
Prunuses
the
which
(with
Plum.
The are
be named
the
and
Laurel.
P.
Cerasus
is included
the
as
are
dealt
ornamental
red
trees
Amygdalus
as
with
the
under
Fruit.
plants, and
of Persica
called
among Clara
the
is the
Cherry, P. Nectarine), and P.
Apricot, P.
fruits
grown double
the
as
handsome
such
Plum;
Percom-
Several these
variety Meyer; is a beautiful little tree for variety, which forcing in pots; cerasifera atropurpurea (syn. Pissardii),a small tree with for the shrubbery and purple leaves, good as a standard white Cherry; pseudolawn; Cerasus Rhexii flore pleno, the double cerasus (syn. Watered) and its fine dark variety James H. Veitch. All these may be grown in pots and in gently forced into bloom winter with sand and third of or a early spring. Loam, decayed will suit them. manure, They are also good for the shrubbery. may triloba
and
Pseudo-bulb.
its double
"
The
swollen, bulb-like
stem
of
an
Orchid.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
267
Pseudostuga (pseudostu-ga,from pseudo, false, and Tsuga, a genus. Coniferae). This genus is important through containing the called Pseudostuga Douglas Fir, once called Abies Douglasii,but now There several some varieties of this handare Douglas! by botanists. be Conifer, and brevifolia, pendula, glauca, and Stairii may mentioned as good. Ord.
"
Psila
Psylla.
"
A
"
Fruit
See
(Carrotfly).
rosae
small
Kitchen
insect, sometimes
Garden. called
the
See
sucker.
Apple
enemies.
Pteris,Brake
from pteron, a wing, in (pte-ris, Ord. Filices).A largeand very useful of of ferns, comprising several most our popular genus and table kinds. greenhouse, room, They vary greatly in appearance, and also in requirements, some being hardy while others house. The indoor require a warm speciesthrive in equal parts of loam and leaf mould, with sand. Propagation is by spores (see Those which be divided Ferns). produce creeping rhizomes may in spring. Small plants are for charming dropping into ornamental bowls for side tables. The followingare a few of the best : aquilina allusion
is the
Fern, Ribbon
shape of
to the
Brake
common
crested
Fern fronds.
the
Fern
variety of it.
"
is
and
Bracken,
or
Cretica
cristata
hardy;
its varieties
and
form
type has pale green leathery fronds, and succeeds greenhouse or fernery; albo-lineata, with central band varieties
of
and
Quadriaurita is while
rubricaulis
species which fronds,
is very
and
Tremula
likes
is
there
and
Smithiana.
grown
in the ferns
nice
varieties and
its
we
have
are
for
crested
has
decoration.
greenhouse
a
room,
or
of it, notably elegans,flaccida, also worth its variety cristata are
Longifolia, greenhouse species,is
Puccinia
crested,
for table
and
a
for the
warm
a
of silver;
is
variety cristata
markets
best
Umbrosa
and
Victoriae
house;
popular
several
are
has
warm
of the
one
and
growing.
a
in
good prettilyvariegated. gated, is variespecies; its variety argyraea is a graceful red stipes. Serrulata
Ensiformis
handsome
a
tips forked
Wimsetii,
cretica.
a
popular set;
a
the
Mayi, crested;
is
a
popular fern, much
markets. A genus Carnations
injurious fungi, attackingplants, notably (" rust "), Chrysanthemums many and ("rust"), plants Hollyhocks ("disease"). See the various named
(puc-cm-ea)
"
.
of
for remedies.
pulmonarius owing Ord. Boragineae). Useful supposed value in lung diseases. Officinalis,the reddishhardy perennials,suitable for the border. Pulmonaria, Lungwort
to
(pulmona-ria, from
,
its
violet
high,
"
Bethlehem and
blooms
spotted with
are
is effected with
Mertensia the Botanical (see
Purslane.
"
See
Sage, is the in spring; white.
by
best there
Any division
sibirica, and
Magazine, Portulaca.
t.
it grows
known; is
a
white
good garden
variety;
soil will
spring. Sibirica Virginica with M. 160). in
about the
a
foot
leaves
do, and
gation propais synonymous
pulmonarioides
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
268
scilloides (puschkln-ia,after M. Scilla-like bulb (seethe little pretty
Puschkinia
Liliaceae). "
A
in
thrive
high, and
6 ins.
about
2244),growing stripedwith pale blue pacta)is a variety,and t.
Puschkin.
Ord.
Botanical
zine, Magaflowers
bearing white
(syn. libanotica comThey will may and are well-drained soil, propagated by offsets. garden the for bulbs rockery. charming little in
spring; compacta in
be grown
if desired.
pots
They are (pyre-thrum, from pyr, fire,in allusion to Pyrethrum, Feverfew Ord. Compositae). A largeand important of the root. the acridity line that a by so narrow separated from Chrysanthemum genus, it The two. aside and the have brushed botanists modern merged the double the flower gardener are most singleand important to florists have which varieties of roseum, developed; these are early "
and
growers
time
second
plants
after
back
for herbaceous
beautiful
have
bloomers, if cut
flowers, and
first
the
flowering. They
borders, growing 3 ft. high
or
bloom
will
are
in
more
a
grand good
soil, and bearing large quantitiesof flowers. They will thrive in and most are soils, easilypropagated by splittingup the clumps when
folium
growing, which
start
they
is the
aureum
Golden
Partheni-
midwinter.
be at
may Feather
(seeGolden
Feather).
Par-
few. Feveris the common thenium, with white flowers in earlysummer, dwarf with white in flowers a Tchihatchewii, summer, plant is a good plant for dry banks. Uliginosum is a tall,late-blooming The
See white flowers. also Chrysanthemum. perennial with varieties of Pyrethrums: followingare good "
Double.
Single. Decoy,
Carl
scarlet
Twist, Roland, lilac
Oliver
Ovid,
Pyrola, Wintergreen (pyr-ola,from to
of
form
the
Vogt, white
King Oscar,
cream
the
leaf.
perennials,useful
for the
species; it
about
Ord.
Pyrus,
Pear
tree, in reference herbaceous
Ericaceae). Hardy "
rockery.
Rotundifolia
in summer;
high, and
is the
best-known
fragrantwhite flowers arenaria, a native seaside, is a varietyof it. Ord. Pyrus (py-rus,from pirus, Pliny's name. Rosaceae). A largeand most important genus, including,as it does, those popular fruits the Apple and Pear (seeFruit). The Apple is P. Malus, the Pear P. communis. Several of the Pyruses are as mental ornagrown grows
6 ins.
scarlet
rose
has
of the
"
trees
for lawns
Aria, with several admired with
varieties ; for its red
and
white
shrubberies; flowers
in
among
spring,the
these
white
be mentioned may Beam Tree,
Ash Mountain or Rowan, so much fruits in autumn, several varieties,includingone and branches with yellow fruit; floribunda, one
Aucuparia, the
pendulous free-blooming tree with Cydonia japonica),good
flowers
rosy for walls,
in
a
spring; Japonica (syn.
large scarlet
flowers
in
spring;
flowers Maulei, scarlet flowers and yellow fruits; sorbus, creamy and red fruits,the Service Tree ; and spectabilis, lightred flowers in
is the Siberian spring (BotanicalMagazine, t. 267). P. baccata and P. Cydonia the Quince. All the Pyruses thrive in welldrained loamy soil ; as a class they do not care for stiff,damp soil.
Crab,
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Grass.
Quaking
See Briza.
"
Quassia. Quassia chips, the useful insecticide;if a handful
product
"
a
for
a
in
soaked
are
Quercus, Oak
(quer-cus,from Cupuliferae). The noblest The
of
gallonof
cold water
destroys aphides; to
or
gallonsof water.
10
our
is Q. Robur, and there are two forms, one with stalked and the other with stalkless acorn cups ; the former, called pedunculata, is classed as a separate speciesby some botanists, and there are several good garden varieties of it,notably leaves; and pencolumnar; fastigiata, heterophylla,much-divided varieties of the stalkless also several dula, drooping. There are form, sessiliflora. Q. cerris,the Turkey Oak, is a popular tree, and has several forms, such which cut ; Lucombeana, as laciniata,much holds its leaves very is Ilex the Holly, late; and variegata. Q. Holm, or Evergreen Oak, and it also has several varieties. Q. Mirbeckii
is
British
a
fine, and cuez, tree. (Celtic), forest trees, growing splendid
quer
"
timber.
excelsa, form
Picraena
"
they may Ord.
of
hours bitter " which a they make be boiled with soft soap, 4-Ib. of each
few
269
common
handsome
a
Oak
Hill Scarlet is
Knap richlyand (
when
one
is the
of
cork
Quince (Pyrus Cydonia Raceme.
A
"
stalk, grows
cluster
on
Cruciferae). See
i
Iron
"
o-in. is
each
Quick
Fruit.
flower,
on
its
own
stalk.
in
ra, (raph-anus, from quick, and reference to the rapid germination. Ord.
Garden.
Robin, Lychnis Flos-cuculi.
Ragged
wooden
"
in which
called
are
Cydonia vulgaris). See
or
Cork
is the
sativus
Kitchen
"
of various
rakes
suitable
fine state
a
Q. suber
autumn.
commerce.
of flowers
central
a
Radish, Raphanus phainomai, to appear,
Rake.
leaves. large toothed Q. coccinea colour its leaves garden Oaks, as
Young plants of Crataegus Oxyacantha for hedges. See Hedge.
"
grown
soil to
with
of the best
hang right through the
);ik ; its bark
Quick.
Oak
useful size.
a
rake
with
a
2
Rakes
-ft.head
for
sizes
useful
are
sowing,
and
in
reducing lumpy A* removing stones.
should be mounted Ash handles. A on is useful for raking up leaves in autumn.
Ramondia
Ord. Gesneraceae). (ramond-ia, after M. Ramond. suitable for the rockery or selected Pretty hardy perennialalpines, in the nooks border. 6 ins. high about Pyrenaica, which grows violet flowers and bears in summer, is the best known (seethe Botanical is t. there white also a and a Magazine, 236); variety dark is
one
"
called
Serbica
purpurea.
Nathaliae, with
pretty variety. They like peat and loam grit. Propagation is by seed in a greenhouse
by
in
a
division
Rampion.
of old, well-established "
See
Kitchen
or
violet
flowers,
equal parts, with in spring,or
frame
plants.
Garden.
Ranunculus, Crowfoot (ranun-culus,from rana, a frog,because of love of moist A large genus, places. Ord. Ranunculaceae)
their
"
.
varying greatlyin habit
and
duration.
Acris
is the
common
Butter-
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
270
garden weed with the soil great tenacity of life,best extirpatedby uprooting it while The Celandine. Ficaria is the Lesser followingare good is moist. of aconitifolius varieties: and plenus (Fair Maids garden species 18 about in ins.; late spring,height France), double white flowers ins. (BotanicalMagazine, t. 266); white, 9 spring, amplexicaulis, has given us the florists' Asiaticus ft. to 2 3 Lyalli,white, spring, See
Ranunculus.
with
wire
Raffia
and
for Mustard, of the
into
dressed
be
Cress
accompany like the
treated
be
may
as
latter.
ground
a
Rape
infested
worm.
See Radish
"
Raphia.
or
"
A
cheap, strong,
pedunculata. Raspberry (Rubus Idaeus. Raspberry-Blackberry. A
from
Ord.
for
See
Blackberry.
flexible
and
hothouse
the
Rosaceae).
See
the
two
"
between
cross
"
as
Garden.
Kitchen
and
by florists; it is prepared
Culture
to
sown
seed, may
refuse
the
Raphanus. sold
Often
"
substitute
troublesome
a
Bulbs.
(BrassicaNapus).
Rape dust,
Crowfoot,
is the
Bulbosus
cup.
tying material, palm, Raphia Fruit. fruits
named.
Fruit.
flagelliformis. Red Cedar, Juniperus Virginiana. Red Gum, Eucalyptus resinifera. troublesome of the most Red Spider. Tetranychus telarius is one It is indoor and outdoor of plant enemies, attacking both crops. really a sucking mite, not a true spider,although it spins a web on of Grape Vines, leaves When the side of the leaves. the under other Scarlet and Peaches, Cucumbers, Runners, plants many turn which bronzy or yellow before the natural might be named be suspected. A dry atmosphere period of decay, red spider may moist is inimical to it. one it, a Frequent syringingis encourages in of emergency, a preventive. In case syringe with hot water soft soap of which at the rate lb. per gallon and i sulphur i with flowers been of handful stirred; or dust per gallon have sulphur. Rehmannia Ord. Scrophulari(rehman-nia,after Dr. Rehmann. Handsome herbaceous nearly hardy, but best neae). perennials, in cool house. not a They are particularas to soil,and are grown propagated by cuttingsin spring. Rat's-tail
Cactus, Cereus
"
"
Renanthera A
small
and
to the
of Orchids.
genus
flowers, also in
(renanthe-ra, from
in allusion
anther,
looks
well
form
ren,
of the
a
kidney, and
anther.
Ord.
anther
a,
an
Orchidaceae). "
Coccinea
trained
4 to 5 ft. high, has red grows against a fern stump in a hothouse,
basket
(seethe Botanical Magazine, tt. 2997, 2998). Imhas red schootiana and yellow flowers, and is also a good basket thrive in and with sand plant. They moss, peat and Sphagnum be increased charcoal, and may by cuttings in a propagating case. of Reseda, Mignonette (rese-da,from resedo, to calm, on account to it. Ord. See soothing qualities being ascribed Resedaceae). a
"
Mignonette
and
Annuals.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Rest
Harrow.
Retinospora
from Retinispora (retinos-pora,
or
Coniferae)."Handsome
Ord.
sporos, seed.
amenable
Cupressus,and in
culture,
fact
1
Ononis.
See
"
27
they
to
are
the
same
with
classed
vetine,resin, and bling Conifers, resem-
small the
botanists. Erecta, Cypresses by modern ericoides, filifera,leptoclada,lycopodioides, alba spica,pisio. obtusa, o. densa aurea, fera, p. aurea, plumosa, p. aurea, p. argentea,
by
of
varieties
species and
other
and
squarrosa, offered
are
the
under
nurserymen
name
Retinospora. Propagate by cuttings. (rham-nus, from the A Rhamneae). large ties only a few speciesand varie-
Buckthorn
Rhamnus, Celtic
Ord.
rham.
"
of which genus, be considered. need
and
variegatus
a.
6
Catharticus,
followed
summer,
ft.,has
black
Libanoticus
fruit.
They
autumn.
particular
all
are
soil.
to
as
p
colours
hardy,
Propagation
PORAS
and
i.
not
by
seed
CUTTINGS
BY
Base. removed. insertion.
and
Side
2.
formis
is is
a
a
Rheum,
-shoots
layers.
Ord. Palmae). Flabellirhapis,a needle. useful fan-leaved and corridors ; palm, suitable for rooms Palms. For see culture, variegated-leavedvariety. Rhubarb
"
from
(rhe-um, Ord.
found.
Rha,
river
the
which
near
the
of the Rheums Polygonaceae) Some plant useful for prominent positionsin the wild garden, as the leaves and and massive. Palmatum its variety purpureum broad particularlygood. They are hardy, and thrive in ordinary Propagation is by division in spring. Rhaponticum is the common was
Rhubarb.
See
Rhipsalis, branch,
on
Kitchen
Cactus
of the
from (rhip-salis, rhips, a flexibility.Ord. Cacteae). See "
(rhodan-the,from rhodon, a rose, Compositae). Pretty half-hardy annual "
glesi,with Botanists Annuals
"
cloak,
call
soil.
it
summer,
grows
and
anthos,
Willow Cactus. a
flower.
everlastings. Manfoot about a high.
Helipterum Manglesii.
For
culture,
see
Half-hardy.
Rhodochiton a
in
flowers
rosy now
are are
Garden.
Mistletoe
account
are
"
.
Rhodanthe Ord.
of
Depth
3.
from Rhapis (rha-pis, there
IN
AUTUMN.
in
well
is
RETIKOS-
in
flowers
Frangula Dogwood, also
Black
the (syn. latifolius), has
green
angustifolius,
green fruit.
black
by
flowers
varieties,of it.
are
aureus
8
to
which
Alaternus,
15 to 20 ft. high, and has grows in spring,is the best known;
volubile
in allusion
to
(rhodochi-ton,from rhodo, red, and chiton, some calyx. Ord. Scrophularineae) A hand-
the
"
.
greenhouse
climber, with with Loam,
red
flowers
in
early
summer
(syn.
and sand third of leaf soil, suits a Lophospermum) it. Propagation is by seeds in a greenhouse in spring,or by cuttings in August (seethe Botanical in sandy soil under a bell-glass Magazine, t- 3367). .
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
272
(rhododen-dron,from Ericaceae). See Flower
Rhododendron a
Ord.
tree.
Rhubarb.
rhodon, Garden
"
Kitchen
and
Rheum
See
"
a
and
dendron,
and
shrubs.
rose,
Trees
"
Garden.
(rhus,from rhudd, red, in allusion to the fruit. Rhus, Sumach A and useful Cotinus, a Ord. singular genus. Anacardiaceae) hardy shrub 6 to 7 ft. high, with light purple flowers in early is the popular Snake Plant; the variety atropurpurea has summer, "
.
is Toxicodendron drooping habit. with the Poison greenish-yellowflowers in Ivy, a hardy climber whose with leaves contact causes painfulsores on the early summer, the t. Botanical skin (see 1806). Typhina, a hardy tree Magazine, is the with Stag's-horn greenish-yellowflowers in early summer, will in almost and Sumach. are soil, propagated They grow any and layers. by cuttings
leaves, and
dark
Ribbon
Fern.
is of
pendula
Pteris
See
"
serrulata.
from Ribes, Currant, Gooseberry (ri-bes, "
Red
both
genus,
is the
the
rubrum
useful
A
frageae). Grossularia
flower
for the
Currant;
fruit
the
gardens.
Currant, and Currant, is a variety Black
White
the
album,
and
the
Gooseberry, nigrum
Saxi-
Ord.
Arabic.
the
with (seeFruit). Of the ornamental species,aureum, t. followed fruit 125); by yellow (BotanicalRegister, sanguineum, with rosy flowers in spring (Bot.Reg,, t. 349),are most They important. There are several varieties of both.
of the
latter
yellow flowers and the
will grow
grow. is by
in almost
any soil,and has a very
Sanguineum cuttingsin summer.
to the earliest of shrubs among Currant smell. Propagation strong are
Ord. Richard. Lily (richar-dia,after M. t. Botanical 832) (syn.aethiopica Magazine, is the familiar Arum Lily (seeBulbs). There are several varieties, of which Godfrey's,although small, is one of the best, as it is such free bloomer. Elliottiana Pentlandii and have a yellow flowers. beautiful the for They are plants greenhouse.
Richardia, Arum Aroideae). Africana "
"
Ricinus,Castor-oil
Plant (rlc-inus, from ricinus, a tick,in reference Euphorbiaceae) Handsome foliageplants,used in sub-tropicalgardening for their large,handsome leaves. They all varieties of communis are (seethe Botanical Magazine, t. 2209). Gibsoni, with purplish leaves; and G. atrosanguineus,with crimson to the
Ord.
seed.
"
.
leaves, are
of the
two
best.
Castor
oil is obtained
the
species. They are best treated Annuals),and like a deep, fertile soil. Ridging. The process of throwing autumn
winter
or
Ringing. "
of bark
from
pegging before
the
An
old
a
branch.
branches
the blossom
Rivina
Humilis
in order
a
handsome
soil in
up
to let frost act
the
It is done into
opens
the
Herr
the
parallelridges in
plants to be
sap
Rivinus.
(see
it.
on
soil, and
to check
hothouse
with
of
seed
annuals
garden practice,consistingin removing
(rivi-na,after is
half-hardy
as
"
from
also and
with
a
ring
layered before fruit trees
promote
just
fruitfulness.
Ord.
Phy tolaccaceae) growing about 2 ft. high, "
.
evergreen,
of Gardening Encyclopaedia followed
white
with
hang
flowers in earlysummer, long time if the plants are
a
with
Loam, is
in
by seeds Magazine,
and
sand t.
heat
Tree
Handsome
noseae).
cool, airy
a
little leaf mould, suits them. in spring,and by cuttings. See
structure.
Propagation
a
Botanical
the
1781.
Robinia, Locust "
in
kept
berries, which
red
by
273
after (robin-ia,
hardy
Ord.
Legumipretty pinnate
Robin. with
M.
shrubs,
and
trees
leaves and Pea-like flowers in bunches. Hispida,the Rose Acacia, is a beautiful tree 5 to 6 ft. high,with rosy flowers in spring(seethe is a spineless Botanical Magazine, t. 311); and inermis" which handsome makes tree is of still Neo-mexicana better. a variety it, Pseudacacia, the 15 to 30 ft. high, with rosy flowers in autumn. False
Acacia, is the
Bastard
or
in
spring,and
and
robusta
is
good
a
of it.
Robinias
The
not stiff and damp. Propagation is in the nurseries. is best done
soils,if but
Rochea
(ro-chea,after
falcata
in
Rock
Broom.
See
"
See
"
See
"
Rocket.
the
spring,are
Rockery.
Genista. Garden.
Flower
Hesperis.
Rock
Jasmine.
Rock
Rose.
coronaria.
See Androsace.
"
See Cistus.
"
after Admiral Rodgersia (rodger-sia, small of herbaceous hardy genus
A
which podophylla, in summer, stems.
flowers
division
in
Roller.
"
rain.
It likes
A
roller
Romneya
benefit
will not a
greenhouse
similar
or
heated
soil and
frame
in
not
are
there
where
its
after
use
superior,
gardens.
"
loamy strong winds.
by
a
after
Dr.
small flowers
sheltered
Romney
Calif ornian in
spot
summer.
it
where
Propagation is by seeds sown spring. R. trichocalyxis very
to Coulteri.
Rondeletia small
but
is
6691.
greatly by
Poppy (rom-neya, Papaveraceae). A beautiful 6 ft. high,and with largewhite
well -drained a be worried by
t.
garden
a
into use,
yellowish
ground fleshy under-
Propagation
Magazine,
Coulteri,Tree Ord.
tree, growing 3 to It likes
It forms
extent.
indispensablein Both
.
of which,
one
Water-ballast
Robinson.
A
to any
Saxifrageae)
plants,only high, and has small
Botanical
is almost turf.
3 ft.
Ord.
Rodgers.
moist, peaty spot.
a
See the
and
to
rollers have come i8-in. roller will suffice for small
An
in
2 grows is grown
spring.
gravel paths
are
"
principalspecies.
Candytuft,Iberis
Rocket
"
Crassulaceae).
Ord.
Roche.
grafting,
evergreen
same
flowers
La
and
in succulents, allied to Crassulas, and grown in with scarlet flowers ft. i Coccinea, summer; high, way. (syn. Crassula falcata);and jasminea, 9 ins., with white
Handsome the
M.
in most
thrive
seeds
by
flowers
Bessoniana,
aurea, angustifolia,
tree ;
varieties
Vignei are
white
it has
Locust;
common
street
genus
(rondele-tia, after of
hothouse
M.
Rondelet.
evergreens,
only
Ord. Rubiaceae). of which, odorata "
one
S
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
274
which (syn. speciosa),
ft.
bears
and
fragrant equal parts grown. be propagated by cuttingsin
3 to
4 is much
grows
in late summer,
high,
It likes
scarlet flowers of peat and loam, with sand, and may in summer. under house a bell-glass warm a
Cut
after
back
hard
flowering. lating watering (seeWatering), and ventito provide fresh air without a cutting draught, as in such a way in be rooms distra, successfully (seeAralia, Aspigrown plants may many and Ficus foliage Ferns, (India-rubberPlant), palms among Francoa Cinerarias, Clivias, and Cytisus, Chrysanthemums, plants; Plants.
Room
With
"
in
care
,
Geraniums,
Zonal
Fuchsias,
ramosa,
among
floweringplants).
plants
in
should of
benefit
for the
is not
sick-rooms
apartments flowers
should
always be
bad
are
used
be
may
Rosa, Rose Rosaceae). "
the
beautiful
and
other
spread
the
over
injury from
based, but such well ventilated, both burners
Naked gas incandescent
burners
of
Sheets
small.
very
bulbs
ing plant. Strong-smell-
where
cold
plantson
paper news-
nights.
Ord. Celtic rhod, red. does it genus, giving as
(rose,from
the
immense
An
be
avoided.
plants,but the injury is
fear of
well
patientand
for
are
The
various
and
Primulas,
Hardy Perpetual,Tea, Hybrid Tea,
Roses
of
flo\yer beds,
our
climbers
the
for walls, arbours, pillars, and we pergolas,and considerable of beautiful number a species. It of the be of interest refer few to to a species may use
which ROSE
PILLAR
A
in is the gardens. Banksiae grown white Banksian Rose Magazine, (seethe Botanical is a yellow form, lutea; these t. 1954); there are
WITH
are
Pretty wall SSHOR?SENDG
MOOTS
of
extent
they flower on Mag., t. 1377) Canina
flowers.
Cabbage
Rose, of
the
Rose
moss
is the
"scena our
and
thinning out two
years
; there
Damask
several
are
Rose, which
Rose.
the
China
and
its
or
of the
Tea
varietyodorata parents
of
Sinica
Roses.
gata) (Bot. Mag., White
the
Lutea, the
Rose. modern
our
oldest
the
wood,
Bracteata
more.
to the as
(Bot.
garden forms of is certainly one has
latter.
the
red
of the and
Dama-
parents
white
of
flowers,
is
Rose, is
one
modern
(syn.laevit.
Cherokee
dwarf
pruned
the
Indica
Monthly
or
of
some
old
be
Macartney Rose, a dwarf specieswith white is the Dog Rose Centifolia is the of the hedges. there are which varieties,includingmuscosa, many
provincialis is
Provence
only
must
modern H.P.s; the varietyversicolor is called Gloria Mundi.
Gallica
is
of
shoots is the
Roses, which
2847)
is
Rose.
RoSE
CUTTINGS
INSERTED.
yellow species, is the Musk Brier Austrian (Bot. Mag., 363). Moschata of of our is the Multiflora parent many (syn. polyantha) Repens (syn.arvensis) capreolata is the climbing Roses.
a
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Ayrshire Japanese
Rose.
is the is the
Rubiginosa
Rose.
virens
Semper
Sweet-brier.
Evergreen
275
Rugosa
is the
Wichuraiana
Rose.
modern beautiful parents of many climbers, such as Dorothy Perkins, Lady Gay, and Alberic Barbier. flower have Rose gardens. The Roses, unless it is garden must Owners that the Queen of Flowers refuses to thrive. so near a town of largeplaces may beds. It is select a site,and form a set of Rose idea to plant a Yew formal round the to a nice a site,clipped hedge for Roses, and has a quaint, a splendidbackground shape, as it makes
is
(syn. Luciae)
of
one
the
"
old-world be
may chosen.
At
The
each
an
Hugh
Dickson
Caroline
La
Testout
Corallina
Madame Mrs.
Meyer Karl
Druschki
following will
Alberic
succeed
on
Barbier
pillars: "
Leuchtstern
Pillar
Mrs.
Coquina Dorothy
Perkins
White
is able
F. W.
to
lay
bloom out
a
profusely. It is not complete Rose garden;
plant a selection of Roses in a they may prefer a largerselection be recommended
with
confidence:
bed
Earl Frau
of varieties, and
Hybrid Caroline
i Dean
Dickson
Meyer
Grace
Saxe
Lady
Mac
Ash
town
La
France
G.
Le
Progres
La
Tosca
Nabonnand
Lady
Roberts
Dudley
Souvenir White
de
Maman
Cross Pierre
Notting
Cochet
Arthur
Darling
Corallina
Mrs. Peace
Tea.
Testout
General
Mermet de
following
of Warwick
Edu
Tea-scented.
Comtesse
cases
Ecarlate
Brunner
Catherine
the
plenty
Hole
Earl
John Laing
Ulrich
such
Betty
of Dufferin Karl Druschki
Hugh
but
Rose
"
Lefebvre
Mrs.
every
In
border.
or
Hybrid Perpetuals. Chas.
Flight
PhiladelphiaRambler Dorothy
vigorouslyand
grow
Godiva
Lady
Rambler
who
Brunner
apart.
and
arches
can
can
ft.
plants 2
Carmine
All
lover
Abel Chatenay John Laing
Ulrich
Set the
Teplitz
France
Edu
Blush
be
"
Griiss
The
bed
should
a
Baby Dorothy Betty
Frau
Each
opening set an arch. separate variety and specialsorts followingare good bedding Roses:
appearance. planted with
Madame
Abel
Madame
Melanie
Madame
iRayon
Hector d'Or
Chatenay Soupert Leuillot
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
276
Planting Roses.
rosarians
Most
"
can ground ready get however, experts. They may,
the
for
Roses,
love
they
annual
the
that
finds
soil of
the
ground growth
with
substantial
most
The
in
plant
and
those example of
November,
should
then
their
who
follow
the
of March. up to the end garden should be given to the
plant
it.
of
body about stronger in heavy
plenty
is much
One in
than
annual abundant growth it is impossibleto light soil,and without the flowers. Manure of the best lightsoil, and so does helps get Kitchen under Bastard Garden) ; still, trenching deep working (see The roots should not be friable clay is desirable. or a heavy loam them. deeply,but the soil should be trodden firmlyround It the rule all varieties hard to is Roses. a good Pruning prune wards in spring after planting,as it gives them a good start, but afterthe annual be of the amount should regulated by pruning growth. A variety that is so naturally vigorous and well suited
buried
"
the soil
by
shortened
much of
end
the
late in
the
be
spared
old
the
to
canes
The
get good bloom September and
to in
flowers
well.
Wall
Roses.
for
"
the
be
them
there
it
sun,
well
de
Wm.
from
But
the
Dijon
as
nailingin
favour, but makes
of
a
drooping
drawback
carpet
to the
Budding
practice,and with
with
ground the
"
An best
and
where
Violas, to amateur way
in
not
are
general
specialpositions. Dorothy Perkins it has plenty and when planted where
of
bud
cannot
learning is
his budding in the summer. bud is sliced out in the shape of a is cropped in to a stump, hew the
The
to
is
stem
it is well
is
a
to
bareness. Roses ask
expert
long,narrow pith
flower-laden
bare
planted
are
off the
long, The
stem.
many take
its
with
lovely specimen, the profusion around
standards,
Roses.
Standards
a
in
a
for
standard,
it makes
to
on
taken
climbers.
useful
are
beautiful
room
shoots
they
is budded
that
one
new
the Briers being bought or and planted at once. previous November the nurseries, be bought from of course,
may, and
dwarfs
is
Rose
Carriere
Richardson
Allen
summer,
the
standards
same
standard
in
hedgerows
such
the
A
"
and
able suit-
not
are
Alfred
and be pruned by thinning out old wood may to take its place. This may be done in late summer. stem
ripened
Roses
arch
arches
"
Madame
Roses.
wood
:
They
straightBrier
gether. alto-
them
remove
gets
Gloire
Gray
Hybrid
Standard
canes
strong
a nice lot of young If this is tied up the
Job
Cheshunt
of
be
should the
3
go; may to shorten
desirable to
is or
pruned
old
plenty
are
more
pillarand followingare good
the
of the
many
than
followingyear. to
best
are
base, all the old wood
it may on
exposed
Stella
Bardou
as
within
to
be
not
which
for
time
pruned
If there
need
season
a
best Roses
See page 274. best of the The
walls, but
Alister
few
point is that
when
"
the
wood
young
in
be
may rambler
out.
cut
from
canes springingup young basal canes but where are
long
pruning, the
September
should
4 ft.
or
growers of the
Most
say
"
3
annual
Weak
base.
summer
be
can
shoots
the
at
March.
of
4 buds
as
to make
as
picked
properly to
assist
will
a
show
shield, how out
without
without rosarian how the
the
leaf
tearing
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
277
it is how the Brier is slit to receive it,how the growing germ, away It is an it is tied. slid in, and how interestinglittle art, well worth struck in be September; see page 275. learning. Cuttings may
Mildew
Roses.
on
Both
"
climbing Roses
and
dwarf
it does
often
apt
are
attack
to
be
the
shinydirectlythe white patches show the leaves on by dusting on flowers of sulphur through a small pair of bellows, or by syringing with fresh liver of sulphur at the rate of half an (sulphideof potassium) dissolved in water ounce per gallon. disfiguredby mildew, leaved
varieties.
Rose
Acacia.
Rose
Bay.
Rose
Campion.
Rosemary,
checked
be
See Robinia
"
hispida.
Epilobium angustifolium.
See
"
although
It should
not
See
"
Lychnis. officinalis
Rosmarinus
The
leaves
of
Rose
of the
World, Camellia
of
Kitchen
See
Crops. "
Japonica. Garden.
Pyrus Aucuparia (Mountain Ash).
Royal Bay,
nobilis.
Laurus
Royal Fern, Osmunda Rubus, Bramble
regalis.
(ru-bus, from
rub, red,
shrubs
Deciduous
Ord.
Rosaceae).
cases
of coarse, rampant habit, as worth growing in the flower
well
"
which
only grows is worth
summer,
132); there specieswith
t. a
tall
white flowers
shrub, with is
a
few
inches
white
is the
summer,
largewhite
in
to
fruit.
the
has
pink flowers rockery (seethe Botanical
in
of it called secundus.
May
herbaceous,
fruit is edible.
spineless;the
and
Cloudberry.
flowers
allusion
Arcticus, herbaceous,
garden.
high
flowers
in
and herbaceous plants,in some in the Blackberry. Several are
growing on the form is a fruiting
Chamaemorus,
stems. in
oil,which
Heaven, Lychnis coeli-Rosa.
Rotation
Rowan,
essential
contain
of
Rose
(rosmari-nus.
Ord.
Labiatae). is used by an Rosemary It is a shrub hair washes. makers of perfumes and growing 3 to soil. in friable ft. and is by loamy Propagation thriving high, 4 seeds in spring,also by cuttingsin spring and layersin summer. "
May. Idaeus
(Bot.Mag., 6
to
early
zine, MagaBiflorus,
t.
ins.
9
in
4678), has high, white
Deliciosus
is a beautiful It grows to 6 ft. high,and 5 is the Raspberry (seeFruit).
is the
Parsley-leaved Blackberry (seeFruit). Phoeniflowers followed a nice by red fruit,which makes is the Rosaefolius coronarius Wineberry. (singleform) is preserve, the The like a deep, Rubuses Strawberry-Raspberry (seeFruit). shrubs be propagated by layering the rich, moist soil. The may speciesby division. tipsof the canes, the herbaceous Laciniatus
colasius, with
pink
Rudbeckia,
Cone The
Flower
(rudbeck-ia,after O. speciesare hardy
useful
Rudbeck. herbaceous
Ord.
Compositae). plants composite flowers, the centres of which are raised and the ray florets drooping. Grandiflora, yellow and purple,late summer, 3 to 6 to 1. Golden ft.; summer, 4 ft.; laciniata, yellow and green, 4 "
with
most
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
278
yellow; and speciosa(syn.Neumannii the best. 3 ft., are yellow and purple, summer, in spring. Propagation by division or seed double
Glow,
from
derives Liliaceae).Useful
which
and
The
flowers.
sexes
about
popular
Palm.
Saccolabium
form
the
to
Pretty Orchids, with
70"
60"
to
ordinary
high margins, the of
treatment
to 80"
65"
need
suffice.
where
hothouse,
a
while
They
growing; be
should
labium,
a
"
.
in abundance
they A
moisture.
of
deal
will suit them
will
Ord.
fragrantflowers, borne
great
a
lip, Orchidaceae)
and
bag,
a
saccus,
labellum.
the
of
small
They
racemes.
lightpositionand of
the
with
(saccola-bium,from
reference
long
It thrives
grow may at the divided
most
ft.
20
See Palms.
this class.
in
"
which
is Blackburniana, leaves 3 ft. across, much
Thatch
or
Propagation
Large palms, the
(sa-bal. Ord. Palmae).
Palm which
produce
soil.
umbellatus.
Butomus
Rush, Flowering, of
green berries it is
to have
division.
or
Sabal, Fan
among
and
branches
Ordinary
Laurel.
Ord.
(syn. flexuosus),which Racemosus (syn. Danaea
best.
is the
high,
Alexandrian
undergrowth
as
flattened
Aculeatus
kinds.
bruscus,
kelem, holly.
plants,and
different
on
both
ft.
2
is the
Laurus) is by seeds
are
will thrive, have
They
trees.
plant
to
necessary
Fan
Kitchen
See
"
(rus-cus,from and
beus, box,
that
shrubs
"
larger shrubs
Celtic
the
Holly
Box
Broom,
Butcher's
Ruscus,
and
soil.
Herbs.
"
grows
Newmannii),
Ordinary
Rutaceae).
Ord.
graveolens (ru-ta.
Ruta
Rue, Garden
or
should
on
have
a
night temperature October
from
in
grown
to March
suspended
teak
A
ture mix-
be dealt with when baskets, and may they start growing. with of crocks, charcoal, and fibrous peat, surfaced Sphagnum, should will in not be suits. but need much not water winter, They dried off. Bellinum, various colours, spring; giganteum, purple and t. 5635); and violaceum, white, winter Magazine, (Botanical
white
and
There
are
Sacred
Bean,
Nelumbium
Saddle
Tree, Liriodendron
species.
(Botanical Register,t. 30), are
winter
mauve,
Saffron,Crocus
varieties.
several
speciosum. tulipifera.
sativus.
Saffron,Meadow,
Colchicum.
Sage (Salvia officinalis)See
Kitchen
"
.
Sagittaria(Arrowhead). "
Sainfoin
See Flower
(Onobrychis sativa).
St. Bernard's St. Bruno's St. Dabeoc's
"
Lily,Anthericum Lily,Anthericum Heath.
St. John's Wort.
"
"
See
A
Garden Garden
fodder
Herbs.
"
"
Aquatics.
plant.
Liliago. (Paradisea)Liliastrum.
See Daboecia
Hypericum.
polifolia.
the
best
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
279
after Herr Saintpaul. Ord. (saintpaul-ia, Gesneraceae). A pretty little warm-house plant,growing only about Loam and producing violet flowers late in summer. 4 ins. high, and Leaf in equal parts, with sand, make leaf mould a good compost. fibre cuttings root readilyif inserted in moist sand and cocoa-nut be and rooted refuse case they may ; when potted put into a warm Leaf cuttings may to 5 -in. singly and subsequently transferred be taken to insure successional at different seasons flowering. There
Saintpauliaionantha "
varieties,differingin tint.
several
are
Salads."
Kitchen
See
Salisburia.
See
"
Garden.
Ginkgo.
from sal (Celtic), and Us, water. Ord. near, (sa-lix, deciduous of trees, Salicineae). Hardy rapid growth in moist places, and therefore suitable for planting at the waterside. Propagation is by cuttingsand To get good drooping plants the penduseeds. lous
Salix,Willow "
forms has
Caprea of
be
may
tall stems.
grafted on
varieties, of which
several
is the
Sallow
common
this, pendula, is
or
Goat
and
v.
Willow
Kilmarnock
the
Alba,
vitellina
;
Willow.
the
White
Willow,
pendula are good. the drooping variety Elegantissima has
drooping branches. Sallow."
Salix.
See
from salpinx,a tube, and glossa,a tongue, (salpigloss-is, Salpiglossis allusion to the style. Ord. Solanaceae). Beautiful plants,the which is of valuable from most which sinuata, have been species the splendidannuals offered by seedsmen. derived The flowers are
in
"
colours
large and the They are best
planted in
be
treated
beds
or
in this case,
for
rich. The habit is loose and graceful. half-hardy annuals (seeAnnuals), and may in May borders or June. They are also good in 5 -in.,using a compost of loam flower them are
as
pots; with sand. Linearis, decayed manure, Petunia media), interft. i (syn. August, purple, and
is
a
Salsafy
half-hardyperennial. Salsify (Tragopogon
or
See
Compositae).
Ord.
folium.
"
porri-
Kitchen
Garden. from (sal-via,
Salvia allusion
to
brilliant of useful for in
this
Register, t. several
are
as
fine
varieties
are
now
are
cularly parti-
bloom
Spot. They patens,
summer
bloomer.
available,
grandiflora,
Bruantii, compacta,
Silver
most
It
SALVIA CUTTINGS
SPLEN IN
LATE
SUMMER. r.
Drainage.
2.
Soil,
fusely. pro-
gives us a lovely shade of (BotanicalMagazine, t. 3808). This be is so nearly hardy that it may
evergreen,
an
rich, shining Gentian-blue a
the
among
flowers, and
in Ord.
of giving bright masses for best The species splendens (Botanical PROPAGATING of which 687), herbaceous, DENS BY
Salvia is
save,
winter. is purpose
bloom
such and
to
qualities.
Salvias
Labiatae)."The most
salvo,
medicinal
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
280
as
While be
not
cold, exposed
these
two
places
species
overlooked;
the
are
blue,
azurea,
5 to 7 ft.,requiresgreenhouse culture;
bloomer,
winter
and
must
others
In
districts.
mild
pot plant.
a
Salvias,
of the
best autumn
in
beds
for outside used it is best kept
and involuHeeri, scarlet,winter, greenhouse,3 ft.,an evergreen; also are crataBethelli, crimson, summer, 4 ft.,greenhouse, evergreen,
good. Officinalis Herbs). Horminum,
all
is the
Sage (see Kitchen
common
purple, early
be
They
may of winter.
the end
towards
stages till they
by
should
get
to
Those
in
grown
6-in.,8-in.,or
pinched occasionallyto
be
seed
propagated by
hundreds
in
cuttings should
be
largerpots.
the heat
repotted
Splendens
habit.
compact
a
of other suits
manure,
or
pots
even
insure
"
ins., is a hardy Rutilans, red, winter,
is a good variety of it. annual; Blue Beard are 3 ft.,greenhouse,herbaceous, is good. There little with sand and a Loam, decayed species.
Salvias.
Garden
8
summer,
(sambu-cus,from sambuke, a musical instrument Ord. Caprifoliaceae) Several of Elder- wood. made garden forms the which is a much to of Sambucus common are Elder, superior in for few weeks a early coarse, stragglyplant, only interesting Elder
Sambucus,
"
.
except
summer,
fruit.
and
Nigra
with
mosa,
those
to
white
who
There are fruit,is very ornamental. laciniata, notably plumosa, p. aurea, the thrive in ordinary soil, and old
Propagation is by cuttingsof Sand.
"
action. seeds
or
Valuable
more
from
made
the
mature
several
and
pretty
shoots
in late
Race-
be
red
by of
varieties
tenuifolia. should
wood
flowers
The
it,
Elders
pruned
out.
summer.
for
lightening composts and stimulating root is good for surfacingthe soil when Silver sand sowing fine river or such washed but coarser as sand, strikingcuttings,
sand, is better
sea
wine
like the
foliis aureis, the Golden Elder, is good. in branched flowers followed racemes,
for
composts,
as
it is
coarser
and
keeps
the
soil
open.
from Sanguinaria canadensis, Bloodroot, Puccoon (sanguina-ria, in red allusion Ord. to the blood, sanguis, juice. Papaveraceae) A useful herbaceous perennial,6 ins. high, with white flowers in spring,before the leaves expand (seethe Botanical Magazine, t. 162). is a larger-floweredform. Major (syn. grandiflora) They look well in clumps at the front of the border, or in the rock garden. Sandy peat should be provided. Propagation is by seeds in spring,or by "
.
division
in autumn.
Santolina, Lavender flax.
linum, flowers. grown like a
Ord.
The
most
Cotton
from sanctus, holy, and (santoli-na, sub-shrubs, with yellow Compositae). Scented popular is Chamaecyparissus incana, often
simply as incana, which light,dry soil,and are
"
pretty white carpet. They propagated by cuttingsin spring or makes
a
autumn.
Sanvitalia
after Sefior Sanvitali. procumbens (sanvita-lia, A annual of pretty half-hardy trailinghabit, flowers the Botanical t. 707); purple (see Register, variety. For culture, see Annuals.
Compositae). "
yellow is
?
and
double
Ord. with there
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
28
i
from (sapona-ria, sapo, soap; Ord. Caryophylleae). A large genus of annuals and perennials,mostly hardy. A few are good garden plants,notably calabrica, a dwarf hardy annual with pink flowers, and its white variety alba; ocymoides, a hardy perennialtrailer with purplish-roseflowers, the Rock Soapwort (see Botanical Magazine, t. 154); and officinalis,a hardy perennial about growing 3 ft. high,pink; the double varietyflore pleno is good. in summer. in all Calabrica be sown outdoors bloom They may in spring. Vaccaria, red, 18 ins., is a good September to bloom annual t. 2290). Ordinary soil. Propagation is by seed (Bot.Mag., division. and (seeAnnuals)
Saponaria, Soapwort,
the
Fuller's
of officinalis lather
leaves
Herb
when
rubbed.
"
Saprophyte. "
vegetable, like
A
plant that grows on decaying matter, fungi (cf.parasite,a plant that grows many
animal
or
living
on
matter) .
after Dr. Sarrasin. Flower Sarracenia,Side-saddle (sarrace-nia, Sarraceniaceae) Singular plants,forming clusters of small pitchers. They are perennials,from North America, half hardy. to complete Purpurea (BotanicalMagazine, t. 849) is the nearest the rockery, with on a hardiness, and is sometimes covering grown Ord.
"
.
of Bracken a
It likes
in winter.
likingfor the
a
sometimes
genus
cool, moist
spot. Those who a greenhouse to plants,as they like a small
devote
in
with preference to mixing them Fibrous with atmosphere. peat,
other
charcoal
and
fourth
have
them moist
of
chopped early spring Propagation by in a close, moist, warm The of case. plants must have abundance A of water the will to season. 45" 55" temperature during growing suffice in winter. The following are a few of the best species: Drummondi rubra flava are (alba and good varieties), (atromaxima and are Catesbaei, sanguinea, good varieties), purpurea, and rubra. Good hybrids are Chelsoni, Courtii, Stevensii, and Sphagnum
is
suits.
moss,
a
division
in
Williamsii.
Sarsaparilla.The
root
"
Satin
"
species,used
medicinally.
Flower, Sisyrinchium.
Savory,
tae).
of Smilax
See
Savoy.
"
from (sature-ia,
Satureia
Garden
Kitchen See
Kitchen
"
the
Arabic
sattar.
Ord.
Labia-
Herbs.
Garden.
but commonly saxifra-ga,from (saxif-raga, in bladder troubles. to break stone, andfrango, supposed use saxum, Ord. Saxifrageae) A large and important genus of hardy alpine plants,the adequate descriptionof which would require a volume in itself. The varies greatly,some speciesbeing moss-like in genus growth, others large,loose, and spreading. They are charming for be used for edgings. S. Umbrosa, the rock garden, and some may in point. No general hint London the well-known Pride, is a case in their requirements. be given, as the speciesvary to soil may as The mossy Saxifrageswill thrive in ordinary garden soil provided it encrusted is not dry. The specieslike a limestone soil. The largemoist soil. Propagation is by seed, section love leaved a Megasea
Saxifraga, Rockfoil
"
"
.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
282
greenhouse or frame in spring,or, if home-saved, as soon as ripe; by division, and by cuttings. Sarmentosa, the well-known of Thousands Mother (see Botanical Magazine, t. 92),is propagated The runners. followingare a few good Saxifrages: Of the large, by fleshy-leavedMegasea section, cordifolia, pink, with its varieties in
sown
a
and
purpurea
alba;
ligulata,purple (Bot. Mag., be grown. t. 5967),may
3406);
t.
All
Stracheyi, pink (Bot.Mag., the
Of
spring.
section
few
of
the
best
and in
bloom
caespitosa, Camposi (Wallacei),white, spring (Bot. Mag., t. 6640); decipiens, white, spring; hypnoides, white, spring; muscoides, yellowish, spring, the varieties of this called atropurand Rhei are good; and trifurcata, white, spring, variety purea is ceratophylla good (Bot. Mag., t. 1651). Among the beautiful white,
mossy
a
are
summer;
class will be found
encrusted
cochlearis, white, early
Aizoon,
red dots, early summer; cream, Cotyledon, white, spring,and its
summer;
red, early splendid variety pyramidalis; crustata, white, dotted Hostii, white, spring; and longifolia, white, dotted red, summer; early summer (Bot. Mag., t. 5889). Pretty tufted Saxifrages are yellow, spring; Boydi, yellow,spring; Burseriana, white, apiculata, and its largervariety major; Rocheliana, white, summer; winter, sancta, yellow, late spring; and Valdensis, white, spring. Granulata, the white meadow Saxifrage,and its double variety flore pleno, must not be overlooked; the pretty little oppositifolia, must nor with of its which varieties, purple,spring, major is one of the most In addition to these speciesand varieties there are a good popular. that the lover of Saxifrageshas abundant material so hybrids, many for
study.
Scabiosa, Scabious in
to its value
from (scabio-sa, soothingthat trouble.
scabies, the
itch, "
fragrant flowers, best represented in dark flowers with crimson atropurpurea, an annual growing 2 to 3 ft. high (seethe Botanical Magazine, double seed
forms
of
be
may out
of
for
the
this
bought doors
popular plant in
separate
are
t.
mixture.
or
good
in
rockery
be
or
raised from seed may will thrive in Scabiouses Scale. The
"
There
females
are
attach
border; or
there increased
is
by
The and
It may be is a hardy blue
flowers,
variety, alba;
white division
in
spring.
it
The
ordinary soil.
species of scales infestingvarious plants. many themselves to the bark, suck lose out the juices,
the
of movement, and power lay eggs, horn-like substance. Two of the worst Pears. See Pear enemies under Fruit.
Scarlet Runner
a
summer,
247).
handsome,
very
colours
in
spring (see Annuals). Caucasica foot high, with large pale perennial growing about a
sown
allusion
in
Dipsaceae). Pretty and gardens by the varieties of
Ord.
which scales
(Phaseolus multifl orus) .
"
See
are
protected by a Apples and
attack
Kitchen
Garden.
Schizanthus,ButterflyFlower
from schizo, to cut, (schizan-thus, anthos, flower, in allusion to the fringedpetals. Ord. Solanaannuals, well adapted for pot culture, suitable ceae). Beautiful and
"
for
sowing
to
bloom
in late the
spring to bloom in summer, following spring. They flower
and
in late
summer
profusely,and
the
28 3
of Gardening Encyclopaedia colours
are
ins.,high, is hardy, and
8
Grahami, and
lilac,18
orange,
colours, and
in
be
may
cut, and
bright green majority are half yellow,summer blooming,
much
The
itself.
if desired.
outdoors
sown
There
purple spotted, is popular. Papilionaceus, (BotanicalMagazine, t. 3044); retusus, rose
varieties of it.
several
are
foliageis
it is ornamental
that
and pinnatus,purplish-lilac
but
hardy, 1
so
The
bright.
very
in colour,
are
most
ins.
with
its
the
best
variety albus, white
;
Wisetonensis, various-
and
last is dwarfest
half-hardyspecies; the growing for spring bloom
of the In
compact.
established
singly in
greenhouse
shelf.
small
pots
in
and
autumn,
get
winter
the
plants
them
on
a
(schizoco-don,from schizo, to cut, and kodon, a bell. Ord. Diapensiaceae) A pretty hardy perennial, only growing 3 or 4 ins. high, with rosy, fringed flowers in early spring. It is a nice rockery plant,likingsandy peat in a shady spot,, and propagated by seed or division. from schizo, to cut, and Schizopetalon Walker! (schizopet-alon, A Ord. Cruciferae). pretty hardy annual, growpetalon,a petal. ing For about white, fringed,fragrant flowers. 9 ins. high, with Schizocodon
soldanelloides
"
.
"
culture,
Annuals.
see
Gladiolus
Lily, Winter
Kaffir Schizostylis,
Ord.
stylos,a column. Umbrella Sciadopitysverticillata,
schizo, to cut, and
from (schizos-tylis,
Irideae). "
See
Bulbs.
from skias, a (sciadop-itis, An Coniferae). interestingand pitys, of whorl tree with ornamental a spreading foliage, hardy if planted in a sheltered place. A loamy soil, lightenedwith leaf mould, is desirable. Propagation is by seed. from Scilla,Squill,Wild skyllo,to injure,the Hyacinth (scill-a, bulb being reputed poisonous. Ord. Liliaceae). See Bulbs. Scolopendrium, Hart's-tongue Fern (scolopen-drium,from scolothe in to reference Ord. Filices). a pendra, centipede, spore cases. when the A large genus considered ties, varieas numerous embracing of speciesis few, and only vulgare,the common but the number of forms of this Hart's-tongue, is of real importance. The number fern runs to hundreds, and constitute variable teresting they quite an infor fern lovers. Acrocladon, crispum, cristatum, study and fimbriatum, grandiceps, Kelwayi, marginatum, ramosum, few there varieties sub-varieties. are are a ; good variegatum many with third of loam and Leaf some mould, a pieces of sandstone, suits. Propagation is by spores (seeFerns), except in the case of
parasol, and
a
Fir.
Pine
Ord.
"
"
"
of
some
growth
the
varieties of
well
worthy Scorzonera,
positae). "
Scotch Screw
tufty habit,
Scorzonera
Primrose, "
See
which
its varieties
Vulgare pot culture. Kitchen
See
Pine.
of
and
starts.
are
may
be
hardy,
divided but
many
hispanica (scorzone-ra. Ord.
when are
Com-
Garden.
Primula
scotica.
Pandanus.
Scrub Sea
Oak, Quercus Catesbaei. Buckthorn, Hippophae rhamnoides.
Seaforthia
after (seafor-thia,
Lord
Seaforth.
Ord.
Palmae). "
ot Gardening Encyclopaedia
284
Cunning-
palms. S. elegans (syn. Archontophoenix hamii) is a gracefulspecies. For culture, see Palms. Sea Holly, Eryngium maritimum. Garden. Seakale (Crambe maritima). See Kitchen Handsome
"
Sea
Lavender,
Seaweed.
with advantage fresh. be used while
sharpened, are
and
and
manure,
as
and
Sedum, Stonecrop (se-dum,
"
will
they
should
It
kept
A
in many
large genus dry places
in
thrive
oiled
well cases.
to their
sedere, to sit,in allusion
from
Crassulaceae).
habit of growth. Ord. plants,useful because
if
used
be
may
Turnips.
hand-pruning shears, which, preferableto a pruning knife
Small
"
good
Asparagus, Potatoes,
for
Secateur.
is
substance
This
"
Limonium.
Statice
of succulent in
and
poor
dry rockeries and on walls; they like may tion), is limestone. by seeds, cuttings (dried before inserPropagation of best: the few The Acre, division. and following are a several as varieties, such 2 or 3 ins. high, has yellow, summer, ins. 6 about white, and Album, summer, aureum; grows elegans pale pink or blue, summer, 4 to 6 ins.; Lydium, high; Caeruleum, about about white, summer, 3 ins. high; Sieboldi, pink, summer, be
soil; they
a
put
on
foot; Spectabile,pink, late and
18
ins.
Others
of Selago, which el-la, a diminutive Selaginella (selagin beneficial and sel (Celtic), literally, good sight, jack,
from
are
Turkestanicum,
glaucum, kamschaticum,
its varieties, Rhodiola.
and
acre
virens
about
summer,
comes
for
"
the
of elegant plants, large genus in but of trailinghabit. are summer, They love moisture The be should not not overhead, so that practised. syringing in pans or creeping sorts should be grown in pans, the upright ones deal of in equal parts, with leaf mould and a good pots. Loam sand, suit. Propagation is by cuttings of the main stems in spring and or summer, by layering. The followingare a few of the best: Braunii, erect, i ft. to 18 ins.; Galeottei, i ft.,good for a hanging Kraussiana have close case; a basket; grandis,branching, should and denticulata (syns. Lycopodium denticulatum) creeping; Martensii,branching; and uncinata, trailing. Selenipedium. A section of Cypripedium, only recognised by
Selagineae).
Ord.
eyes. which
"
of
A
some
,
"
botanists. Self.
A
"
flower
with
only
colour.
one
See
Houseleek (sempervi-vum, Crassulaceae). A large genus
Sempervivum,
living.
Ord.
will thrive
walls, roofs,
on
is
by
in
seeds
the
principalkinds:
the
Cobweb
are
their I
summer,
9 ins.
foliageand
ft.,is
and
the
common
used
in poor,
dry
spring,or
dry
Arenarium,
yellow, summer, and
carpet bedding.
Houseleek;
there
gation Propa-
are
t.
Tectorum,
are
of
few
68);
6 ins.
variegatum several
a
4 ins.
summer,
will
kinds
hardy
Magazine,
ever-
which,
They like lime. followingare
red, early
Botanical
Tabulaeformae in
The
sempervivo, succulents
The
offsets.
(see the
of
soil.
rockeries.
arachnoideum,
Houseleek varieties.
many
red,
from
"
like the Sedums, grow
Carnations, etc..
high, there
Glaucum, grown
red,
varieties.
summer,
for
285
of Gardening Encyclopaedia from an senex, (sene-cio, Ord. Compositae). receptacle.
Senecio, Groundsel the
to
bare
"
botanists
modern
which
have
A
with
large genus,
Cineraria, although they
united
now
in allusion
old man,
are
in habit
variable
speciesare very yellow hardy perennial,i ft. high. of which Elegans (syn. Jacobaea elegans) is a half-hardy annual the available. colours several are Cape Ivy, is a Macroglossus, flowers in summer climber, with pale yellow greenhouse evergreen (seethe Botanical Magazine, t. 6149). Pulcher is a hardy perennial, ft. high, with i (Bot. Mag., t. 5959)purple flowers in autumn Macrophyllus is a hardy perennial with yellow flowers and large leaves, best in a sheltered place. They are not particularas to soil. seed in spring, the perennials from raised from The annuals are The
supported by gardeners.
not
is
Doronicum
duration.
and
by division. Fern, Onoclea Sensitive Plant, Mimosa
seed
a
and
sensibilis.
Sensitive
pudica. Ord. Coniferae) name. a native Sequoia,Wellingtonia(sequoi-a, tell botanists the is ficent us, of the magniSequoia gigantea proper name, Californian tree known as Wellingtonia gigantea,which has It attained i oo a height of over yards and a girthof i o in America. "
.
does
not
but in
attain
good loamy soil,and
several
are
and
of it, such drooping. The
varieties
pendula,
becomes
uncrowded,
Britain,
in Great
extraordinary dimensions
to these
a
There
fine tree.
yellow; sempervirens, the
argentea, silvery; aurea,
as
species is
other
are pyramidal habit; there The several varieties of this also. speciesare propagated by seed,, the varieties by cuttingsor grafting. Sericographis. See Jacobinia.
Californian
which
Redwood,
is
of
"
Service
Berry, Amelanchier. Tree, Pyrus Sorbus.
Service
Tree, Wild, Pyrus torminalis. set fruits, such as Setting. To
Service
"
"
"
from
to female
male
Shaddock,
Citrus
Shading.
See
"
transfer
to
pollen"
decumana.
Greenhouse.
Shallon, Gaultheria Shallot
Melons, is
flowers.
Shallon. ascalonicum.
(Allium
Ord.
Kitchen
Liliaceae). See "
Garden. Shamrock.
"
Clover, Trifolium for them
but
Shanking. Shears. for for
"
"
A
less See
both
repens,
being
as
also used,
yellow Suckling,Trifolium
The
the
true
have
Irish
minus, and
supporters Shamrock.
in the
Oxalis
the
white
claims
made
Acetosella
is
commonly. Grapes.
Fruit
pair of
clippinghedges, trimming grass
"
short-handled and
a
verges.
shears of
pair They
should
be
kept
long-handled,with should
be
in
short
gardens blades,
kept sharpened
and
oiled.
Shepherd's Purse. Capsella Bursa-pastoris,a troublesome be kept under must subjectionin gardens. "
which
weed,,
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
286
is
Shifting. Repotting "
Shield
Fern.
spoken
"
of
"
shifting
as
by
Potting. See Aspidium.
See
gardeners.
often
"
ShirleyPoppy.
See
"
Papaver.
after (short-ia,
Ord.
Short.
Diapensiaceae). A small pretty hardy perennials,growing but a few inches high, genus and blooming in spring. They are good for shady parts of the sets, they thrive in sandy peat. Propagation is by offrockery, where removed which in from be Galacistrong spring. plants may iolia has white and uniflora pale pink flowers. Shortia
Dr.
"
of
See Flower Shrubbery, Shrubs. Siberian Crab, Pyrus baccata. after Sibthorpia (sibthorp-ia,
Garden.
"
small
A
neae). "
Cornish
the
in
flowers
comprising
genus,
which
Moneywort, summer.
Side-saddle
Sibthorp. one
grows
Ord.
Scrophulari-
pretty plant
6 to
8 ins.
in
europaea,
high, and
has
pink
Still
is prettier is the form variegata, which looks and well in a hanging a greenhouse or room, and leaf soil in equal parts,with sand, suit. gation Propa-
in grown basket. Loam is by cuttingsin
best
Dr.
Flower.
a
See
"
in
frame
springor
summer.
Sarracenia.
from Silene,Catchfly (sile-ne,
sialon, saliva, from the glutinous Ord. Caryophylleae) Pretty annual, biennial, or perennial
secretion.
"
.
herbaceous for
-or
plants,the majority hardy The
beds.
most
its
is the
popular which
and
hardy
good
for the
annual
rockery
pendula
and
variety compacta, pink flowers, and do well when in August for springblooming. Acaulis, pink, early summer, Pink Moss or 3 ins. high, the Cushion Campion, is good, and has several varieties. Maritima flore pleno, double white, is a good trailer. 6 ins., is also a good Schafta, deep red, summer, hardy xock plant. Ordinary soil. Propagation is by seed, or by division have
sown
in the
of the
perennials. Vine, Periplocagraeca.
case
Silk
from silphion,a Greek Silphium,Compass Plant (sil-phium, name. Compositae). Hardy perennials of little importance, but has yellow flowers in laciniatum, which 5 to 6 ft. high, and grows is interesting its supposed peculiarityof turning its from summer, leaves north and south. Ordinary soil suits. Propagation is by Ord.
seed
"
or
division.
Silver
Fir, Abies
Silver Leaf.
pectinata.
See Plum
"
Mustard Sinapis, See
Kitchen
from (sina-pis,
Ord. or
a
Flower
snout, in reference
Fruit.
nap (Celtic).Ord.
"
from (sisyrin-chium, sys, a pig, and their being uprooted by wild pigs.
to
"
in
pots
in
a
cool
greenhouse.
flowers in spring,and about grows important (seethe Botanical Magazine, white variety. Loam, with sand and third a is -Propagation by seeds in springor offsets. most
Cruciferae).
Irideae). Pretty hardy perennials, suitable
for culture
has
under
Garden.
Sisyrinchium,Satin vyncos,
enemies
for the rockery, Grandiflorum, which
purple
of
foot
high, is the 3509). There is a
a
t.
leaf mould,
sir'ts.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Skimmia
Hardy
"
^skim-mia,
Ord. Rutaceae). Japanese Skimmi. the principalspeciesis japonica 4719); it produces white flowers in
the
from
shrubs, of which
evergreen Botanical
Magazine, t. spring,followed by berries if both the male planted, and grows 3 to 4 ft. high; there are the fragrant gratissima. Fortunei, (seethe
and
Laureola,
Peat
loam
suit.
by cuttings in
Slipperwort. Sloe, Prunus
a
that
of
abundant
more
But
satisfied
yet
themselves
of Nature.
economy
have
classed
the
slug
of the
useful
Knowing
it
it
takes
as
an
a
as
enemy deal
good
form
one
lime-water
"
gardener
takes
"
is much
who
them
at
harassed
a
tage, disadvan-
by slugs would
of fresh lime
a practiceof putting a lump as big as a cocoa-nut pail of water, strainingoff the liquida few hours afterwards, watering with it at night, 2 or 3 evenings in succession,
make a
and he
grown.
ripe,and
in habits, clever at findinghiding-places its tracks, it often ends triumphant. Slugs are up on damp than on dry sites. They love moisture.
if any
and
also
when
Nocturnal
in
moisture
in
slug
not in the
on plants they young rigorously repressed. But
be
must
greenish-white are
hand-light.
a
feeder
subduing. covering
and
have
the
part played by voracious
under
are
spinosa.
Gardeners
"
with
forms
cluding varieties, in-
several
Calceolaria.
See
"
Slugs.
house
warm
a
female
and
yellow, Citron-scented, Propagation is by seeds, sown
flowers; and
287
would
take
reduce
soon
them;
and
the
powder, trapping slugs is the near plants
put
in
the
slugs
as
greenhouses of
the
should often
under
A
of fresh
examine
brewers'
of
grains
after
them
lime,
method
good
dark.
over-
cally, periodi-
If
found
the
plants in
nibbled,
a
neighbourhood Slugs
examined.
drainage hole hiding-place.
a
night.
little fresh
______"__
plants.
and
lifted
choose
a
heaps and
rockeries
are
in
pots
be
as
frames
or
look
slack
selves apt to establish themshady crevices, and
are
in cool, moist, choice raids on
make
at
small
evening,
alpinesshould hanging plants on their
few
down
of
Growers
could
it about
dust
to
he
or
the
of
pot flower-
a
How
smile, a scraper, (smi-lax,from the to Ord. in allusion prickly stems. of The Smilax" Liliaceae). gardens is (seeAsparagus), the Asparagus medeoloides
i.
Box.
3,4.
"
TRAIN
TO
Smilax
2.
Bamboo
SMILAX.
Strings. rods.
"
are
up
climbing
strings,and Smoke Snails.
is
"
See
planted
Clematis
Wood,
out
in
a
Smilax
Smilax
common
border
or
is
grown
genus
Millipede.
Snake
Plant, Rhus
"
Head,
See
in boxes.
Vitalba.
Millipede.
Cotinus.
Fritillaria
Meleagrisand
of botanists
generallytrained
Slugs.
Snake
Snake's
The
shrubs.
Iris tuberosa.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
288 Snapdragon.
See Antirrhinum.
"
Ptarmica.
Sneezewort, Achillea
opulus sterile.
Tree, Viburnum
Snowball
Snowdrop.
Bulbs
See
"
Snowdrop Tree, Halesia Snowdrop Windflower, Snowflake.
tetraptera. Anemone sylvestris.
See Bulbs
"
and
Glory (Chionodoxa)
Snow
Galanthus.
and
Leucojum. See Bulbs.
"
.
Snow-in-summer.
See Cerastium.
"
Snow-on-the-mountain.
Arabis.
See
"
Soapwort. See Saponaria. Ord. Sobralia (sobra-lia,after Sefior Sobral. Orchidaceae). of tall growth, easy to manage Orchids in a hothouse. Terrestrial but and fibrous no pseudo-bulbs. Loam They have thick roots, and suitable compost. sand, form a peat in equal parts, with charcoal division is when starts. by They will growth Propagation "
"
all the year
requirewater Macrantha, is the
best
Schroder's several
but
round,
in
more
than
summer
in winter.
purple,white, and yellow, 4 to 6 ft.,floweringin species;there are several varieties of it,of which There variety,and splendens may be named.
summer,
albida, also
are
hybrids. The
Soil.
soil
gardens is the detritus of rocks It particlesof decayed vegetation,such as leaves. mingled varies districts being heavy and tenacious, in greatly, in some others have We stiff,dark soils which we call clay, lightand loose. tenacious soil called under the marl, sand and stones mixed yellow of fibrous soil called loam, and name gravel,reddish or brownish "
deal with
we
in
our
with
white, soft
rock
called
It would
chalk.
hardly be within our scope tegrated' length geographical changes which have disinrocks is to and accumulated business gritty particles;our deal with soil as we find it. The of the soil,' management proper both with in respect to tillageand manuring, is vital to success to
describe
gardening. first above
the
at
It is
important
to
secure step sea-level, and
which
from
that
with
clouds
and
and
the
soil, and In
aeration.
natural
a
fall for
the
gardens
the
water
soil,there is natural drainage,especiallyif the soil be loam, gravel,chalk, or sand. If, however, the ground is so situated that there is no outlet, and is it is advisable This is effected to drain it artificially. stiff, by laying comes
2-in. earthenware
closer The
or
wider
pipes should
selected
spot.
moisture
cannot
further by is effected .
which
converge Aeration lie
is treated
the
the
same
as
the
on
a
into the
3 ft. deep and soil is very or main
drain
is facilitated the
near
crumbling
any
trenches
according
by removing
at incorporating
ashes, and
pipes in
soaks
of
heat
the
drainage
ground
on
the
raise
to
is
end
surface
by
5 to
ft.
apart, moderately heavy. 1
with
outlet
an
drainage,
of drained
20
soil.
as
at
some
stagnant
It is carried
ground to the level of the drains, and this top spit and breaking up the under spit,
the
time
mortar
rubbish,
vegetable refuse available. in this way
soon
becomes
road
scrapings,coal
Heavy, cold, damp warmer,
drier, and
soil more
of Gardening Encyclopaedia fertile.
Such
in its natural
ground
principalfruits, and
the
ameliorated of amount
the
crops
is unsuitable
state
vegetables
for
in
late;
are
its
fruit and
good (given a reasonable grow shelter) early vegetables. Trees, shrubs, Roses, and
flowering plantsgenerallythrive and
bacteria
which
in
of
it will
state
drained than
untilled
289
The
aerated.
the
better
the
into
convert
manure
untilled
soil.
in
is that
reason
plant food
Those
who
heavy
soil when
it is the nitrifying live in the tilled
of
more can
are
culture establishinggardens for market to the attention careful selection give of ground. is particularlynecessary This should
fruit is to be
where
lands the
where
sea,
stiff
lightsoil
very culture
a
gardens particular.
For
table vege-
aspect
favour
for
making
fruit
50 miles of Neither very
warm
they good prices.
means
best
is ideal.
and
shelter
because
important, which
within
soil is loam.
the
nor
The
planted.
generallyfound
are
are
earliness,
Those
who
pleasure need
are
be
not
so
Solanum, Nightshade (sola-num, from solor, comfort, in allusion
to
of
"
.
give the crossingwith to
"
for "
Winter
red
in moist
it will thrive
it includes
as
latter is the
places,but
includes
genus Solanum their ornamental
Potato,
the
several
thrcugh If the
syringethem,
winter.
former, old
the
latter,rest
the
in
carries
or
a
be raised
may
frame
a
in
case
as
swamp a food ing growis the
point
crop of bright seed from or
greenhouse
in
them
back,
of the
shoots
which
some
"
worth
plantsin spring,prune
take
then
sow
This
value
no
plants well
One
appearance.
so-called
is of
Cherry," S. Capsicastrum, which
berries
cuttings. the
The
success.
The
crop.
and
Garden). Hybridistshave endeavoured Potato byimproved disease-resisting garden powers other species,such as S. Maglia and S. Commersoni, without
hitherto
Potato;
SOLANUM
(seeKitchen
S. tuberosum
but
BERRY
A
Making fresh growth afler being cut back.
ences. influ-
Solaiiaceae) A largegenus, outstanding importance, inasmuch Ord.
one
narcotic
the
to
spring; if water
and
push and young in sandy soil under a bell-glass. be put outdoors in the plants may
insert them The
and
summer
potted
mid-September, using with
little
a
There
is
Other
hardy How
TO
PRUNE
BACK
A
Cut
at
with
the bars
there the
Egg
species
Plant with
(see in
with
5 -in. about compost of loam
a
and
manure
sand. leaves.
variegated are crispum, a
Solanums
wall
shrub with blue evergreen followed by yellowish jasminoides,a greenhouse climber blue and in white flowers summer, is a variegated variety; Melongena, in
summer,
Kitchen
handsome
garden
sort
a
ornamental
flowers
BKR^ES^
decayed
into
up
summer
Garden) ; robustum, a greenhouse tropical foliage,suitable for planting in a sub;
and
Wendlandii,
a
warm-house
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
290
See the Botanical climbing shrub, with lilac flowers in summer. t. Magazine, 6914. of solidus, a piece of money, Soldanella a diminutive (soldanel-la, Ord. form leaves. of the the to Primulaceae) Pretty referring the worth on rockery. The leaves are heartgrowing alpines,well Botanical shaped. The most popular speciesare alpina(syn.Clusii about both of which 3 ins. high grow Magazine, t. 2163) and pusilla, is in flowers blue have and April. Pyrolaefolia a variety drooping is the two. a hybrid between of the former They species; hybrida should be top-dressedwith and peat, and like a compost of loam and leaf mould Propagation is by seeds in a grit every autumn. after in spring,and by division frame flowering. They should have a cool, moist place in the rock garden. It is well to put a square of to throw off the winter rains. over alpinain autumn glass "
.
"
Solidago, Golden to the healing Solomon's
Seal.
A
useful
Soot.
"
soil
be
dusted
or
over
may
hung
in
rain
The
Tree
bears
a
and
drooping
The
loam.
Arabic
which
is
the
or
it
and
Leguminosae) japonica,the Pagoda Ord.
hardy,
grows Pendula
summer.
chimney, sacking
is formed.
is
genus
not or
piece of
sophero.
of this
it should
but
good, from
in
the
in
flowers
fresh
a bag put good liquidmanure
popular and Japan,
white
Bulbs.
it does
when
is
member
most
of China
and
a
plants
Sophora (soph-ora,from "
and
If crops, yieldingammonia. well blacken sufficient to quantity
threatens
If soot
of water,
tub
a
in
lawn
or
young
injurethem.
Rod.
fertiliser for most
when
grass
Polygonatum
sion allu-
in
"
See
"
applied to garden the
from solidare, to unite, (solida-go, Ord. Compositae). See Golden virtues. Rod
to
20
and
variegated varieties respectively. It species are raised from seed, and the
30
ft.
.
high,
variegata are likes
friable
a
varieties
are
to it.
graftedon
Orchidfrom Ord. Sophronitis (sophroni-tis, sophrona, modest. aceae). A small genus of Orchids, the most important of which is which in winter; there scarlet flowers produces bright grandiflora, "
several
are
It may in a shallow be grown pan, few piecesof charcoal, over crocks;
it.
of
Sphagnum with a Propagation is by
peat
and
on
a
block.
be
needed
off.
varieties
in winter
The
genera
division.
than
in summer, Sophronitis and
the
Although
less water not
plants must
Cattleya
have
been
be
in or
will dried
crossed,
giving the bigenericSophro-cattleyas. Sophronitis has also been with crossed Laelia, giving the bigenericSophro-Laelia. Further, Sophronitis grandiflorahas been crossed with a Laelio-cattleya, giving trigenerichybrids, or Sophro-Laelio-cattleyas.For particulars, Sorbus. Sorrel.
"
"
Sowbread.
Spade. "
alwaj'sbe
modern
a
see
See See "
book
on
Orchids.
"
Pyrus. Kitchen See
These
Garden
"
Herbs.
Cyclamen. tools
of steel,and
are
made
mounted
in
various
on
strong
sizes, but Ash
D
they
handles.
should No.
3
of Gardening Encyclopaedia is
a
useful
and
medium
cleaned
291
They should be kept scraped when being put away.
size.
in use,
oiled before
and
Spanish Bluebell,Scilla hispanica. Spanish Iris.
See Iris.
"
from Sparaxis (sparax-is, Ord.
spathes.
Irideae). "
sparasso,
to tear, in reference
to the
cut
Bulbs.
See
Ord. Sparmannia africana (sparmann-ia, after A. Sparmann. 6 handsome A from to ft. 20 greenhouse shrub, growing Tilieae). in high, with white flowers showing a prominent brush of stamens spring (seethe Botanical Magazine, t. 516). It thrives in loam with fourth sand. of peat and some a Propagation is by cuttings in in It is very easilygrown. house. under a bell-glass a warm spring "
Spawn.
Kitchen
See
"
Garden
Mushrooms.
"
from Specularia,Venus' s Looking-glass (specula-ria, Speculum The much Ord. Campanulaceae) is only speciesgrown annual about foot and a a growing Speculum, purple hardy high Botanical floweringin summer (syn.Campanula Speculum zine, Magat. 102). See Annuals. Veneris.
"
.
"
Speedwell.
Veronica.
See
"
A much used moss by Orchid Sphagnum. principally growers, of absorbing water; in it grows owing to its sponge-likepower from florists It be and seedsmen. places. bought swampy may "
Spider Orchis.
"
Spiderwort.
See
See
"
Ophrys.
Tradescantia.
Spigelia,Worm
Grass after A. Spigelius. Ord. Logani(spige-lia, fairlylarge genus, only one speciesof which, marilanThis is a dica, is much hardy perennialwith reddish-yellow grown. in about flowers It is a good rockery a foot high. summer, growing plant, thriving in peat and loam, with sand, and propagated by seed or cuttings. See the Botanical Magazine, t. 80.
aceae). "
A
Spinach, Spinacia oleracea allusion
to the
Spindle Tree.
seed. "
See
Spiraea, Meadow
from (spina-cia, Chenopodiaceae). "
spina, See
prickle,in
a
Kitchen
Garden.
Euonymus. (spirae-a,from
Sweet in
speira, wreathed,
in
useful use garlands. Ord. Rosaceae). beries. giving material for greenhouses as well as for shrubthe of Astilbe under name japonica is generally grown sold in the form dormant is of and roots bulb by Spiraea japonica, dealers in autumn (seeBulbs). The Spiraea japonica of botanists is a different plant; it is a hardy evergreen, with rose flowers, and with is synonymous the Spiraea callosa of Thunberg; Anthony and Bumalda varieties of it (seethe Botanical Waterer are Magazine, t. 5164). Of the hardy deciduous species for the shrubbery, Aitchisoni, arguta, Aruncus, Douglasi, Filipendulaflore pleno,Lindleyana, palmata, and Thunbergi are particularlygood. They thrive in nost deep, fertile, fairlymoist soils,and give long wreaths of bloom reference genus
to
its former
Ord.
of shrubs
"
A
Encyclopediaof Gardening
292 the
in
The
summer.
in their
after
wood
old
in
consist
should
young
cuttings suckers
young thrown up
are
See
Spleenwort. "
:Spore. See
A
Spot. "
See
Sprekelia.
See
"
and
the
is
as
Norway
in Canada, it is short-lived tree
plantationswhere is also
belonging
or
ornamental
an
North
a
demand
plant.
a
other
plants.
Bulbs.
alba,
Spruce,
in Great
P.
the
nigra,
first
is
a
gener-
much
planted
The is soft
wood
White
P.
it is sometimes
wanted.
are
As
"
America
is not
and
"
The
sa.
North
and
although
Conifers tree.
excel
Britain,
nowadays,
cheap
"
the
The
Fir.
Spruce
Picea. The genus Black Spruce
the
to
Newfoundland,
American
of
abbreviation
an
foresters is Picea
tree
.ally;but
and
Apples, Carnations, Carnations, etc.
Amaryllis under
common
valuable
of
Fruit.
"
of the
of
recognisedcharacter
the
of
Garden,
name Spruce. The Spruces are Conifers
Spruce
from
fungoid disease
Spraying.
"
by
number
a
the roots.
break
.See Fruit, Kitchen "
is
shrubs
if
in
back
Asplenium.
natural
A
"
from
frame,
a
division
or
on
Ferns.
"
Sport.
in
to
well
cut
same
wood
removing
bloom
and
of the
the
on
unshortened
Douglasi following year. Japonica and These be thinned year's wood. may of the like Roses. Propagation non-climbing spring, bloom
the
somewhat
bloom
Thunbergi
flowering, leaving the
the
are
Astilboides, although in bulb soil; flori-
Spiraeasdiffer
and
flowering. Arguta wood, and the pruning
manner
there
;
thrives
The
of it.
forms
of
previous season's the
it.
pot plant,and
a
are
of
forms
double as
Lemoinei
and
bunda
used
much
Hiardy, is
is Ulmaria
Sweet
Meadow
common
variegated-leavedand
used
Black
in
Spruce
it is much
in
an making paper important industry of pulp, now from Newfoundland. this tree, and is an exudation Spruce gum is of the Black beer branches the obtained Spruce by boiling young
"
for
Red
and
mixed tree
Spruces.
other
ingredients,
with The
Spruce of
common
European tree, hundreds
of
-durable, hence "
with
is boiled
essence
It is a good molasses, allowed to ferment, and bottled. for moist, alluvial soils in Great Britain, but useless for dry
ones.
are
The
much
in
Germany.
arid
years. it is
has
See
been
The
wood
grown is
important
an
demand
British
for Christmas
foresters in
light trees.
Spurge, Caper, Euphorbia Lathyris. Spurge Flax, Daphne Mezereum. Spurge Laurel, Daphne Laureola.
Spurgewort, Euphorbia. Spurring. "
Squash. "
See
-Squill.See "
See
Pruning. Gourd.
Scilla and
Bulbs.
Great
timber
also Picea.
is P. excelsa.
and tree.
Britain
for
It is
a
several
easily worked, but Young specimens
It is
largelygrown
in
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
293
scilloides.
Squi Striped,Puschkinia Squill,
stachys, a spike, in reference Labiateae). A large genus, a few
the
to
Stachys (stach-ys,from
florescence. in-
species of and as one a vegetable. plants, grown with is Betonica a Grandiflora hardy perennial grandiflora) (syn. Lanata about foot in flowers a violet high. (Lamb's spring,growing Ear) has white, woolly foliage. Tuberifera is the Crosnes or Chinese sion Artichoke Garden). Propagation is by seed and divi(seeKitchen in spring. Ordinary soil suits. Ord.
which
"
ornamental
as
are
"
Standards.
with
standards; Fruit, Thorn, Laburnum,
in
culture
with
suspended
peat, Sphagnum, and charcoal. while like a good deal of water with t.
yellow
and
2948, 2949);
tt.
4197),are
and
Earl
ft.
6
to
high
are
called
half-standards.
are
best;
Ord.
Stanhope. in
flowers
pendulous
See
Orchidaable suit-
racemes,
compost of fibrous is division. by They Propagation in less winter. Insignis, growing,
there
in
baskets
teak
purple fragrant tigrina,orange
of the
two
5
etc.
etc.
Orchids
Hothouse
"
3
stems
4-ft. stems
to
(stanho-pea, after
Stanhopea for
clean
with
Trees
"
those
ceae).
Dahlia,
See Fruit, Carnation,
Staking.
are
a
flowers and
(Botanical Magazine, purple,sweet (Bot. Mag.,.
several
varieties
of the
latter.
after Flower J. B. Stapel. Ord. (stape-lia, Stapelia,Carrion foetid flowers, Hothouse with livid, large, plants Asclepiadeae). sand with in loam deal of and a pounded brick. good thriving in Cactuses They resemble Propagation .is by cuttings in sand. and drought. Gigantea, purple and yellow; and their love of sun as purple,grey branches, are as much grown grandiflora, any. "
from Staphylea (staphyle-a, most
popular
staphyle,a bunch, "
of which,
colchica, has
in allusion
deciduous
Sapindaceae). Hardy
Ord.
inflorescence.
flowers
white
the
shrubs,
the
summer
when
pots and forced into grown grown It fibrous with likes bloom. loam, a quarter of decayed early is in spring,cuttings sand. seed and some manure by Propagation and in summer, layers in autumn. in the
shrubbery, but is often
in
to
Star of Bethlehem. Starwort.
"
See
"
See
Ornithogalum
in
and
Bulbs.
Aster.
from statizo,to stop, in reference (sta-tice, Statice,Sea Lavender Ord. the Plumbagineae). Graceful plants,some astringency. for and of which for tion. esteemed some are greenhouse garden cultivais a Gmelini hardy perennial,with dark blue flowers in is also fairlyhardy, and about 18 ins. high. Incana nana summer, has pink flowers, height 9 ins. Latifolia,hardy, blue, early summer, in the greenhouse, and has is grown i ft.,is very popular. Profusa in summer, ft. blue flowers i ft., Sinuata, purple,summer, height 2 is not quite hardy (see Botanical Magazine, t. 71). Suworowi, lilacLimonium is the Sea 18 ins., is a hardy annual. pink, summer, to
Lavender, duelli has
"
and
has
yellow
height 18 ins. purplishflowers in summer, in early summer, height i ft. They
flowers
Bonlike
a
2
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
94
seeds, the
annuals are propagated by loamy soil. The the and division. by perennials cuttings, by
friable shrubs
Erigeron. Stenactis speciosa is plant. Erigeron speciosum, a good hardy herbaceous Stenactis.
from Stephanos, a Stephanotis (stephano-tis, to the ear-like protuberances on "ear, in reference A
Asclepiadeae) "
small
.
the
climber
hothouse
as
same
and
crown,
important only
genus,
white, fragrant
.beautiful
the
See
"
otos,
containing the
as
is
floribunda, which
as
cut
a
so
The
(seethe Botanical Magazine, t. 4058). Elvaston variety is perhaps superior to the common type. Stephanotis is not difficult to grow, and is best planted out in a popular
an
Ord.
stamens.
flower
The bed
and turfy loam, with sand, and a third each of decayed manure site The should be from which moisture one can superfluous peat. drain It loves the in and both at root water, overhead, freely. and summer, vigorous syringingwill go a long way towards keeping flowers after gathering any mealy bug under; it should be done of
that in
be
may
winter,
the
plant in
"wood
for wreaths,
wanted
when
temperature
a
winter
be
thin
and
shortened.
Less
etc.
of
55"
to
weak
out
65"
and
A
will
water will
suffice.
crowded
needed
be
Go
over
growths;
old
in vaporising in bottom heat, occasionally. Propagation is by cuttings "choosingpieces of side shoot, and insertingin pots plunged in bottom heat and kept close. the
may
should
cone
burned
be
house
Stereum
(SilverLeaf). "
See
Fruit
after Sternbergia(sternber-gia, See Bulbs. lideae).
Plum.
"
Count
Sternberg.
Ord.
Amaryl-
"
Grass from Stipa,Feather (stl-pa, stipe,feathery. neae). Hardy perennial Grasses, the most popular the
pennata, flowers
Feather
Grass, which
about grows is good. They
in
summer. Elegantissima ordinary soil,and are easilyraised from late spring, or in a greenhouse or warm hardened before being planted out.
Stock,Virginian. "
Stocks, among
the
Brompton see
See Malcomia
Brompton, most
of
of
Stock, Matthiola The
garden
which
ft.
high
in
is and
will thrive
in
of doors
in
winter,
to
be
Annuals.
and
etc.
"
These
are
The greenhouse flowers. hardy biennial ; for culture,
incana, is a Stocks, M. culture, see Annuals; Ten-week
2
out
sown
frame
Intermediate, Ten-week,
popular
Biennials.
and
seed
Grami-
Ord.
"
incana
annua,
are
half-
hardy annuals; for these be subdivided may into hoary-leaved (ordinary type) and smooth (Wallflowergreen and East leaved). The Intermediate Lothian Stocks are splendid for pots, and if sown in summer, pricked off, potted, and repotted into 5 or 6-in.,will bloom well in spring in the greenhouse. Crimson, scarlet,purple,and white are procurable in separate colours. They to 1 8 ins. high. The 12 grow Emperor Stock may be grown in the same in spring for autumn They may be sown way. bloom. Stocks,Fruit.
"
See
Fruit.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Stoki Stokesia
295
Ord. Compositae). (stoke-sia,after Dr. Stokes. handsome hardy perennial,with blue flowers in summer, ing growabout ins. high (see the Botanical 1 8 Magazine, t. 4966). It likes a friable loamy soil,and is propagated by division in spring. It is suitable for the border or rockery.
"
cvanea
A
Stoking.
See Greenhouse
"
Stonecrop.
See
"
Stone
Sedum.
Pinea.
Pine, Pinus
Stork's-bill.
See
"
Stove.
Pelargonium.
See Greenhouse.
"
Stoves,Heating. "
Stratiotes Ord.
Heating.
"
See Greenhouse
aloides,Water
Hydrocharideae)
.
Strawberry.
from (stratio-tes,
Soldier See
"
Heating.
"
Flower
Garden
"
stratos,an
army.
Aquatics.
See Fruit.
"
Strawberry Tree, Arbutus. Bird Strelitzia,
of Paradise
Queen Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Handsome flowers
for
evergreens of remarkable
of Paradise
Flower, is
after Charlotte of (strelitz-ia, III. Ord. George Scitamineae)
Flower to
"
.
greenhouse
warm
a
form
and
the
best
It bears large orange grows 3 to 4 ft. high ; there are two is a largerspecieswith purple and
hybrid
raised
loam
and
is
seeds.
by
at
Kew
shattered
between
brick,
and
conservatory, with
Reginae, the Bird Magazine, and blue flowers in spring,and three varieties of it. Augusta or (seethe
known
120).
tt. 119,
or
brilliant colour.
white
Reginae are
best
Botanical
flowers. and
Kewensis
is
a
like
Augusta. They planted out. Propagation
from stveptos, twisted, and carpos,a Streptocarpus(streptocar-pus, Ord. herbaceous perennials for Gesneraceae). Beautiful the warm greenhouse, much improved in recent years by crossin size, and resemble fertilisation; the flowers approach Gloxinias in form; not The the leaves are much them speciesare rough. seeds of modern cultivators preferringto buy mixed hybrids grown, in a warm from a good firm. These should be sown greenhouse or in spring,pricked off,and potted as required till in 5 or 6-in. frame pots. They may also be propagated by leaf cuttings. Loam, with The plants will be at their sand and a quarter of leaf mould, suits. will best the second a They require good deal of water while year. active in growth. fruit.
"
from StreptosolenJamesoni (streptoso-len, streptos,twisted, and tube. Ord. Solanaceae). A free-growingevergreen shrub, a suitable with brilliant heads of orange flowers in spring and summer, wall of a warm for the back greenhouse or a conservatory pillar. and leaf soil in a compost of loam It thrives best when out planted under a bellin equal parts, with sand. is cuttings by Propagation the and A the root at over deal of foliage, water, both good glass. will be appreciated in summer. Jamesoni (seethe Syn. Browallia Botanical Magazine, t. 4605).
solen,
"
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
296
Onoclea.
Struthiopteris. See "
Styrax, small
Storax
genus
one
of its 8 to
and
sand.
leaf mould should
Benzoin
A The
FOR
A
each
at
A
end;
fences; an end section rockery, and shrubs.
tings. Officinale, which should
be
grown
in
a
pretty
Styraceae). A japonica,is hardy and in flowers and pink buds Ord.
"
white
high in good, loamy soil,lightened Propagation is by layers in autumn. and propagated by cuthouse a warm ft.
RECTANGULAR
design provides:
arches
10
in
be grown
DESIGN
name.
speciesof which,
popular on account spring. It may grow is
with
Arabic
(sty-rax,an
of shrubs,
warm
BACK
SUBURBAN
central two
grass flower
with
flower
plot;
a
side
GARDEN. path
with
the borders; creepers on bed, gravel, summer-house,
resin called storax, yields the balsamic greenhouse except in mild, sheltered
places. Suburban
Gardens.
suburban
"
There
has
been
an
enormous
development
in
is likelyto gardening in recent years, and the movement from pleasure and benefit accrue cultivatingplants, and the Small suburban practice is worthy of encouragement. gardens are generally rectangular, and there is a tendency for them
spread.
Both
of Gardening Encyclopaedia stiff and
:ome
the
from
one
opening, and
arched
small
angle,a
with
other
possibly
interestingif
made
seat
a
in
summer-house
centre.
fence.
for the
Both
heightened,and 4 ft. high, as the
of
sake
case
be,
may
another, and be turfed, and
the
Jasmine
(nudiflorum),and
planted
to
it.
fish
If cats
trellis
the
netting above
may
be
an
be
in
tree
a
is often
one
er wall-
low
a
this should
ornament
trellis-work,
2,
beor
3,
Ivy, Virginian Creeper,
top. other
light
on
parts,
of shrubs in a group sun-dial set in thea
a
ramblers fix
troublesome
are
two
plot may
under
is to set wooden on
into
small
gardens
privacy and
thought. little fore-
a
There
gate. transversely
Winter
cover
plot A
suburban
simple plan
a
the
by
rustic-work.
rustic
a
is set
The central area may The division between
third.
corrected
be
can
generally helpfulto divide
It is
separating
this
formal;
297
rods
stripof
a
that
be
then
may afford
tanned
pussy
no-
support. Flowers. and
of none
factories
Carnations
Roses
large towns
to
they
near
almost
are
rarely thrive, to fail.
sure
well.
do
hand,
and
On
the
Sweet
Peas
not
for
bulky
too
is specialised
with
and to
close
gardens
are
Chrysanthemums The members quiteso good, but they are better than Roses. the Pansies and Primula Violas are family are not suitable. do fairlywell, but they are rather too satisfactory. Dahlias
other are
In
"
if there
November
selection
Geranium
A
flower
that
should
be
Daisy, for it is remarkably vigorous, from sorts will give bloom September thrive majority (seeAnnuals). The
of
inclusive.
Zonal
homely
gardens.
Michaelmas
the
wise
a
suburban
some
The
be made
may
use
of, but
to the
not
sion exclu-
of
all kinds of bulbs succeed hardy plants. Almost (seeBulbs). in where Wallflowers reliable districts not the air are Unfortunately is impure close to largetowns, but they can be grown a little farther out. Hardy ferns may be grown (seeFerns). Trees
and
shrubs. the
Three
"
of the
gardens are Poplar is very
cut off a year after planting the side shoots from top to bottom. named
the
the double
the
Almond,
Suburban
"
much Cordon Pears Morello an
east
a
deciduous the
quick
Of
Poplar. out
large quantity of
a
(Robinia),and
both
Cherry aspect. if there
For
troublesome
be
be
may
the
chosen.
"isa space
most
Plums
grown
as
a
room
for them.
of particulars
in suburban
A
on
suitable
the
rather
fan
on
bed
and
be
may
Laburnum;
The
best
of all
good,
and
there
a
to
a
or
fence.
Apples and vigorous. A
too wall
date accommo-
wall
form.
are
Currants, Gooseberries, is
trees
in winter.
cheerful
there
Lombardy tops are
if the
as
rarely large enough
are
sometimes
The
ornamental
more
is very
(see Fruit) are
trees
may
which
for suburban
trees
screen,
throw
trees
Acacia
gardens
fruit,but
planted planted.
False
and
crimson and white Thorns standards. as is the Aucuba, but the Euonymus is also
evergreens is a yellow-leaved form Fruit.
best
Plane, the Linden, useful for making
fence
or
with
be
Raspberries may
of Strawberries
all these, see Fruit. Birds in country gardens, and
than
be
may are
less
not
crops
must
be
protected from them. of space its influence kitchen has the on Vegetables. Want It would if it were department. desirable, rarely be possible,even "
to
grow
the
large winter
vegetables,
such
as
Brussels
Sprouts
and)
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
298
.Kale; in any case they are "odour is offensive,and they occupy they would "earlyPotatoes may
be
can
in
as
bought
utilised
be
can
omitted,
best
their
weather
damp
cheaply that the space advantage. A few
so
better
to
and likewise one or is room, if there grown, these, particularly of green Peas, as it is desirable to have two rows and French both Runner, Beans, the latter,perfectlyfresh. Kidney of sake for the where getting also worth "are space permits, growing is salading,as class worth Another fresh. 'them thinking about
of Lettuces, Radishes, Endive, and other salads depends Garden. For details,see Kitchen being quite fresh.
flavour
the
be
their
upon Succulents.
as Cacti, Aloes, fleshy foliage,such Agaves, Cotyledons,Crassulas, Sedums, Sempervivums, and Mesem-
For
.bryanthemums. Suckers.
See
"
"
^Sun Plant. JRose,
named. genera the from springing the
base
of
plants.
See Mildew.
Rhus.
See Drosera.
"
'Sunflower,
Sun
of shoots
good fungicide.
-Sulphur." A Sundew,
details,see
Branches
"
:Suinach.
with
Plants
"
"
See
Helianthus.
See
Portulaca. Helianthemum.
See
"
See
Superphosphate. "
Manure.
(swainso-na,after Mr. Isaac Swainson. Ord, Leguminosae) Evergreen greenhouse shrubs, the best known is perhaps galegaefolia, a of which variety of coronillifolia,with height 4 to 6 ft. (syn.Colutea galegaepurplish flowers in summer, tfolia Botanical Magazine, t. 792). They like loam with a third of peat, and sand. Propagation is by cuttingsin summer, Swamp Lily,Peruvian, Zephyranthes Candida, Swan-neck Orchid,Cycnoches, River Daisy,Brachycome iberidifolia. Swan Sweet Alyssum, Alyssum maritimum (syn.Koniga maritima). Sweet Amber, Kypericum Androsaemum. Swainsona
Swainsonia
or
"
.
"
Sweet
Basil.
Sweet
Bay,
See
"
Garden
Kitchen
Laurus
Herbs,
"
nobilis.
Sweetbrier,Rosa rubiginosa. Sweet sativa. Chestnut,Castanea Sweet Cicely,Myrrhis odorata.
"
Sweet
Lime,
Sweet
Marjoram.
Sweet
Pea.
collection
medica See
"
It is
"
a
of Sweet
flowers in the
adapted
Citrus
Kitchen
Garden
Herbs.
"
singularflower garden Peas
garden, so
for vases,
Limetta.
that
in
these
days. fragrantare they,
it would
be
a
does
which So so
mistake
admirably not
contain
not
beautiful
these
are are
to
they them,
grow instead of being difficult to manage At the least there should of giant be a mixed row .cheapand easy. " "" beautiful flowers varieties,which have larger and more Spencer than if possible there should the old type; and made be a row up even
if
of small
they were
expensive
quantitiesof
various
and
good
named
sorts,
or
a
set of
clumps
of Gardening Encyclopaedia border.
along
a
ring
yard
a
if
to bloom in
pots
them
desired, but
and plant April. The trenching (seeBastard mid-
Sticks
should
be
they got up early. may floweringin earnest, soakings of water and liquidmanure given in dry weather; this, with regularpicking of the flowers, insure
spread along any
for
blossom
kind
of soil when
give of
their best
The
following
Etta
Curtis
is
Peas
thorough,
thrive but
be will
manure
in almost do
they
not
soil.
dry
splendid varieties
Peas:
of Sweet
Unwin, white. Paradise, cream. C. W. Mrs. Breadmore,
"
Primrose
and
Hemus
Evelyn
Sweet
good.
decayed
of short
coat
cultivation
in shallow,
Nora
and
Dyke
will do
the
are
Clara
A
weeks.
many surface
the
put
started
and
sticks
the
have
When
raise
apart in a they are the plants
of winter,
about
prepared for them and Soil)in advance.
Garden,
them
to
end
roots
well
be
to
Kitchen
ball of soil and
good
a
where
preferto
good growers the glasstowards most
under
with
ground ought under
look
boxes
or
out
foot
by settingplants a charming. They can be sown made
Clumps
across
299
and
Picotee
cream
euge,
ground. Paradise
Ivory,ivory.
Marie
Corelli,magenta-rose. Elsie Herbert, Picotee edge, white
ground. Sykes, pale pink. Countess Constance and Oliver, deep pink. Spencer Mrs. and Mrs. Henry Bell, cream-pink. Hugh Dickson Earl Spencer and Stirling Stent, salmon. Zarina, salmon-pink. Princess
Mrs.
Victoria
A.
Ireland
and
Hardcastle
Mrs.
Arthur
and
bicolor.
Unwin,
Cherry Ripe and Chrissie Unwin, cerise. Eric Harvey, pink and white. Tennant mauve. Spencer and Helio-paradise, Asta
Ohn
Mrs.
W.
Flora
and
J. Unwin
blue Suffragette, Doris
Norton
and
Aurora
Spencer, blue. Spencer, red
flake.
flake.
Burt, cerise-scarlet.
Scarlet Helen
and
Monarch Lewis
scarlet.
George Stark,
Edna
and
Unwin, orange. an*d Maud Holmes, crimson. Nubian and Maroon Paradise, maroon. Mrs. Townsend, white, blue edge.
Sunproof
The
Crimson
descriptionsshow
Sweet Pea, but the will find who visit Sweet
the
Sweet
Scabious.
Sweet
Sultan.
Sweet
William.
Sycamore. to
"
"
"
a
number Pea
of colours we range of tints is not exhausted,
great
shows
or
largetrial
have as
in
those
grounds.
See Scabious. Centaurea
and
Annuals.
See Dianthus
and
Biennials.
See
"
what
See Acer.
Symphoricarpus, Snowberry (symphoricar-pus,from sumphoreo, bear free-growing Caprifoliaceae).Hardy, together. Ord.
shrubs,
"
the
most
populargf which
is racemosus;
it has
rose
flowers
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
300
eaten followed are by white fruits,which by game; early summer, Botanical ft. about 6 racemosa Magazine, (syn. Symphoria height is also grown. Occidentalis t. 2211). They are not fastidious as to soil. Propagation is by suckers or cuttings in autumn.
in
"
Syringa, See ceae) "
(syrin-ga,from
Lilac
Persian
the
syrinx.
Ord.
Olea-
Lilac.
.
"
the
when indeed
of
garden implement
A
Syringe.
occupants
in
value
much
vineries, Peach
of
weather,
hot
houses, and damping down,"
Orchid
houses,
"
generally,benefit greatly by This glass,walls, and paths, about 3 p.m. In humid all but not creates a atmosphere. refreshing many benefited the plants themselves are cases by syringing. In buying a syringe it is worth while to consider getting one with a spraying
plant houses
is, syringing the
that
as
well
as
plainnozzle;
a
it
then
can
be used
for
applying fungicides
insecticides.
and
Tabernaemontana
J.
Hothouse shrubs, Apocynaceae) its double variety flore pleno, are
Ord.
tanus.
coronaria
after
(tabernaemonta-na,
of
abundance
fragrant white
flowers
Tabernaemonof which, useful, owing
the
"
.
and
T.
best
very
they give in summer. is ft. high. Crispa a fringedvariety of coronaria. They grow 3 to 4 in equal parts, with Fibrous sand, make a good peat and loam in in is inserted heat by cuttings spring or Propagation compost. to the
under
autumn
be
bell-glass.The
a
pinched to
induce
young habit.
compact flowering,cutting out old
after
a
flowered
that
plants thus raised should The plants may be trimmed wood.
Tacsonia
Ord. PassiTacso. name (tacso-nia,from the Peruvian greenhouse climbers, closelyrelated to the Passifloreae) floras. trained, not too stiftlyand tightly, They look best when under Van Volxemi or a greenhouse conservatory roof. (syn. is the has it most flowers granclis) perhaps large crimson popular; in summer, and thrives in a cool house (seethe Botanical Magazine, also t. 5571). rather heat likes more crimson, Insignis, (syn. Passiflora insignis Bot. Mag., t. 6069); Manicata (syn. ignea),scarlet with sand and (Bot. Mag., t. 6129), is good. They thrive in loam fourth each of decayed manure leaf mould, and and be should a in out in to A bed should planted preference being kept deep pots. not be made, or the growth will be too luxuriant; in an y case ning thinBrilliant
"
.
"
will be needed
should
be
growths in
will then
spring,in
will tend should
a
and
now
back
cut
to
the
push. warm,
wood
in
which
shoots
winter,
have
fresh
and
Propagation is by cuttings of close
case
keep mealy bug and vaporised with a cone
to
be
The
then. old
under
or
a
flowered
flowering shoots
young
bell-glass. Syringing
red
spiderin check, but fortnightthrough every
the
house
the
ing grow-
season.
Tagetes, Marigold (tage-tes.
Marigold is T. erecta, and
150); see Marigold and pumila is popular; it grows small yellow flowers in summer t.
of doors
in
spring,and
Ord.
the French, T. Annuals. The about
a
foot
Compositae).
The
"
African
patula (BotanicalMagazine, variety of T. signata called
high,and
be grown ; it may will thrive in almost any
covers
from soil.
seed
itself with sown
out
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
301
Tamaris, the old (tam-arix, tam-arisk, from shrubs for seaValuable side name a Tamariscineae). Chinensis (syn. japonica plumosa branching, of dense habit. is and bears or hardy, pink flowers freely in simply plumosa) quite and Gallica summer. parvifloraof gardens) (syns.anglica,africana, has pale also and hardy; the former hispida (syn. kashgarica)are flowers. The variety of hispida pink and the latter carmine-rose is very fine if pruned hard called aestivalis, mauve, spring. every umbellatum and It makes with mixed Liliums a good bed tigrinum. like be The Tamarisks a propagated by sandy soil, and may Tamarisk
Tamarix,
Orel.
river.
of
cuttingsin
frame
warm
a
"
house.
or
Ord.
Tanacetum, is used
Tansy (tanace-tum. garnishing. See Herbs.
for
Compositae). "
The
Tansy
Tangier Pea, Lathyrus tingitanus. Tar.
Useful
"
Stockholm
tar
in as
coal
gardens,
dressingfor
a
tar
as
a
wounds
on
preservative of wood, in pruning trees made
excisingcanker.
or
Tarragon
(Artemisia dracunculoides). "
See
Kitchen
Garden
"
Herbs. Taxodium
Coniferae). is
a
and taxus, Yew, aides, like. Ord. of most the which, distichum, trees, popular Cypress-likeplant, with a thick trunk and swollen
(taxo-dium,
deciduous,
base, often
called
deciduous
the
fastigiatum,pendulum, and
from
Deciduous
"
and
Cypress; denudatum, swamp varieties. Heterophyllum
or
are
nanum
other
to some extent. They speciesgrown like a moist situation, rarely thrivingin hot, dry sites. Propagation is by seeds, cuttings,and layers.
mucronatum
Taxus, of the
are
Yew
(tax-us, from
wood.
Ord.
if somewhat
churchyard
is T.
which
be
taxon,
Coniferae). Hardy "
sombre, appearance. baccata; there are
mentioned
in allusion
bow,
a
to the
old
use
interesttrees, of ing, evergreen The Yew of the common
many silver
varieties
of
it, among
striped; aurea, yellow; its sub-varieties Dovastoni, drooping, and aureo-pendula and variegata; erecta, upright; fastigiata, pyramidal, the Irish Yew, and and its variegated forms; fructu-luteo, with yellow fruit. T. Canadensis is the Canadian Yew. The Yew has been planted a good deal of late years as an inner hedge plant, and clipped into formal shapes,as in topiary. The drawback to its use as a boundary Small hedge is that it is poisonous to cattle and horses. plants of the variegated Yews look well in the border and in window-boxes. The Yews not particular as to soil. are Propagation is by seed in or spring,cuttings in a frame in summer, layersin autumn. Special varieties are increased by grafting. may
Tecorna name.
(teco-ma,
argentea,
contraction
Tecomaxochili, the Mexican Bignoniaceae) Twining shrubs, with large showy flowers. Grancliflora (syn.Bignonia grandiflora),scarlet,is a
Ord.
of
"
.
tubular
nearly hardy, flowers summer,
in
and
summer.
should
be
may
grown
outside
with
Jasminoides, in a greenhouse.
be grown
except white
in cold
and
Radicans
red
places; it flowers
in
(syn.Bignonia
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
302
radicans), scarlet,
Magazine, it.
or
root
is
hardy
on
wall
a
early and
an
Botanical
(see the
late
variety Thunbergi propagated by seeds a
and
sandy loam,
like
Tecomas
The
of
is
summer,
485); praecox
t.
are
cuttings.
Haemodoraafter Tecophila. Ord. Tecophilaea (tecophilae-a, bulb, T. Cyanocrocus produces ceae). A pretty Crocus-like
its
"
are
soil, and
for
Good
dormant.
Telekia. t.
is
3466)
rockery
the
same
about
stems
of it.
like
They spring or
ins.
6
a
in
seed
high.
light,friable while
offsets
culture.
frame
or
Telekia
zine, speciosa(BotanicalMagaBuphthalmum speciosum, a hardy
Buphthalmum.
See
"
spring on
varieties
Regelii are propagated by
Leichtlinii and
loamy
in
flowers
blue, white-throated
as
perennial.
herbaceous
of Miiella. Ord. Saxifrageae) of which, a hardy species grandiflora, unimportant genus, in flowers about ft. with 2 greenish April,growing high, is perennial worth growing. It likes sandy peat. Propagation is by seed or t. 1178. division in spring. See the Botanical Register, an (tell-ima,
Tellima
anogram
An
"
.
one
Terraces.
When
"
and
necessary,
laid out
unusual
than
more
Testudinaria
bank.
largewoody with yellow
Ord.
flowers
rootstock;
may
be
climbers.
from (testudina-ria, singular plant, with
A
"
.
the
large area
a
levels
suitable
Foot
Dioscoreaceae)
covering to
a
with
of the
front
With The
made.
planted
in
terrace
a
or
be
elephantipes, Elephant's
tortoise.
testudo, a
wralls
the
gardens,and
as
wall
a
1;erracemay
one
sloping ground levellingis
on
form
to
supported by
principalrooms, available
is built
house
a
it is not
it is
a
deciduous
climber
in
summer, greenhouse. requiring a warm equal parts, with sand, suit. Propagation is by in spring. Syn. Tamus elephantipes cuttings under a bell-glass t. 1347). (BotanicalMagazine,
Loam
and
Ord. as
(thalic-trum, from thallo, to become Ranunculaceae). Hardy herbaceous perennials, for their much for their elegant fern-like foliageas "
flowers, which,
however,
species,perhaps, stems
on
Anemonoides
a
; the
foot
(syn. Anemone
The
attractive.
(syn. adiantif Fern
about
also
are
is minus
the Maidenhair
resembles summer
Rue
Meadow
Thalictrum, green. admired
in
peat
olium) ,
yellow
high;
flowers
there
thalictroides
are
popular
most
foliageof which
the
in
borne
are
several
early
varieties.
Botanical
Magazine, yellow early spring; and aquilegifolium, purple flowers in early summer (Bot.Mag., t. 1818), grow about a yard high; atropurpureum is a good dark variety of the latter. for the where herbaceous are They border, good they thrive in friable loamy soil. Propagation is by division of the rootstock in t.
866),
with
flowers
"
in
spring. Thermometer.
There
are
point
of
three water
freezingpoint
"
An
instrument
for
registeringthe
the Fahrenheit, scales in use; is 32" and the boilingpoint
o"
and
boilingpoint 80";
Celsius,freezing point o", boilingpoint
in which
212";
and
100".
the
These
temperature. the freezing
the
Reaumur,
Centigrade
or
scales
be
may
of Gardening Encyclopaedia into
converted
other
each
follows:
as
303
heit: (a) Centigrade into Fahrenfreezing(o"C.) multiply by 9^.
(i)if the temperature be above 1 8" C., by 5, and add 32; (2) if below o" C., bia-t above and subtract divide the result from multiply by 9, by 5, (3)if 32; below 18" C., multiply by 9, divide by 5, and subtract the32 from into Centigrade: (i) if above result, tract (b) Fahrenheit 32" F., sub(2) if below 32" F., but 32, multiply by 5, and divide by 9; o" F., add the temperature to 32, multiply by 5, and above dividein the same scale is converted by 9. (c) Reaumur's 4 being way, divide
"
"
instead
used
of
position in
and
house,
a
with
thermometer, heat
Thermometers
5.
should from
shaded
long perforatedtube,
a
be
the
fixed A
sun.
is made
in "
for
a
central' ""
plunging testingthe-
of beds.
the more thepracticewhich becomes necessary thicker the plants come Crowded plants are rarely good (see up. much labour Annuals, Vegetables,Fruit, etc.). Thin sowing saves when the soil is moist. in thinning. Thinning is best done
Thinning.
Thistle.
A
"
See Carduus
"
Thistle,Globe. Thistle,Melon. Thomas's Thorn.
See
"
and
Echinops.
See
"
Cnicus.
Cactus
Phosphate Powder.
Melocactus.
"
See
"
Manures
Basic
"
slag.
See
Crataegus. Stramonium. Apple, Datura
"
Thorn
Thrift,Armeria
Thrips.
A
maritima.
small, lively insect
(HeliothripsAdonidum) whichi foliageand flowers of many plants,indoors and out. and with at fortnightly intervalscones Vigorous syringing vaporising from will to October under it in April subjection. Out glass keep of doors is good (see Paraffin). syringing with a paraffinemulsion Peas sometimes to thripswhen succumb languishingin poor or drysoil. With and manure better fight.. a liquid mulching they make Thuja (Thujopsis). See Thuya. "
infests both
the
"
Thunbergia
ceae). "
(thunber-gia,after
Beautiful
evergreen
C. P.
Thunberg.
Ord.
climbers.
warm-house
AcanthaThe most
bears yellow flowers in summer (see the2591); alba, white; and aurantiaca, orange,, varieties of it. Although they are are perennialsthey are best treated as annuals; coccinea, scarlet; erecta (syn.Meyenia erecta. and Bot. Mag., t. 5013),orange blue; fragrans,white, sweet; andi blue t. grandiflora, (Bot.Mag., 2366),are other good species. They be low against pillars. Alata is good for hanging may grown in a cool house. be grown baskets, and may Propagation is by house seeds sown in a warm frame in spring,or by cuttingsin a or
popular
is
Botanical
which
alata,
Magazine,
t.
"
in
case
warm
decayed
manure
Thunia.
Thuya, used
as
summer.
"
Now Arbor
incense
or
with Loam, leaf mould, suits.
classed Vitae in
with
third
Phaius, which
(thu-ya,from
sacrifice.
a
Ord.
of
peat, and
a
see.
thyon, sacrifice; the resin Conifer
little*
ae). Hardy "
was-
evergreen^
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
304 Conifers, or
which, occidentalis, is
of
one
White
sometimes
Cedar,
-ericoides, lutea,
variegata
may Arbor
Dolabrata are
species,and a
are garden hedge. dumosa (syn. pygmaea),
a
which
mentioned.
Vitae,
has
varieties.
several
Propagation is by in
frame
also
-
has
loamy soil. in
There
aureopendula, argenteo-variegata,and Orientalis Biota (syn. orientalis),
nana,
be
variegata,aureo these
as
grown
it, among
Vitae
Arbor
varieties,notably argenteomany variegata, elegantissima,pendula, and pygmaea. is a handsome Thuya, and its variegated form is good; Gigantea is the largest quite good enough for lawn trees.
Chinese
the
of
varieties
numerous
well-known
the
in
in
frame
a
springand
cuttings
summer.
(thy-mus, from
Thyme, Thymus Aromatic
like fertile,well-drained
Thuyas
seed
used
shrubs,
both
thuo, to
for
Ord.
perfume.
kitchen
the
and
Labiatae).
flower
garden. garden Thyme, and T. citriodorus the Lemon Garden Thyme (seeKitchen Herbs). T. Serpyllum and its varieties albus, white; atropurpureus, purple; coccineus, red; ianuginosus,woolly; and variegatus, variegated leaves, are used as carpeters on the rockery. They are not particularas to soil. Propagation is by seed in spring,also by cuttingsand division. Thyrsacanthus rutilans (thyrsacan-thus, from thyrse, a thyrse, "
T.
vulgarisis
the
common
"
Acanthus.
and
plant, with in
loam in
scarlet
"
in winter,
flowers
sand,
Foam Flower cordifolia, shape of the seed pod.
the
hardy herbaceous in
perennial,with it is
spring,when
rockery. See the
Peaty
Botanical
Tibouchina
Evergreen
"
winter-floweringhothouse
height
suit.
about
ft.
2
Propagation
is
Peat
and
by cuttings
in summer.
case
Tiarella to
A
Acanthaceae).
parts, with
equal
warm
a
Ord.
of the
one
soil suits it.
Magazine,
Ord.
Saxifrageae). "
white
flowers
best
ornaments
Propagation
t.
name.
suitable
roof
for
the
is
A
beautiful
feathery of the
by division
Ord. of
semidecandra
and
in
racemes
border in
or
spring.
1589.
(tibouchi-na,a native shrubs,
tiara, in reference
from (tiarel-la,
a
Melastomaceae). greenhouse
warm
or
(syn. Pleroma
macranconservatory. Elegans is a the best; there are thum), both with purple flowers in summer, and Loam good variety of the latter called floribunda. peat in with suit. is in sand, equal parts, Propagation by cuttings a close
in
case
summer.
Tiger Lily (Lilium tigrinum). See Bulbs. from tigris, and eidos,like. Tigridia,Tiger Flower a tiger, (tigrid-ia, "
Ord.
Irideae). See "
Tilia,Lime,
Bulbs.
Linden
(til-ia, Virgil'sname.
Ord.
Tiliaceae). See "
Lime. Tillandsia
'
after (tilland-sia,
Hothouse
evergreens,
and
in
Dr.
Tillands.
Ord.
with
Bromeliaceae). "
Peat richly coloured leaves equal parts, with sand and small crocks, suit. Propain spring. Corallina gation is by suckers (syn. Vriesia corallina) tessellata Lindeni, splendens, and of the few best species. are a loam
and
bracts.
,
There
are
splendida.
many
handsome
hybrids, such
as
Duchartrei,
Rex,
and
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
305
Tipula (Daddy-longlegs).See Daddy-longlegs. "
Toad. For this
reason
Toadflax. Tobacco.
Linaria.
See
"
Nicotiana.
See
"
requiringto be grown Ferns). Superba is
close
a
best.
the
accepted as
is
and
a
after use,
and
be
An
rubbed
tools
Garden with
over
set
more
Kitchen See often used
Garden.. as
able, veget-
a
at shows.
such "
"
saturated
a
"
it is
fruit,but
Appliances.
and
dry.
is
Tomato
Strictly,the
Ord.
in
case
esculentum).
(Lycopersicum
Tomato
Tools
in
Filices).Filmy ferns, atmosphere (seeHymenophylloides is also good.
Tode.
Herr
(to-dea, after
Todea
insects.
of the gardener,as it feeds on slugsand it is sometimes put into plant houses.
friend
A
"
a greasy essential
adequate are spade, fork, rake, are
should
The
rag. to
always
good
be
cleaned
tool-shed work.
should
The
cipal prin-
hoe, draw hoe, Canterbury hoe, trowel, knives, secateurs, billhook, hedge shears, edging shears, and nails, hone wheelbarrow, roller,besom, reel and line, hammer water-cans in sizes, for sharpening, shovel, syringe,lawn-mower, thermometer. hose, dibber, water-barrow, kinds
Top-dressing. "
substitute
A
soil is removed
from
top compost applied. It is
but
Box, and
of
the-
fresh
pruning of trees and shrubs into fanciful or formal has enjoyed a revival in recent old practicewhich for general adoption. Yew, is not to be recommended Holly are the principalsubjects. "
years,
inches repotting. Two of a flower-pot, and
for
contents
The
Topiary.
shapes.
the
Dutch
an
Torch
Lily.
Torch
Thistle.
"
See "
Kniphona. See
Cactus
after (tore-nia,
"
the
Cereus. Rev.
A.
Toren.
Ord.
Scrophulariperennials,suitable for pots neae). Pretty and i ft.; flava Asiatica, purple,summer, hanging baskets. (syn. ft. dark i throat, summer, y ellow, (Botanical Magazine, Bailloni), Fournieri, purple, blue, and yellow, summer, i ft., t. 6700); and there is of the latter called the most a variety are popular species; and peat in equal parts,with sand, suit. Loam gation Propacompacta. house or frame in spring,or by cuttings. is by seeds in a warm Torenia
hothouse
"
herbaceous
Gardening. The remarks made under Suburban Gardening gardening,with greater emphasis in the case of certain apply But much There plants, such as Roses. depends upon the town. are fairlylarge towns, free from factories,where the air is many pure enough to suit the great majority of plants,includingRoses; there are others, small and numerous large,where the air is tooacid to grow tion. smoky or too charged with plants of delicate constituThe town conditions, gardener, battlingwith unfavourable is wise to concentrate kinds with which he has good prospects, on a few of succeeding. The is notable It will a case. Chrysanthemum Town
"
to town
thrive
under
conditions
that would
be fatal to Roses, and
is
a
beautiU
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
306
caeruleum, Throatwort
Trachelium
neck, in allusion
the
Campanulaceae) about
sand
seeds
in
and
house
plants should
young
in diseases
of the
town
bloom
plants,
Album
or
be
is. a
to induce
stopped
a
trachelos,
trachea.
Ord.
perennial, growing and autumn (see
white
of leaf mould, suits. in spring,or frame by
fourth
a
warm
a
.
Register,t. 72).
Botanical
with
other
(trache-lium,from
greenhouse herbaceous light blue flowers in summer
A
"
its virtue
to
high, with
ft.
2
the
of varieties
Gardening, p. 296.
Suburban
see
if
for six months
had
be
can
making a choice there is glass. For
By
interestingplant.
and
ful
variety. Loam,
Propagation is by cuttings in spring; habit.
compact
(trachycar-pus,from trachys, rough, and karpos, Palmae). Fan palms. T. excelsa (syn. Fortunei) is be grown the out of doors as same Chamaerops humilis, and may Martiana in mild, sheltered should be kept in a greenplacesonly. house. Loam, with sand and a third of peat, suits. Propagation Trachycarpus
.fruit.
is
Ord.
"
in heat.
by seeds
Tradescantia, Spiderwort (tradescan-tia,after
J. Tradescant. of Commelinaceae) Vigorous herbaceous perennials, one which, zebrina (syn.Zebrina pendula) is a great favourite for hanging
'Ord.
"
.
,
it may
baskets;
be
in
grown
pots
stood
its
in ornamental in vases its habit pendulous; if
foliageis prettilystriped,and water it grows shoot luxuriantly,and forms a new it at every broken therefore be tip; propagated readily by may cuttings. Reginae also has pretty leaves. Virginiana (syn. Virginica)is the popular hardy Spiderwort; it grows about a foot high, -and has blue flowers in spring (seethe Botanical Magazine, t. 105); there several and are white double. varietes, including a a They will thrive in ordinary soil,and are propagated by division in spring. Tooms;
given sufficient
Goat's
Tragopogon, Ord.
"
Pratensis with
is the in
Mallow,
Tree
of
See
Trefoil. Trellis. useful
"
for The
climbers
as
trellis should
Trenching. "
Trichinium
taceae).
Garden.
Trifolium.
painted green
"
glandulosa.
Expanding wooden forming screens
with
"covered
arborea.
Ailantus
Flower
See
"
Vitalba.
Lavatera
Heaven,
"
in late
Joy, Clematis
Tree
Trees.
(tragopo-gon,from tragos, a goat. is the Salsify(seeKitchen Garden). Both are biennials, Shepherd's Clock. spring. Ordinary soil. Propagation is
spring.
Traveller's
be
common
yellow flowers
"by seed
Beard
Porrifolium
Compositae).
T.
or
See
trellis,which and
speedily be
secured
seedsmen
shelters as
supply, It
is
quickly. ness. possible,to take off the stiffto strong uprights,and should should
be
creosoted. Kitchen
Garden.
(trichin-ium, from
Manglesi
is
a
trichinos, hairy.
charming
little
Ord.
greenhouse
Amaran-
perennial,
of Gardening Encyclopaedia growing
and
It likes loam
cuttingsin
root
a
allusion
soft, in of the
the
to
varieties
of
Fibrous
most
peat
like
They
it.
suits them,
the
to
of
abundance
Liliaceae). "
drainage. in allusion
kyrtos,convex,
The
popular speciesis
most
white, purple-spotted
perennial,with
herbaceous
"
height about 2 ft. It thrives in sandy soil on propagated by division in spring. See the Magazine, t. 5355.
flowers
in autumn, rockery, and
the
Ord.
sepals.
hardy
a
or
is radicans, the Killarney are crispum, and dilatatum shade. atmosphere, with
treis,three, and
from Tricyrtis(tricyr-tis,
hirta,
humid
a
over
June.
seeds
Filices). Beautiful
Ord.
stems.
of which
ferns, popular Fern, a wilding in Ireland; Andrewsii, one
in
thrix, a hair, and
from (trichom-anes,
Fern
Bristle
Trichomanes, manos,
high, and bearing fluffypink flowers peat in equal parts. Propagation is by in spring. frame house or warm
foot
bare
a
307
Botanical
is
one-third, in allusion to the Trientalis,Wintergreen (trienta-lis, A small of hardy herbaceous Ord. Primulaceae). height. genus in for of the s uitable a shady part rockery, loamy perennials,
low
"
soil. and
Americana about
grow
glassin
under
and
both
9
Propagation
europaea ins. high.
have
seed
by
division
or
spring.
from Trifolium,Trefoil (trifo-lium,
treis,three, and folium,a leaf
" "
The Clovers of course, are, Leguminosae) than two but one or are as garden plants, and rockery, notably alpinum, pink; pannoni-
Ord.
three-leaved.
is
in summer,
flowers
white
"
.
farm
important good enough for the cum, yellow and white, more
as
both
early summer
bloomers.
is
Hybridum
Alsike, and repens the white Clover; the latter is often used as Shamrock, although the yellow suckling,minus, has perhaps better claims. They grow in ordinary soil,and are propagated by seed the
in
spring. in Lily (tnll-ium,from trilix,triple, petals. Ord. Liliaceae). See Bulbs.
Trillium, Wood the
three
allusion
to
"
Triteleia (tritele-ia, from treis,three, and teleios, complete; parts of flower in threes. Ord. Liliaceae). These included bulbs are now the the with Brodiaeas most Uniflora, by botanists. popular "
lilac flowers
species,has
Triticum, Wheat, genus includes a troublesome Tritoma.
"
Tritonia different
a
from (trito-nia,
has
(trlt-icum. Ord. Gramineae). Plant; plant in vulgare,the Wheat "
See Couch
This and
Grass.
of the
Flower
in allusion
triton,a weathercock, stamens.
Ord.
from (troll-ius,
Irideae). "
trol, round.
See
to
the
Bulbs.
Ord.
Ranun-
Useful in flowers "
or
See Bulbs.
ins.
Kniphofia.
Trollius,Globe orange
Couch
in repens.
directions
culaceae).
spring; height 3
beneficent
one
See
in
dark
early
of both;
hardy herbaceous plants, with bright yellow or spring. Asiaticus (Botanical Magazine, t. 235) yellow and europaeus pale yellow flowers in late spring
18 ins. There height about aurantiacus is a deep-colouredform
summer,
are
of
several
varieties
asiaticus; albidus, U2
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
308 Newry in
grow
forms
Giant, and Flore pleno are most soils,but like a moist
is
clayey
They will gation Propa-
in autumn.
division
by
of europaeus. or boggy mould.
Nasturtium Cress, Garden (tropae-olum, Tropaeolum, Indian We Ord. under saw Geraniaceae) tropaion, a trophy. that that generic name Nasturtium Cress, belongs to the Water are and that the garden Nasturtiums really Tropaeolums. The includes both and is a tender, hardy and large one, genus from
"
.
annual
perennial species. Aduncum canariense and peregrinum)
and
718 syns. a nearly hardy "
from
raised
annual
(Botanical Register,t. the Canary Creeper,
is in
seed
greenhouse
a
or
frame
is
a 3985) (BotanicalMagazine, spring. house greenbloomer; grandiflorum is a large perennial,blue, autumn variety. Jarrattiiis also a greenhouse perennial, with orange Lobbianum flowers. (Bot. Mag., t. 4097) is a scarlet greenhouse the tall there varieties. are are annual; Majus and minus many and Nasturtiums annual dwarf hardy (seeAnnuals). Polyphyllum (Bot. Mag., t. 4042) is a prostrate hardy perennial with yellow flowers; it likes a sunny spot in the rockery. Speciosum (Bot. the beautiful Flame is t. Nasturtium, a hardy peren4323) Mag., nial,
Azureum
in
which
seed
scarlet
be
species should
Trowel."
A
and
lifted
useful
transplantingtool, shaking the soil from the
without
Truffles.
An
"
trained
and
of Beech
flowers. The orange in autumn; stored
annuals
raised
are
which
with
Tri-
climates.
from
be
plants can
roots.
found
trees, and
surface
the
beneath
of the aid
of
springingfrom
a
with
the
dogs.
An
"
fungus, growing
shade
Flower.
Trumpet Truss.
edible
in the
soil,often
moist
other
and
The be propagated by division. may in spring. All thrive in friable loam.
shifted
small
Scotland
hardy perennialwith
a
tuberous-rooted
they
in
thrives
is
colorum
t.
See
"
umbel
Bignonia.
of flowers, each
flower
stem
centre.
common
Tsuga
(tsu-ga,the
Japanese
Ord.
name.
Coniferae). Hardy "
Canadensis (syns.Abies, Picea, and Pinus canadensis) evergreens. is the Hemlock garden varieties, of which Spruce; there are many few of the best are a drooping; albo-spica,white-tipped; gracilis, and
nana,
and
A.
Spruce, Pines. Tuber.
Hookeriana, Mertensiana Mertensiana), and Pattoniana, also
are
popular
kinds.
The
Albertiana
the
Californian
culture
is the
Hemlock
same
as
for
See Pinus. "
An
Tuberose
underground
stem
containingbuds,
(Polianthestuberosa). "
from Tulip,Tulipa (tu-lipa, "
(syns.Abies
dwarf.
See
e.g., the
Bulbs.
thoulyban,a
turban.
Ord.
See Bulbs.
Tulip, Butterfly. "
See
Tulip Tree, Liriodendron
Bulbs
"
Calochortus
tulipifera.
Potato.
lilacinus.
Liliaceae).
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
309
Saxifraga(tu-nica,from tunica, a coat, in allusion to the calyx. Ord. Caryophylleae). A pretty hardy perennial for the in summer. It likes sandy loam* white flowers rockery, with in is seed Propagation spring. by Tunica
"
Turf.
See
"
Flower
See
Turnip. "
Garden
Grass.
"
Garden.
Kitchen
Tussilago Farfara, Coltsfoot
tussis, a cough. (tussila-go,from in gardens, with weed broad, thick, round leaves and yellow flowers in spring; it should be kept under strict subjection. The Winter Heliotrope,Tussilagofragrans, is now called Petasites fragrans. See Petasites. Ord.
A
Compositae). "
troublesome
Androsaemum.
Tutsan, Hypericum
Typha, Bulrush, Cat-o' -nine-tail,Reed
Mace (ty-pha,the Greek Typhaceae). Aquatics, of which latifolia,the British Reed Mace, has long, reddish Angustifoliais spikes in summer. cut winter smaller. Both for decoration. be They like early may marshy ground, and may be propagated by division in spring. Ord.
name.
"
(u-lex,from
Ulex, Furze, Gorse, Whin
Leguminosae) Hardy evergreens, growing on sandy heaths, in bloom is the popular species;11ore plenois a "
.
to
variety, is the
another
yellow. pleno and
The
erectus
Ulmus, Elm See
form
Nanus
is
is raised
Furze are
for
point. Ord. spiny foliage,well suited months. Europaeus many
double
Irish Furze.
common
Celtic ac,
the
with
from
the
Celtic
in
seed
propagated by cuttingsin
(ul-mus,from
of it; and strictus, small species,also
a
ulm.
spring.
frame
a
Ord.
Flore
in autumn.
Urticaceae). "
Elm.
Umbilicus. Umbrella
See
"
Cotyledon.
Pine, Sciadopitysverticillata. Clibrani
A (urceo-charis.Ord. Amaryllideae). Eucharis pendula, with grandifloraand Urceolina hybrid between white drooping flowers in spring and summer, height 18 ins. For
Urceocharis
culture,
see
Eucharis.
Urceolina to
the
sion pendula (urceoli-na,from urceolus, a small cup, in allunectary. Ord. Amaryllideae). A pretty greenhouse
small
"
bulb, with
early summer. Propagation Magazine,
"
t.
drooping Loam
is by 5464.
and offsets
Utricularia, Bladderwort bottle, so called
on
account An
umbels
of
leaf soil in while
flowers in yellow green with sand, suit. equal parts, and
dormant.
See
from (utricula-ria, of the
small
bodies
the
Botanical
utriculus, on
the
leaves.
a
small Ord.
Lentibularieae) interestinggenus, embracing aquatic species provided with small pitchers,which capture and feed on small insects. Montana (BotanicalMagazine, t. 5923), with white and It may height 6 ins.,is the best known. yellow flowers in summer, in Sphagnum in be grown and fibrous moss a peat hanging basket house in a warm so long as it is provided with largequantitiesof water. Propagation is by division while dormant. "
.
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
31Q
Blackberry, Huckleberry, Bilberry, Cranberry, Vaccinium, Whortleberry (vac-cm-ium. Ord. Vacciniaceae)."A large genus and small trees, producing edible berries. of hardy shrubs Corymbbsurn (BotanicalMagazine, t. 3433), white flowers and bluish- black berry, fruits,the Bilberry,Blackand red Vitis-Idaea, pink flowers and Whortleberry; All Cowberry or Flowering Box, are the best known. flowers
rose berries; Myrtillus, or
fruits, the
deciduous
are
Propagation is by
sandy peat.
They
in
thrive
caeruleum.
Centranthus
Valerian,Red,
seed
Polemonium
Valerian, Greek,
is evergreen. in spring.
last, which
the
except
blue
and
ruber.
Valeriana, Valerian
after Valerius, who cinally. used it medi(valeria-na, Ord. Valerianeae). Dioica, Closelyallied to Centranthus. is the Marsh, and officinalis, heal; Allthe Common Valerian or pink, in flower soil. summer. they Ordinary Propagation by "
rose,
seed
division.
or
Hydrocharideae)
An
"
.
like leaves
The
from
water,
to the
come
they
flowers
male
which surface
lowered
are
-of the
white
and
is unusual.
Signer Vallisneri. interestinghalf-hardy aquatic, with
The
of about
45".
flowers
are
they when
ready bottom
The
summer.
rise to
to the
stems.
in
at
the
system of
base
surface.
the
Vallota
summer,
greenhouse
or
purpurea window
flowers
for fertilisation, after which process of the water by the spiralcontraction
may
"
the
plant, in female
in a tub in a winter be grown is seeds division. or by Propagation
plant
.
nice
grassof fertilisation
the
The
Vallota, Scarborough Lily (vallo-ta,after M. Amaryllideae) A popular greenhouse bulb, with in
Ord.
after spiralis (vallisne-ria,
Vallisneria
P.
ture tempera-
Vallot.
Ord.
brightred flowers about ft. 2 a high, and makes grows in be potted plant. It should early
in
equal parts of loam and leaf soil,with a good deal of repottingshould be avoided; it is better to topdress and give liquidmanure. Propagation is by offsets. Magnifica and A great deal of water will be major are large varieties. needed in summer. (Botanical Magazine, Syn. Amaryllis purpurea t. 1430).
summer,
sand, but
Vanda
annual
(van-da,
largegenus
the
of hothouse
Sanskrit
Ord.
name.
Orchids, mostly with
A
Orchidaceae). "
erect
stems,
thick,
curved re-
and in racemes. Caerulea is a beautiful flowers with blue in flowers species, autumn, large pale height 2 to 3 ft.; Fowleriana is a fine variety of it. Sanderiana, pink, yellow, and
leaves,
crimson, which
immense 3 ft., summer, albata is a good white
flowers, is
ground variety. Suavis, fragrant (seethe Botanical
is very colours, 6 to 8 ft.,autumn, jsine,t. 5174); Chatsworth, flava, Teres,white, rose, and magenta, 3 to is
popular.
liana,
and
Other tricolor.
splendid plant, of
a
good species are They like a
and 6
rubra
are
three
various
Maga-
varieties.
ft.,spring(Bot.Mag., t. 41 14), Amesiana, insignis,Kimbalmixture
of crocks. abundance over Sphagnum their making growth, except teres, and
of
They likewise
fibrous
enjoy
peat
shade
abundance
and
when of root
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
3
1 1
should be given when little water atmospheric moisture; growth is complete. Propagation is by basal growths, with roots several hybrid Vandas, for which a modern There see attached. are and
work
Orchids.
on
Vegetable Marrow. Vegetable Garden.
Kitchen
See
"
Kitchen
See
"
Garden. Garden.
Veltheim. Ord. Liliaceae). after Herr (veltheim-ia, Greenhouse bulbs, only one speciesof which, viridifolia (syn.Aletris it has thick, Botanical Magazine, t. 501),is much grown; capensis in window. well and does leaves a room Sandy loam shininggreen suits. Propagation is by offsets. Veltheimia
"
"
For
8 ins.
culture,
Ventilation.
See
"
Compositae). "
is calendulaceum
of which
member best-known with annual yellow 1
Ord.
(venid-ium.
Venidium
flowers
and
black
see
Annuals.
in
Greenhouse.
Fly-trap,Dionaea
Venus
's
Looking-glass, SpeculariaSpeculum.
Venus
's
Navelwort, Omphalodes
in
allusion
the
genus,
(syn.fugax),a hardy height about
's
black,
small
summer,
Venus
Veratrum, False
A
muscipula.
(vera-trum,from
Hellebore to
colour
the
verna.
of
the
truly,and aterr Ord. Liliaceae).
vere,
roots.
"
perennials. Album, white flowers in summer, to 5 ft.; nigrum (BotanicalMagazine, t. 963), dark purple; and 3 viride, green, summer, viride),are the most 3 to 4 ft. (syn.album White Hellebore The powder used for killingcaterpillars grown. Good album. is prepared from loamy soil or friable clay is liked. division in spring. Propagation is by seed or Hardy
herbaceous
(verbas-cum, from barbascum, bearded, in Ord. Scrophularineae) Hardy biennials and herbaceous perennialsor sub-shrubs, mostly with yellow flowers in summer. Chaixii, 3 ft.; cupreum, 3 ft. (Botanical coppery, and t. a biennial; ft., phoeniceum 1226); olympicum, 5 Magazine, (Bot.Mag., t. 885),violet, 3 ft.,several varieties,are the best species. Ordinary soil. Propagation by seeds, and in the case of the perennials also by division in spring. Verbascum,
allusion
Mullein
the
to
stamens.
"
.
(verbe-na,from the Celtic Ferfain. Ord. Verand specialisedby fragrant flowers, once benaceae). Beautiful Verbena, Vervain "
florists and restricted two
grown to the
of the
pots under varietal flower garden, and grown
many
in
speciesare
names,
from
but
generally
now
mixed
seed.
to any extent, and grown biennial growing about a
Only
they
are:
foot high, hardy mauve, and varieties in rosea are and flowering (seethe compacta summer; Botanical (Bot.Mag., t. 3127),rosyMagazine, t. 308); (2) venosa used a half-hardy herbaceous perennial,much lilac,i ft.,summer, account of its free blooming and distinct and borders on in beds tender best treated are as The colour. annuals, hybrid Verbenas
(i) Aubletia,
being
raised
hardened,
and
a
from
seed
in
planted out
heat
18 ins.
in
winter, pricked off in boxes,
apart in earlysummer;
they
will
3
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
1 2
thrive these
flower
the
good for
are
There
are
garden
and
fertile soil.
in any
of Whites,
varieties
named
which
from true come seed; among Willmott, pink ; Princess of Wales,
; Ellen
Adonis, crimson
are
several
Scarlet
and
King. Verbena, Lippia citriodora. Veronica, Speedwell (veron-ica. Ord. Scrophularineae). A
violet; Queen
Lemon-scented.
See
"
very able to thrive on "
large genus soil.
poor
and
of herbs
the
Among
blue, gentianoides,
of
best
the
hardy herbaceous species are (BotanicalMagazine, t. 1002),
ft.,early summer
variegated-leavedvarieties ; incana, violet,forms a silverycarpet early summer; subsessilis,blue, summer, longifolia there is a 3 ft.; repens, creeper, blue; spicata,blue, i ft.,summer, white forms is a dubia a variety; Teucrium, blue, summer, carpet, of and to ft. These it; white, Virginica, summer, variety 4 3 may all be propagated by seed or springdivision. The followingare a few and sub-shrubs: of the best of the shrubs Andersoni, purple, late not is summer, ft., hardy, quite variegata a form of it; Bidwillii, 3 blue and white, summer, prostrate; cupressoides,violet, summer, in the rock garden for its foliageand habit; i to 3 ft.,much grown half hardy, the leaves have a buff tint in epacridea,white, summer, i to 2 Hectori, lilac,summer, autumn; ft.,the foliagehas a pretty buff tint in autumn; 2 w hite, ft., glaucous summer, pinguifolia, carnosula and tt. Bot. foliage (syn. 6147 Mag., 6587); saxatilis, 6 ins.,alba and the Rock ties varierosea are Speedwell,blue, summer, of it; speciosa,purplish-blue, spring, 2 to 3 ft., half hardy, (Bot.Mag., t. 4075) ; and Traversii, white, summer, evergreen 3 to 6 ft. (Bot.Mag., t. 6390). Chamaedrys is the Germander Speedwell. 6 ins., is a hardy annual; it has a Syriaca, blue, early summer, white The the of herbaceous variety,alba. propagation speciesis in by division or seed in spring; of the shrubs a by cuttings sandy mixture of peat and loam in under a hand-light ; spring or summer and of the annuals like limestone by seed in spring. The Veronicas there
white
2
shrubs, mostly hardy,
and
are
and in
"
soil. Vervain. Vetch.
"
See Verbena.
"
See
Vicia.
Vetch, Bitter.
See Orobus.
"
Vetch, Chickling,Lathyrus sativus. See Coronilla. Vetch, Crown. See Astragalus. Vetch, Milk. "
"
Viburnum, to
of
use
a
shrubs
and
Guelder the
small
Rose
shoots.
trees, some
Opulus is the common a superiorgarden form form a variegated-leaved are
(vibur-num, from Ord.
hardy deciduous
"
shrubs.
A
.
hardy
Guelder in which of
veio, to tie, referring
Caprifoliaceae) and
Rose
or
all the
Opulus, and Tinus
evergreen, Snowball flowers also
a
large genus
of
deciduous.
others
Tree, and sterile are sterile; there is these dwarf, nanum;
(Botanical Magazine,
t.
38)
is
the Laurustinus, a hardy evergreen, with white and flowers in rose from ft. high, and winter; it makes 8 autumn useful shrub a 4 to and is compact in habit ; there are several gated. forms, includinga varie-
Plicatum,
strictlytomentosum
plicatum,
is
a
splendid
of Gardening Encyclopaedia deciduous
1
3
3
in spring. The 4 to 6 ft. high, with sterile flowers the Waybut Lantana, the best of the Viburnums, faring
shrub
foregoingare
Tree of the hedges, is an interestingspecies,with white Lantanoides is the dark berries in autumn. flowers in spring and not The Viburnums are American particularas Wayfaring Tree. The Laurustinus will loam. Plicatum to soil. enjoys peat and thrive
almost under
potted-up hand-lightin autumn
a
which,
Leguminosae)
Ord.
Garden). Ordinary
Propagation is by
or
is
by
tings cut-
by layers.
in allusion
to
member
one
in demand Bean, is much is the Cow Vetch, lathyroidesthe
Cracca soil.
genus,
Guelder
the
shady border,
useful
.
does
Propagation
vincio, to bind, A
"
a
as
Broad
the
Faba,
in
(vic-ia,from
Tare
Vicia,Vetch, tendrils.
in autumn.
be
they may
Rose;
well in winter,
; it forces
anywhere
the of
(see Kitchen Spring Vetch.
seed.
Ord. after the' late Queen Victoria. Regia (victor-ia, with A rimmed noble hothouse enormous aquatic, Nymphaeaceae) cases are leaves, which in some capable of supporting a fairlyheavy and white or rosy-whiteflowers a foot across (seethe Botanical man, the river Amazon. It is It from tt. came 4275, 4278). Magazine, only suitable for large places. Propagation is by seed put into a Victoria
"
.
soil and
pot of loamy
in
thrive
regia; it will
in
kept
warm
leaf and
in
both
species,smaller
cooler
a
Trickeri
water.
bloom,
otherwise
but
is
a
newer
resembling
house.
(vin-ca,from vinculum, a band, in allusion to Ord. Useful Apocynaceae) long, tough evergreens, of which, major, purple, summer, the hardy members 2 ft.; and for trees under and in i ft.,are minor, blue, summer, good planting There other is of useful form a shady places. major. variegated They are not particularas to soil. Propagation is by division or cuttings in a shady place in spring. Vinca, Periwinkle
shoots.
the
"
.
Vine.
Fruit
See
"
Grapes,
"
also Vitis.
Viola, Violet, Pansy the
originalLatin We
Ord. few
have
Violaceae) flowers than delightful Viola, for it gives us "
.
of
Violet
the
"
.
,
for .
tufted
for beds
,
^
which
winter .
Pansies and
"
the
we
little sweet
the
force in the
bloom, which
borders, and
charming speciesfor in
more
the
hedgerows,
largevarieties frames
(vi-ola,
name.
our
we
_.
PROPAGATING use
VIOLETS
BY
DIVISION
AFTER
FLOWERING.
many
rock
gardens.
All classes
should
be grown
gardens.
be planted a foot apart Violets (Violaodorata). These Sweet may and of manure leaves hotbed of in a foot good loamy soil spread on a if and in autumn, in September. kept They will begin to bloom oif liable to until are and will flower They on spring. go healthy "
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
314
through
wrong
they
supplied with
kept
are
If
is fine.
weather
divided,
if
they and
themselves
establish
They
will
Some
sorts
in
thrive
not
throw
out
signs of
weakness
varieties cool
a
into
grow
runners,
be
may
spring they
of tufted
lated stimube
may
habit, the portions
they will soon place, where forcingplants by September. soil in
hot, dry, poor and
they In
liquidmanure.
are
soil in
rich
in
being planted
of
doses
weekly
with lifted and
water
show
they
spider,but that rarely happens if the as required,and air when
of red
attack
an
these
sun-scorched
a
be
may Colonies of
pegged
to
spot. the
soil
be Violets should rooted. and transplanted when in shady, cool parts of the established garden and left to flower naturally. The followingare splendidvarieties of the Sweet Violet : "
de
Kaiser
Wilhelm,
Louise, double lavender of Wales, Princess large single
white
Brazza, double
Comte
Marie
singlepurple
blue
France, singleviolet
La
Roses, tuftedPansies are good for carpetingbeds of standard for mixing with or bedding plants; also for forming margins. If all the weekly, they will bloom put out in April,and picked over in be autumn by cuttings,like summer. They may propagated For and select varieties, see Pansy. other notes the largerPansies. A few species Viola tricolor is the Pansy or Heart' s-ease (seePansy) of Viola are charming for the rockery, notably biflora,yellow,early summer, 3 ins. (Botanical Magazine, t. 2089); calcarata, blue, 6 cornuta, blue, late spring,6 ins. (Bot.Mag., t. 791); ins.; spring, cucullata, violet, spring, 6 ins. (Bot. Mag., t. 1795); gracilisr purple,6 ins., spring; and pedata, blue, spring,6 ins. (Bot. Mag., white varieties of several. t. 89). There are They will thrive in The
.
soils,if
most
not
hot
and
but
dry,
a
fertile,friable
loam
in
glass in
winter warm a Propagation is by seed under and to off out; by planting hardening preparatory pricking in in in spring,and autumn. frame a by cuttings early ionantha. Violet,African, Saintpaulia Violet,Bog, Pinguicula. Violet,Dame's, Hesperis matronalis.
Violet,Dog's, Viola canina. Violet,Dog's Tooth, Erythronium Dens Violet,Water, Hottonia palustris. Echium. Viper's Bugloss, Viper's Grass, Scorzonera hispanica.
VirginianCowslip,Mertensia VirginianCreeper. This is "
virginica. Ampelopsis
the
hederacea
Virginian
botanists; the latter is the modern was formerly known Creeper, which
Veitchii.
It is
less
rampant
that
exude
foliageis autumn
soils,but
a
a
; it
kind
smaller
before in
much
better
of resin and than
that
falling. The
means
give it a
Ampelopsis
as "
and
turns
VirginianCreepers will are
Vitis in-
of Veitch's
less coarse, hederacea shoots of small, sucker-like The tighthold on masonry.
of hederacea,
shallow, dry soils they
or
name
A.
plant than
clingscloselyby
house, division
Cam's.
of the
constans
is best.
a
good
while
bright red thrive
in
in most gettingestab-
of Gardening Encyclopaedia lished unless
They
provided with colour
and
grow
a
best
capaciouspocket of
on
south
a
loam
Plants
aspect.
3
and
5
manure.
be
may
1
put
in
from
pots up to May. See Clematis. Virgin's Bower. from viscus,birdlime, in allusion Viscaria,Rock Lychnis (visca-ria, Ord. Caryophylleae) The to the sticky stems. Viscarias are now linked with the Lychnises by botanists, but seedsmen offer cardi"
"
.
oculata, which
nalis, caerulea, and culture, see Annuals
Viscum, the
"
Mistletoe
about
grow
a
foot
For
high.
Hardy. (vis-cum, in
glutinous matter
from
viscus, birdlime,
berries.
the
Ord.
owing
Loranthaceae)
" .
to
See
Mistletoe.
Vitis,Vine
from the Celtic swyd or vid. Ord. Ampelideae). (vi-tis, shrubs. Vinifera is the climbing Grape Vine (see genus Inconstans Fruit). (syns.Veitchii, tricuspidata,and japonica of gardens) is the small-leaved VirginianCreeper (which see). Coignetiae is a fine species, with large leaves that assume a rich colour in autumn. is sweet, and has purplishfruits. Labrusca Henryana, lines, 5-lobed,is red in autumn. green leaves with white They are good for trellises and pergolas. They will thrive in any fertile, well-drained loamy soil. Propagation is by cuttings. A
"
of
Vriesia.
"
Tillandsia.
See
Wahlenbergia
(wahlenber-gia, after Dr. A large but unimportant
Campanulaceae) speciesbeing grown. "
.
Wahlenberg. only genus,
Ord. a
few
These
mer, Kitaibelii,blue, sum-
include 6
ins.,
a
hardy
ceous herba-
perennial; saxicola t. Magazine,
(Botanical
6613), lilac, early
ins.,half hardy ," and folia,violet, summer,
tenui-
6
a
A
summer,
6
The
ins.,
BADLY
WALK.
MADE
material is alike throughout; the path is flat, and there is no drainage.
hardy perennial.Ordinary Propagation by seeds
soil.
division
and
in
spring. (waldstei-nia,
Waldsteinia
Waldstein.
after
Herr
Ord.
Rosaceae). A small only two speciesbeing
genus, grown
von "
much;
these
are
fra-
zine, garioides(Botanical Magat. 1567),yellow, early Dalibarda i ft. (syn. summer, and trifolia, ; fragarioides) yellow,spring,6 ins.,a nice rock plant. Ordinary soil. is by seed or Propagation division in spring. Walks. a
"
Good
walks
Main
in
DRAIN
TO
drain.
A
WALK.
Small drain. 4. Gravel.
2.
3. Rubble.
are
the
garden. g-in.-deepbed, laying on
great advantage
preparing a
How
They
are
well-rammed
best
made
stone,
by chalk,
1
3
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
6
with
flint bound
or
If
on
the
slope
a
and
water, the
carry
down
to
edges should be on the get the proper level to 6-ft.
path,
The
narrower.
has
walk
the with
half
and
width
should
be
should
be
level, and
of
must,
twice
or
ft. to The
10 every the bed.
in
be
take
to
in to
driven
be
with
vary
vehicles
once
gravel.
tar
3 ins. higher in a may less for every foot wider or
or
heavy gravel
at
should
pegs
course,
The
hot
laid
which
centre, inch more
to
watered
tile drains
ins. of
2
with
drains
take-away
3 -in.
same
with
sides
the
coat
the
an
carry foundation.
the
to
trapped
set
water
surfaced
clinkers, and
it is well
more
should
care
rolled
be
with
a
year in autumn.
traffic.
the
should
be
after
rain, and
weed-killer.
Grass
If
taken Leaves
paths regularlyswept up flower beds provided wherever possible,especiallyamong borders. See Flower Garden. principalherbaceous
should
be
and
the
Wall
Cress,Arabis. Wallflower Ord. able (Cheiranthus Cheiri. Cruciferae). An invaluhardy plant, best treated as a biennial, floweringprofuselyin out of doors the previous June, rich in colour, springfrom seed sown "
and
It will thrive
scented. deliciously
better
than
walls.
in most
soils,and
it loves; it will grow
limestone, which
on
It is not
on
does
never
banks The
in town
and
seed
quite happy, however, gardens. thinly in late spring,the plants thinned, and put in summer; out 9 ins. apart during showery weather they can then be left without the until when autumn, anxiety places can be found for them in beds and A borders. the patch should be planted near be fully enjoyed; the soil should be house, so that the perfume can but will not the should too or manured, "dug, They plants get gross. be lifted with balls of soil about the roots. The single Wallflowers should
be
sown
hardier
are
than
the
doubles.
purple,apricot,and Annual Old
ruby
Wallflower
Blood-red, yellow, old gold, brown, be
can
blooms
the
bought
same
in
year
separate if
in
sown
colours.
The
early spring.
Castle, yellow, is good for walls.
Wall Wall Wall Walls. best The
Pennywort, Cotyledon Umbilicus. acre. Pepper, Sedum Rue, Asplenium Ruta-muraria. "
It has
been
enclosingline for
pointed
out
(seeFences)
that
a
wall
is the
most garden, but likewise expensive. will outweigh the drawback of extra cost where it is desired to have houses and for a or trees, support glass to form borders. sheltered In large places it is common to find the place protected with outside fence, and an inner wall built to an make enclosure for glass,fruit,and an vegetables. If the wall has to support largehouses it must be at least 10 ft. high and well buttressed, the full but it is not necessary to maintain height all round. A be
advantages
6-ft. wall made
of
a
is very
along
the
the
a
wall
useful.
wall,
Borders
and
those
from the
10
to
20
south
ft. wide and
should
west
aspects A brick wall with a coping looks well. early crops. Finials over the gate pillars Builders are give a neat appearance. for erecting walls. Flat-trained always ready to give estimates trees the be planted to cover faces. Wall may gardening now
will be useful
^engages
the
on
for
attention
of many
flower
lovers;
in
some
cases
such
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
317
Sedums, Pinks, Sempervivums, Wallflowers, Corydalises, Arabises, Aubrietias, Alyssum saxatile, Cerastiums, Valerian, and
plants as
encrusted seeds into
established
Saxifrages are in
chinks;
others
merely by sprinklinga
spikes
flattish stones, on which support made bank be beautiful by steep may mortared stones against its face, and small
with
above,
Walnut.
See
"
Wardian it
few
wall
plants making a rough wall here all the plants Alpina, and many with
A
of
a
This
"
is useful
window,
room
It
was
largeplant
mustiness.
but
other
fruit and
Climbers.
and
for
sending plants from abroad, injured by
the
approach
Given
to
live in
and
case
less
abundance
for quent fre-
frequentlythan
device
favourite
a
block
to
un-
named
kept close, so that delicate plants are not changes of temperature. We occasionally
it in
to
Juglans.
Case.
of yore. a
Fruit
the
established.
also adorned
are
be
can
see
Walls
into are
Hutchinsia
Campanulas, pretty things,will thrive. with climbing plants. See
driven
are
of
fathers fore-
our
window
a
with of
atmosphere
an
of space
a
Wardian
planted with ferns has good claims to a Provision should be place in a shady window. for made drawing off surplus water. these When Wasps. present in large numbers
case
"
are
trial to
great
a
houses
and
mistake
to
do
from
away
attracts
should Pieces
the
fruit, as
the
be
of
fine
pushed
in
and
the
put may be sought for, marked,
may
explosionin order
or
a
lightedsquib hole
the to
over
stopped
prevent
Stratiotes
of
the
fumes
a
hole
in A beer
one. sour
the
draws
the
lower of
saucer or
syrup in. wasps
attacked and
at night sulphur may
earth
after
the
escaping.
aloides.
Cress.
See
damp
from
Water
"
and
with
Water
Water
WASPS.
FOR
handlight is fitted over another, with
lators. venti-
gunpowder
Aloe, Archer, Sagittariasagittifolia. rivale. Avens, Geum Bean, Nelumbium.
Water
TRAP
One
preparation Queen wasps in the spring.
sugary
be
canvas
boilingtar,
Water
the
the to garden. wasps be killed when they appear Nests
with
in or near of syrup the object of drawing the wasps
A
bottles
put
with
houses
gardeners; they enter fruit It is a good deal of damage.
a
Kitchen
Garden
and
Nasturtium.
Flag, Iris Pseudacorus. umbellatus. Water Gladiole,Butomus The Watering. watering of plants has a great bearing on their in pots, and should be studied health, particularlyif they are by cultivators. be assumed that every needs It may water when plant Water
"
it is
growing,
but
it must
be
assumed
that
it needs
the
same
moisture plant gets rid of more by leafevaporation on a hot, dry day than on a cool, wet one, consequently under the former is more than water under the likelyto be needed latter conditions. of of water flaccid growth, soil want are: Signs
amount
every
day.
A
not
3
1
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
8
cracking from the side of the pot, hollow ringing of the pot when should be The last is a good test, and rapped with the knuckles. which lead the to two to in order others, used anticipate may each other it is If flagging and soil -crackingaccompany disaster. matters to to useless right by ordinary watering, as put attempt The will all run the water through. pr"tshould be stood in a pail ing the soil will swell again. Waterfor a few minutes, when of water in for almost one will be necessary summer, day plant or every where the in houses heated in winter, except plants other, but not be done As little watering as possibleshould in active growth. are be spilled should water in cool houses, and no in winter, especially contrary, syringing is a valuable plants should not be kept in saucers auxiliary to watering. Room It does foliageplants of water, except perhaps in very hot weather. In
about.
the leaves with soft to sponge is always preferableto hard.
good water
half
but
the
on
summer,
Tea
once
is of
of soda
of nitrate
each
ounce
an
tepid water
Soft
week.
a
benefit
plants; superphosphate per A good plan of
no
and
to
gallon turns water into a valuable liquidmanure. the soil from below by holding the watering seedlingsis to moisten in It is water. vessel of the brim to a good plan to a or pot pan up of the house in the of water use watering hothouse temperature
plants. Watering-pots garden. A small to
have
not
in
into
with
small
the
both
have
to
to
A
soil.
the
where
one
and
coarse
a
among
seedlings. Water-cans See also Watering.
should
a
young
plants that
is
no
be a
fine rose,
tank
or
supplied with
shower the
for
is useful cask
and
;
for
latter
upside down
be turned
houses green-
carefully,in
largercan
there
in every in
use
used
be
watering-pots should spread the water in
The
from.
it is desired
case
advisable in
long spout pots should of water
for
handy
The
stages.
is useful
these
is
a
sending a flood very tight hold of
a
of
selection
A
"
with
avoid
feeding water handy to dip roses
cans.
one
wide
with order
or
when
it is use
not
use.
See
Water
Lily.
Water
Plants.
Water
Reed.
Water
Soldier,Stratiotes
Water
Violet,Hottonia
"
"
See
"
Flower
See
Garden
Garden.
Aquatics.
"
Arundo. aloides.
palustris.
(watso-nia, after
Watsonia
Flower
and
Nymphaea
W.
Ord.
Watson.
Irideae).
"
See
Bulbs. Wattle.
"
Flower.
Wax
Wayfaring Weeds.
"
Acacia.
See "
See
Tree."
The
Hoya. Viburnum
See
fightwith
weeds
perennial weeds
Lantana. may
begin when
the
ground
is
dug
Couch, Dandelion, Bindweed, Coltsfoot, and Horsetail Plantain, Purse, Thistle, Shepherd's Daisy,
in winter;
may as
then annual
be
picked
weeds
show
out, in
such
thrown
as
into
spring they
a
heap should
and be
burned. hoed
up
As
fast
into
the
of Gardening Encyclopaedia this should sun; of annual weeds,
continued
be
which
has
the
through time
no
The
summer.
be
seed, may
to
3
9
last crop
in
dug
1
as
green
See also Walks.
manure.
Excelsior Weeping* Ash, Fraxinus pendula. Weeping Willow, Salix Babylonica. Garden Weigela. See Diervilla and Flower See Wellingtonia. Sequoia. Welsh Poppy, Meconopsis cambrica. "
Shrubs.
"
"
Westeria.
Wistaria.
See
"
West
See Zephyranthes. Wind, Flower of the. Weymouth Pine, Pinus strobus. "
Whin."
See Ulex.
White
Hellebore.
White
Thorn, Crataegus oxyacantha.
Whitlavia
See Veratrum.
"
(whitla-via,after
Botanists
For
summer.
Whitlow
Grass
Ord.
Whitley. with
Phacelia.
genus Botanical Magazine, t.
grandiflora (see the flowers in
Mr.
this
class
now
culture, see
(Draba).
Annuals
Flower
See
"
Solanaceae). "
Seedsmen it has
4813);
Hardy.
"
Garden
offer violet
Height
I
ft.
Rockery.
"
Vaccinium
Whortleberry, Myrtillus. Ord. HydrophyllaWigandia (wigan-dia,after Bishop Wigand. in Handsome herbaceous used ceae). perennials, bedding 'and "
sub-tropicalgardening for their fine foliage. Caracassana (syn. is is the in It best. illustrated the Botanical macrophylla) Register, t. 1966. They like well-manured loamy soil. Propagation is by in heat
seeds
Wild
in March.
Hyacinth, Scilla festalis.
Willow.
See
"
Salix.
Willow, Kilmarnock, Salix caprea See Salix. Willow, Weeping.
pendula.
"
Herb.
Willow
"
Flower.
Wind
"
because
they
practisingfor pastime,
but
its
have
there
the
makes
the
room,
mass
of
home and
for the
thus with
suffice.
they
But as
with
It
work.
bad
very
purpose
of
the
of
bad
culture health
might
Indoor
be dealt with window
in
large wire
a
of the
whole
ing garden-
window
is
space
plants, which
prevents providing ventilation, and darkens
window. frames.
access
There should be never should Nor the window area A few well-grown plants on
These
Of
in
judgment, especiallywhere
should be arranged so ledge be opened easily,in order that there may ventilation.
plant
window gardening is worth it not only forms a delightful
attractive. outdoor
of
suffer from
rendering it unhealthy.
plants packed
blocked
only phase
because
garden.
no
Bulbs.
is the
with
window
the
This
"
prize competitions,for a pyramidal erection
are
packed
and
sake, inasmuch
own
sections: window conducted is often
two
be
Anemone
people,either
possibleto many
to
Epilobium.
See
Gardening.
Window
or
See
flowering plants
suitable
that no
the
excuse
for
window for
window
can
a
a
be
neglecting culture
in
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
320
Hyacinths, Tulips, Daffodils, sinensis,Pelargoniums, Zonal and Ivy Geraniums, Francoa Begonias, (BridalWreath) Solanums, Campanula isophylla, and Musk, Phyllocactus. Myrtles, Epiphyllums, Heliotrope, Cytisus, The most hardy and accommodating foliageplant is the Aspidistra, be grown but palms and ferns may (see those subjects). Watering owing to the necessityfor preventing surplus presents a difficulty, from water Perhaps the best plan is to grow the splashingabout. their
season
mentioned
be
may
Freesias, Primula
,
in
plants catch
ordinary pots
the
earthenware
use
finds
An
window
expressionin window-boxes, which may be provided with drainage holes
moisture
These
to escape.
is scope
there
for the
tiles,virgincork, their
small
boxes Conifers, Tree
bulbs
among
to
pots.
should
and
but
the
winter.
Outside
saucers.
have
in tubs
the
through which
Zonal
them
are
boxes
They
should
be
alternative
plan is gardening generally
be made to
will
to fit the
sill,
permit superfluous
very well painted dark green, in the form of handiwork of ornamental
look
exercise
embellishments.
other
or
bowls, which
ornamental
through
passes
frequently,especiallyin
emptied to
that
water
within
stood
Those
like
who
few year may procure Ivies, or Euonymuses for the winter, and put Conifers for spring bloom. The could be grown the
furnished
a
Failingthem,
summer.
green
whole
in winter,
could
be
Wallflowers
used.
For
and the
roses, Prim-
summer,
Ivy-leaved Geraniums, Marguerites,Fuchsias, Begonias, Heliotrope, Petunias, Mimuluses, Pansies, and Tropaeolums are these available. All of could be planted in June. For Wardian case a shady windows (which see) with ferns is be such or as chosen, foliageplants may good; palms (seePalms), Aralia Sieboldii, India-rubber plants, Aspidistra,and Araucaria The best plant for a window-basket excelsa. is perhaps Campanula isophylla. Wineberry, Vaccinium Myrtillus. Wineberry, Japanese, Rubus phoenicolasius. Winter Aconite (Eranthis hyemalis). See Bulbs. Winter Cherry, PhysalisAlkekengi and Solanum Capsicastrum. Winter Daffodil,Sternbergialutea. Winter Green. See Pyrola. Moth. Winter See Fruit Apple enemies. Winter Sweet, Origanum. and
"
"
"
Wireworm.
"
The
It is grub of a click beetle, Agriotes or Elater. about It attacks inch long, yellowish, and hard. an very many in the plants, and is very destructive garden. In mild attacks choice plants can be guarded with baits of Potato, Carrot, or Mangold it is well to fallow impaled on sticks,but if the pest is abundant the ground for at least 3 months, spread on a coat of gas lime at the rate of " Ib. per square yard, let it lie 6 weeks, and then dig it in. Vaporiteor Apterite may be dug in during spring. Thorough does cultivation good, both by strengtheningthe plants and worrying the
grubs.
Wistaria
hardy
"
(wista-ria,after
deciduous
climber
C.
which
Wistar.
Ord.
Leguminosae).
produces large pendulous
"
racemes
A
of Gardening Encyclopaedia of
flowers
mauve
in
early
(syns.sinensis
Chinensis
summer.
321
is much
the
and
2083) Glycine Magazine, popular species; alba is a white, flore pleno a double, and variegata a variegated-leavedform of it. Multijuga (syn. grandiflora)is a handsome They like a well-drained specieswith long lilac racemes. the Old shoots. loamy soil. Propagation is by layering young plants may be spurred to the ripe wood like Grape Vines. sinensis
Witch
Elm,
Witch
Hazel,
Witches'
growths, due
to
glabra and
Ulmus
Woad, Wolf
should
be cut
See
Kitchen
Witloof.
Dyer's,
"
Isatis
Ashes.
Wood
Firs, and and burned.
out
Garden
of
bundles
are
other
Silver
and
twig-like
trees, and
Chicory.
tinctoria.
Berry, Symphoricarpus
Wolf's-bane,
These
"
Birches, Beeches,
on
or
montana.
(Witch Knots).
fungi. They
Witloef
most
Hamamelis.
Brooms seen
t.
Botanical
"
occidentalis.
Aconitum.
Containing potash and phosphoric acid, the ash in the garden,particularly for Peas and Potatoes. It is good for spreading in the drills when sowing Carrots for the and fly. If spread dusting over young Turnips to keep down
from
garden
over
heaps Woodbine.
"
fires is excellent
of
manure
"
See
or
mixed
with
Laurel, Daphne
Wood
Lily,Trillium
it fixes ammonia.
Lonicera.
and
Honeysuckle
Wood
urine
Laureola.
grandiflorum.
Woodruff, Asperula. Wood
Sorrel,Oxalis
Acetosella.
Wood
Violet,Viola sylvatica.
Woodwardia
Ord. Filices). (woodward-ia, after T. J. Woodward. Vigorous ferns, best grown in a cool house, but safe out of doors in mild districts. The most popular speciesis radicans, which does in well its long, arching fronds show to advantage. baskets, where Brownii is a crested (syn.cristata) variety of it. Japonica is a good is also fine. Areolata species,with broad fronds. (syn.angustifolia) Equal parts of peat and loam, with sand, suit. Propagation is by spores (seeFerns) and division. "
Woody
Nightshade,
Woolly Aphis. "
Darwin
gardeners through No
one,
Dulcamara.
See American
"
Worms.
Solanum
Blight under
has
the
taught us vast system
therefore, should
that
Fruit.
worms
are
of soil-aeration
object
to
their
beneficial
which
they in
presence
to" duct. con-
the
garden. They by place be clogging the drainage. Compost should passed through the When be picked out. fingersin potting so that small worms may stood in in frames are the thick or pot plants garden, a layer of are
cinders
should
out
intervene
of
between
in
the
flower-pots,and
bottom
of the
do
harm
pots
and
the
of Gardening Encyclopaedia
322 If
ground. and
water
get
worms
Worms
it in.
pour
in some little mustard in when in lawns nuisance also a Limecasts." their grass with Lime. See up.
pots, stir
into
are
a
"
water
the
quantitiesto cover
sufficient
be
may
used
them
montana.
glabra and
Elm, Ulmus
Wych
bring
to
dry,
xeros, (xeran-themum, from everlastings. Ord. Compositae). Now
Xeranthemum flower
2
ft.,and
Xiphion. "
Yarrow. Yew.
Iris.
See Achillea.
"
See
"
See
Taxus. Ord. Lilianame. (yuc-ca,the Peruvian best the of such of several which, foliageplants, and nlamentosa, as angustifolia, gloriosa, are hardy. Angustifolia (Botanical
Needle
Yucca, Adam's
ceae). "
a
Heli-
outdoors
Sow
colours.
various
with
offer annuum, purple, summer, in spring.
Seedsmen
by botanists.
chrysum
anthos,
and
classed
"
Handsome
Magazine, r
is
t.
leaves
narrow
in
flowers
variety of it.
a
has
2236)
white
bears
and
stricta
July; cal (Botani-
Filamentosa
Silk Grass, has
t. 900), the Register,
margins of the leaves, and bears white flowers in June ; flaccida Gloriosa and variegata are varieties. with t. is stiff, 1260) Mag., longer, (Bot. white and or erect, glaucous leaves, threads
pale
flowers
red
several
YUCCAS
BY
ROOT
has
Drainage. 2. Soil. cutting. 3. Root heat. Strike in gentle bottom i.
favourite.
In
addition
of
it.
the
Yuccas
do
summer,
leaves
about
reddish
exception. They
and
white
18
ins.
long, with it has
the
a
white
tip; spine at in are spring; there many which varieties, among variegata is
flowers
there flower
not
are
Recurvifolia,
is also
are
handsome
many
hybrids,
elegantissima, Guiglielmi,Imperator, magnifica,and rule
there
summer;
good. The most popular of the greenhouse species is aloifolia (Bot. Mag., t. 1700), which in
flowers
CUTTINGS,
varieties
in
long recurving leaves
with
PROPAGATING
the
on
while
young,
but
praecox.
filamentosa
such
a as
As
is
a an
like
rubbish loamy soil, lightened with mortar and enriched with decayed manure. is by suckers, or Propagation of the in a frame. in pots or outWhether roots inserted doors cuttings in winter. they dislike stiff,wet soil. Little water is needed Zauschneria californica, Calif orni an Fuchsia (zauschne-ria,after Herr Zauschner. A Ord. half-hardy Californian Onagrarieae) "
.
shrub,
growing
about
foot
high, with scarlet flowers in summer; grandiflora and latifolia (Botanical Magazine, t. 4493) are varieties. It may be grown in lightloamy soil on a sunny rockery or in pots in a frame. is seeds or Propagation cuttings. by a
of Gardening Encyclopaedia Zea, Maize,
Indian
Corn
from (ze-a,
zeo,
Ord.
to live.
Gramincac).
Maize.
See
"
323
Zebrina.
See
"
Tradescantia.
Ord. speciosa (zeno-bia,after a Queen of Palmyra. in summer, Ericaceae). A hardy shrub, with white drooping flowers in seed is It likes ft. to by sandy Propagation peat. height 3 4 the cassinaefolia is See Andromeda a or layers. spring synonym. Botanical Magazine, t. 970. Zenobia
"
(zephyran-thes,from zephyr, the Ord. wind, anthos, a Amaryllideae) A small of bulbs, the most popular of which are Atamasco, pale pink, genus half Botanical ins. 1 hardy (syn.Amaryllis Atamasco high, spring, 5 late and t. Candida, white, summer, hardy (syn. 239) ; Magazine, Amaryllis Candida),the Peruvian Swamp Lily (Bot.Mag., t. 2607). Andersoni, yellow,spring,6 to 9 ins.,is pretty; it needs greenhouse culture. with sand and a third of leaf soil suit. Loam Propagation is by offsets,or seed if procurable. Flower
Zephyranthes, Zephyr
flower.
and
west
"
.
"
Zinnia
after Herr (zin-nia, and double, "elegans,single to i plant, growing from colours
as
and
they
may
be
off,and and
well
"
colours, is ft. high. Seedsmen
2
The
for
doubles
both
raised
from-
seed
either
potted singlyas required,or June. Nice plants may be
planted in Zygopetalum
in
a
greenhouse warm
house
(zygopet-alum, from
petal,in allusion
to
the
union
large genus of Orchids, beautiful speciesMackaii or
A
or
zygos,
of the
a
offer most
flower frame
in
a
separate effective,
garden. They spring,pricked in
hardened
a
cold
in 5 -in.
flowered
yoke, Ord.
annual brilliant
most
the
are
and
good
are
The
Compositae).
in various
mixtures.
as
Ord.
Zinn.
and
frame
pot**.
petalon, a
sepals. Orchidaceae). and winter. The floweringin autumn Mackayi has greenishflowers lined with "
It yellow and stripedwith violet; it has a strong honey scent. likes fibrous peat and chopped Sphagnum with a little loam. It in pots in an intermediate succeeds See the house, and enjoys shade. Botanical Magazine, t. 2748. Other good speciesare Balli, various and white violet; Dayanurn, white, green, and colours; candidum, crimson; intermedium, various colours; Lindeniae, pink and white; Wallisii,white and violet; and xanthinum, yellow,red spots. There are
also
between
several
beautiful
Batemannia
THE
and
TEMPLE
hybrids, and likewise Zygopetalum and Colax
PRESS,
PRINTERS,
LETCHWORTH
bigenerichybrids Zygopetalum.
and
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